INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is proving to be commercially viable for a growing list of consumers and
uses. Renewable energy technologies provide many benefits that go well beyond energy alone.
More and more, renewable energies are contributing to the three pillars of sustainable
development – the economy, the environment and social well-being – not only in IEA countries,
but globally.
This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the country becoming
increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and oil and gas. Rising prices of oil
and gas and potential shortages in future lead to concerns about the security of energy
supply needed to sustain our economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causes
environmental problems both locally and globally.

Against this background, the country urgently needs to develop a sustainable path of
energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable
energy sources are the twin planks of a sustainable energy supply.

Fortunately, India is blessed with a variety of renewable energy sources, the main
ones being biomass, biogas, the sun, wind, and small hydro power. Municipal and
industrial wastes can also be useful sources of energy, but are basically different forms
of biomass.
Advantages of renewable energy are that it is
 Perennial
 Available locally and does not need elaborate arrangements for transport
 Usually modular in nature, i.e. small-scale units and systems can be almost as
economical as large-scale ones
 Environment-friendly
 Well suited for decentralized applications and use in remote areas.
The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has been implementing
comprehensive programmes for the development and utilization of various renewable
energy sources in the country.These include biogas plants, improved wood stoves, solar
water heaters, solar cookers, solar lanterns, street lights,pumps, wind electric
generators, biomass gasifiers, and small hydro-electric generators. Energy technologies
for the future such as hydrogen, fuel cells, and bio-fuels are being actively developed.
India is implementing one of the world’s largest programmes in renewable energy. The
country ranks second in the world in biogas utilization and fifth in wind power and
photovoltaic production.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
The major renewable energy sources and devices in use in India are listed in Table 1
along with their demand and present status in terms of the number of installations or
supply and minum cost As on 31 March,2005
TABLE-1- DEMAND, SUPPLY AND COST PER MWHr OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

DEMAND SUPPLY
(MWHr) MINIMUM COST SOURCE
ENERGY MIX (MWHr)
( RS-CORROR/MWHr)
5-6 www.mnes.nic.in/b
SMALL HYDRO POWER 15000 1705.63 ook7.pdf

WIND POWER 45000 3595 4-5 www.mnes.nic.in/b

ook6.pdf
BIOMASS GAS 16000 302.53 1.2-2 www.mnes.nic.in/b
ook2.pdf
25-26 www.mnes.nic.in/b
SOLAR POWER 19998 3 ook3.pdf

BAGASSE 3-4 www.mnes.nic.in/b

3500 447 ook7.pdf
COGENERATION
WASTE TO ENERGY
1.MUNICIPAL SOLID 8-9 www.mnes.nic.in/b
WASTE
1700 17 ook5.pdf
www.mnes.nic.in/b
ook5.pdf
2.INDUSTRIAL WASTE 1000 29.5 6-7

LET SMALL HYDRO POWER = XH

WIND POWER = XW
BIOMASS GAS = XBG
SOLAR POWER = XS
BAGASSE COGENERATION = XBC
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE = XWM
INDUSTRIAL WASTE = XWI

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MINIMUM COST

MINIMUM [ 5XH+4XW+1.2XBG+25XS+3XBC+8XWM+6XWI ] LOWER LIMIT OF COST
MINIMUM [ 6XH +5XW +2 XBG+26XS+4XBC+9XWM+7XWI ] UPER LIMIT OF COST

SUBJECT TO SUPPLY COSTRAINTS

 XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC+ XWM +XWI >= 6099.66

DEMAND COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC+ XWM +XWI < 102198

AND XH , XW , XBG , XS , XBC , XWM , XWI > 0

INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

The major renewable energy sources and devices in use in WORLD are listed in Table 2
along with their demand and present status in terms of the number of installations or
supply as on 31 March,2005

TABLE 2- SUPPLY, DEMAND OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OF WORLD

SUPPLY SOURCE DEMAND

ENERGY MIX (MWHr) (MWHr)

SMALL HYDRO www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global- 2.46X1015

POWER 62000 Status-Report

www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global- 72X1012
WIND POWER 48000 Status-Report

www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global- 3.96X106
BIOMASS GAS 39000 Status-Report
www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global- 1.17X1014
SOLAR POWER 400 Status-Report
www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
BAGASSE
Status-Report
COGENERATION 31000

COST FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

TABLE 3- COST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PER KWHr

 COST SOURCE
ENERGY MIX (CENTS/KWH)

4-7 www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
SMALL HYDRO POWER Status-Report/RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

