Perpetual Calendar

Perpetual Calendar

Jaime J. Gutiérrez

Coloquios matemáticos
Departamento de Matemática

2 de mayo de 2010
Perpetual Calendar
Perpetual calendar?

Perpetual calendar
A chart or mechanical device that indicates the day of the week,
in the Gregoriam system, corresponding to any given date.
Perpetual Calendar
The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregoriano calendar began in 1852.
The very first was 1600.
It was provided that years divisible by 100 would be leap
years only if they were divisible by 400 as well
For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were leap years,
but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.
Perpetual Calendar
The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregoriano calendar began in 1852.
The very first was 1600.
It was provided that years divisible by 100 would be leap
years only if they were divisible by 400 as well
For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were leap years,
but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.
Perpetual Calendar
The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregoriano calendar began in 1852.
The very first was 1600.
It was provided that years divisible by 100 would be leap
years only if they were divisible by 400 as well
For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were leap years,
but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.
Perpetual Calendar
The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregorian Calendar

The Gregoriano calendar began in 1852.
The very first was 1600.
It was provided that years divisible by 100 would be leap
years only if they were divisible by 400 as well
For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were leap years,
but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.
Perpetual Calendar
Numerical correspondence

Numerical correspondence or the days of the week.

For the days of the week:

Sunday = 0
Monday = 1
Tuesday = 2
Wednesday = 3
Thursday = 4
Friday = 5
Saturday = 6
Perpetual Calendar
Numerical correspondence

Numerical correspondence for the months.

Januar = 11 July = 5
February = 12 August = 6
March = 1 September = 7
April = 2 October = 8
May = 3 November = 9
June = 4 December = 10
Perpetual Calendar
Searching the formula

The first step

Assume that 1st March 1600 corresponds the number a0 .
Since 365 ≡ 1(mod 7), 1st March of the year 1660 + t
corresponds the number at , given by:
      
t t t
at ≡ a0 + t + − + mod 7
4 100 400

1st March 2001 was a Thursday, so for t = 401, we have

at = a401 = 4. From the congruence

4 ≡ a0 + 401 + 100 − 4 + 1(mod 7),

we obtain a0 = 3. 1st March 1600 was a Wednesday.

Perpetual Calendar
Searching the formula

The first approximation

Till now, we have that the corresponding number to 1st 1600 + t
can be calculated by using:
      
t t t
at ≡ 3 + t + − + mod 7
4 100 400

Write out the year in the form 100c + d, con d < 100, we have
t = 100(c − 16) + d and the formula can be rewritten as:
   j k
d c
at ≡ 3 + 5c + d + + mod 7
4 4
Perpetual Calendar
Searching the formula

On step more.
We can calculate the corresponding numbers for the first days
of every month of the year t using the following relations:

(1 April)t ≡ (1 March)t + 3(mod 7)

(1 May)t ≡ (1 April)t + 2 ≡ (1 March)t + 5(mod 7)
(1 June)t ≡ (1 May)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 1(mod 7)
(1 July)t ≡ (1 June)t + 2 ≡ (1 March)t + 3(mod 7)
(1 Augustt ≡ (1 July)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 6(mod 7)
(1 September)t ≡ (1 August)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 2(mod 7)
(1 October)t ≡ (1 September)t + 2 ≡ (1 March)t + 4(mod 7)
(1 November)t ≡ (1 October)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 0(mod 7)
(1 Decemmber)t ≡ (1 November)t + 2 ≡ (1 March)t + 2(mod 7)
(1 Januar)t ≡ (1 December)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 5(mod 7)
(1 February)t ≡ (1 Januar)t + 3 ≡ (1 March)t + 1(mod 7)
Perpetual Calendar
Searching the formula

We come already almost.

We can calculate the corresponding day of the way to the date
nth day of the month m of the year 100c + d appliying
   j k
d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + rm + 5c + d + + mod 7
4 4

For rm we have the correspondence:

m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
rm 2 5 0 3 5 1 4 6 2 4 0 3
 
13m − 1
rm =
5
Perpetual Calendar
The formula

The formula

     j k
13m − 1 d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + 5c + d + + + mod 7
5 4 4

As examples, we apply the formula to important days of

Panama’s history. ¿Sabe usted que día tuvo lugar la
separación de Panamá de Colombia?
Aquí n = 3, m = 9, d = 3, n = 19 y
     
13 × 9 − 1 3 19
3 + 5 × 19 + 3 + + + ≡ 2 mod 7
5 4 4

¡El 3 de noviembre de 1903 fue martes!

Perpetual Calendar
The formula

The formula

     j k
13m − 1 d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + 5c + d + + + mod 7
5 4 4

As examples, we apply the formula to important days of

Panama’s history. ¿Sabe usted que día tuvo lugar la
separación de Panamá de Colombia?
Aquí n = 3, m = 9, d = 3, n = 19 y
     
13 × 9 − 1 3 19
3 + 5 × 19 + 3 + + + ≡ 2 mod 7
5 4 4

¡El 3 de noviembre de 1903 fue martes!

Perpetual Calendar
The formula

The formula

     j k
13m − 1 d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + 5c + d + + + mod 7
5 4 4

As examples, we apply the formula to important days of

Panama’s history. ¿Sabe usted que día tuvo lugar la
separación de Panamá de Colombia?
Aquí n = 3, m = 9, d = 3, n = 19 y
     
13 × 9 − 1 3 19
3 + 5 × 19 + 3 + + + ≡ 2 mod 7
5 4 4

¡El 3 de noviembre de 1903 fue martes!

Perpetual Calendar
The formula

The formula

     j k
13m − 1 d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + 5c + d + + + mod 7
5 4 4

As examples, we apply the formula to important days of

Panama’s history. ¿Sabe usted que día tuvo lugar la
separación de Panamá de Colombia?
Aquí n = 3, m = 9, d = 3, n = 19 y
     
13 × 9 − 1 3 19
3 + 5 × 19 + 3 + + + ≡ 2 mod 7
5 4 4

¡El 3 de noviembre de 1903 fue martes!

Perpetual Calendar
The formula

The formula

     j k
13m − 1 d c
(n, m)100c+d ≡ n + 5c + d + + + mod 7
5 4 4

As examples, we apply the formula to important days of

Panama’s history. ¿Sabe usted que día tuvo lugar la
separación de Panamá de Colombia?
Aquí n = 3, m = 9, d = 3, n = 19 y
     
13 × 9 − 1 3 19
3 + 5 × 19 + 3 + + + ≡ 2 mod 7
5 4 4

¡El 3 de noviembre de 1903 fue martes!

Perpetual Calendar
Important dates in the panamanian History.

Fechas importante
Separación de la Gran Colombia 3 de noviembre de 1903 martes
Independencia de España 28 de noviembre de 1821 miércoles
Gesta de los mártires 9 de enero de 1964 jueves
Llegada a la Luna 20 de julio de 1969 domingo
Fundación de la Universidad de Panamá 7 de octubre 1935 lunes