6-10 www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
WIND POWER Status-Report/ RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF
5-12 www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
BIOMASS GAS Status-Report/ RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

12-18 www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
SOLAR POWER Status-Report/ RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

8-12 www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-
BAGASSE COGENERATION Status-Report/ RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

Jobs AND employment from Renewable Energy

There are important job creation benefits from a strategy for greater promotion of renewable
energy technologies. Employment is created at different levels, from research and
manufacturing to services, such as installers and distributors. Renewable energy has created
more than 14 million jobs worldwide ; every renewable energy industry is rapidly expanding
its workforce. Table 4 represent the employment and table 5 represent the job u created for
renewable energy.
TABLE 4- EPLOYMENT PER MW CREATED FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY OF WORLD

EMPLOYMENT SOURCE
ENERGY MIX (PERSON-YEAR/MW)

11.3 ESHA, www.esha.be/

SMALL HYDRO POWER

7.4 EWEA* 2003.

WIND POWER Figures derived from an Input-Output model.

Heavner & Del Chiaro 2003–2005 estimates Using

EPRI* factors (time adjusted), authors calculate
total employment impacts for 2004-2017 (in
BIOMASS GAS person-years) in California, with an assumption
8.5 that only 30% of manufacturing is locally provided.
Here, the person-year/MW parameters are derived
from their 2005 estimated scenario of added
capacity.
 6.25 EPIA2004.*
Information on existing direct employment in
Europe (the 30 jobs/MW figure includes
SOLAR POWER installation, consulting, retail, and other services)

BAGASSE 56 EPRI 2001*

COGENERATION

SOURCE-
* ESHA (European Small Hydro Association). (2005). Data on small hydro. www.esha.be
* European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) & Greenpeace International. (2002). Wind Force
12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World's Electricity from Wind Power by 2020. Brussels.
www.ewea.org/documents/WF12-2004_eng.pdf
* EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). (2001). California Renewable Technology Market
and Benefits Assessment. Prepared for the California Energy Commission. Palo Alto, CA
* Greenpeace & EPIA. (2005). Solar Generation – Solar Electricity for over 1 Billion People and
2 Million Jobs by 2020. Amsterdam and Brussels.
www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/solar-generation-ii.pdf

TABLE 5 –JOB PER MW CREATED FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY OF WORLD

JOB SOURCE Type of study, type of impact, and
ENERGY MIX (JOB/MW ) basic assumptions

SMALL HYDRO 0.22 Pembina Institute* Data from industry interviews and
POWER 2004 literature review; direct impacts only.

2.6 Heavner & Churchill Direct employment impacts projected

2002 from planned projects by California
WIND POWER Energy Commission.

Analytical study from industry survey

Singh et al. of labor requirements for a set of
BIOMASS GAS 3.7 2001 (REPP) co-firing plants (100 MW-750 MW)
and several biofuels; direct
employment impacts

7.1 Singh et al. Analytical study from industry survey

2001 (REPP) of labour requirements for a 2 kWp
SOLAR POWER

2.3 Heavner & Churchill Direct employment impacts projected

BAGASSE 2002 from planned projects by California
COGENERATION Energy Commission
SOURCE-Pembina Institute. (2004). Canadian Renewable Electricity Development:
Employment Impacts. Prepared for Clean Air Renewable Energy Coalition.
www.cleanairrenewableenergycoalition.com/documents/FINAL
%20Employment%20Predictions%20-%20Oct%2028.pdf

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MINIMUM COST

MINIMUM [ 4XH +6XW +5 XBG+12 XS +8XBC ] LOWER LIMIT OF COST

MINIMUM [7XH +10XW +12 XBG+18 XS +12XBC] UPPER LIMIT OF COST

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MAXIMUM JOB

MAX [0.22XH +2.6XW +3.7 XBG+7.1 XS +2.3XBC ]

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF EMPLOYEE

MAX[11.3XH +7.4XW +8.5 XBG+6.25 XS +56XBC ]

SUBJECT TO SUPPLY COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC>=180400

DEMAND COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS<2.65X1015

AND XH , XW , XBG , XS , XBC > 0

RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN
2005
 SUBMITTED
BY

SANDIP NANDY
(EIILM/PG_W/JAN09-JAN11/T062)

SOURABH KR. HAZRA

(EIILM/PG_W/JAN09-JAN11/T069)

SUBMITTED
TO
Prof. LOKARANGAN GUHA

EASTERN INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRATED LEARNING IN MANAGEMENT

6, WATERLOO STREET, KOLKATA – 700069.