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Air Pollution Control Technology in Steel Industry China 2005
Air Pollution Control Technology in Steel Industry China 2005
Prepared by
Dr. A. Hogetsu (P.E.), Research Commissioner, OECC
COG refinery
Steel manufacturing
processes
Coking
BF
Raw materials yard
cold rolling
continuous
annealing furnace
COG
SOx
NOx
dust
hot rolling
NOx
sintering
machine
dust
dust
SOx
NOx
dust
BFG
dust
boiler
dust
SOx
NOx
slag
coke oven
dust
conveyer
hot stove
continuous
casting
pre-heating furnace
dust
dust
soot
dust
soot
dust
odor
white smoke
ladle
tandish mold
scrap
preheater
EBT
ladle refining
furnace
continuous
casting
dust
electric
magnetic stirring
chemical
spraying
hopper
coal cargo
water sprinkling
chemical dosing
chemical
spraying
dust collection
dust
collector
coke oven
quenching
tower
screening
storage bin
mounted on
ground
Connection valve
Water tank
Pre-duster
Spray
nozzle
Venturi
scrubber
Bump
ejector
to stack
Combustion chamber
COG
COG
Leveling bar
Coking chamber
Tar decanter
Centrifugal
decanter
coal
Thickener
Ground facilities
connection valve
stack
coke oven
Pre-duster
coke guide
car
suction hood
bag filter
quenching car
to stack
coke breeze
sizing
bag filter
mixer
coke
raw material bin
ore
bag filter
ESCS
blower
to BF
sinter machine
sinter sizing
cyclone
bag filter
Desulphurlizer
Slag-gypsum process
Q=13,000x2 m3/m
4 0.01 mg/Nm3
Q=4,800 m3/m
3 0.01 mg/Nm3
wet s.
bag f.
Q=13,000x2 m3/m
4 0.01 mg/Nm3
ore bin
ve
ye
r
Q=1,400 m3/m
15 0.01 mg/Nm3
coke bin
wet s.
bag f.
surge hopper
bag f.
ch
ar
ge
co
n
casting
bed
Q=460 m3/m
5~10 0.03 mg/Nm3
Q=600 m3/m
12~15 0.02mg/Nm3
BF
torpede car
hot stove
slag ladle
bag f.
EP
7,700 m3/m
5 0.01mg/Nm3
hot metal
Treatment center
ladle repair
alloy
14,200x2 m3/m
0.4 0.03mg/Nm3
m3/m
4,000
2 0.03mg/Nm3
building exhaust
m3/m
1,800
20 0.10mg/Nm3
tundish yard
ladle converter
m3/m
7,500
15 0.01mg/Nm3 desulphurization center
7,500 m3/m
2 0.03mg/Nm3
7,500 m3/m
2 0.03mg/Nm3
bag filter
Tapping
reduction
oxidation
melting
2nd charge
melting
1st charge
roof
evacuation
direct
evacuation
Doghouse System
Stokes Law
in.
cle
rti
pa
Gravity
dust
section
Centrifugal
Inertia
water
drop
dust
media
Scrubbers ;
water
film
venturi
demister
demister
packing
spray disc
water
impact disc
demister
fan runner
Reservoir type
Pressurized
water type
Rotary type
Pd P
Pi = P + Pth
twisting
aperture 50~10
filter cloth
dust layer to
be shaken off
Filtration Mechanism
Type:
(1) bag filter
(2) cartridge filter
Filter cloth:
(1) woven fabric
(2) non-woven fabric
Dust shake-off:
(1) intermittent
(2) contimous
Apparent filtration rate:
0.3~10cm/s
Structure of EP
discharge
electrode
- - -
high voltage DC
manhole generator
hammering
drive
- - - gas distribution
plate
hammering
device
hopper
collecting
electrode
particle distribution
dust concentration
specific gravity
electric resistnace rate
Applicable
Particle
(m)
mmH2O)
Removal
rate
Gravity
1,000~50
10~15
40~60
Inertial
100~10
30~70
50~70
Centrifugal
100~3
50~150
Scrubbing
100~0.1
Filter
EP
Collector
flow rate
due point
gas temp.
Equipment
Cost
(//Nm3/h)
Operating
Cost
(//Nm3/h)
85~95
300~2,200
100~1,000
300~900
80~95
400~2,200
100~1,300
20~0.1
100~200
90~99
300~2,100
300~1,100
20~0.05
10~20
90~99.9
400~4,400
100~1,00
5. Desulphurization Technology
5-1 Flue Gas Desulphurization in Steel Mill
Method
Reaction
Byproduct
SO2+H2O+1/2O2H2SO4
H2SO4
Caustic
2NaOH+SO2Na2SO3+H2O
Na2SO4
soda
Na2SO3+H2O+SO22NaHSO3
Ammonia
2NH4OH+SO2(NH4)2SO3+H2O
Activated
carbon
(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO3+SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3+H2
Slaked lime
CaO+SO2CaSO3
CaSO4
CaSO3 + O2 2CaSO4
limestone cheap
initial & operating cost economical
systems stability stable & safe
gypsum marketable
5. Desulphurization Technology
5-2 Limestone-Gypsum Process
Cooling
Flue Gas Tower
Water
Absorber
After Burner
Demister
H2SO4
Oxidation Tower
Gypsum
Separator
limestone
pH Control
Lime Tank
Reaction
Air
Gypsum
SO2+CaO CaSO3
2CaSO3+O2 2CaSO4
CaCO3+SO2 CaSO3 + CO2
5. Desulphurization Technology
5-3 Coke Oven Gas Desulphurization Process
System
DeSOxchemical
Catalyst
Byproduct
TakahaxHirohax
NH3
naphtoquinone
salfonic acid soda
(NH4)2SO4
+ H2SO4
Takahax-Reduction
Decomposition
Na2CO3
naphtoquinone
salfonic acid soda
crude S
Fumax-Hemibau
NH3
picric acid
H2SO4
anthoraquinone
sulfonic acid soda
metavanadate soda
Tartaric acid soda
gypsum
Na2CO3
Diamox-claus
NH3
none
pure S
Salfiban-claus
alkanol amine
none
pure S
naphthalene
scrubber
benzene
scrubber
refined
COG
booster
coke oven primary cooler
EP
(NH4)2SO4
saturator
final
cooler
5. Desulphurization Technology
5-4 Takahax-Hirohax Process
desulphurized
COG
waste gas
Oxidation tower
Absorber
COG
water
EP
wastewater
air
air
wastewater
waste gas
Service tank
water
Heat exchanger
Reaction tower
wastewater
Gas washer
Reaction
Removal rate
S, CN 90~99%
5. Desulphurization Technology
5-5 Fumax Process
Picric acid
Absorber
COG
Regenerator
Alkaline sol.
Absorber
Mist catcher
Regenerator
AIR
CF
Evaporator
to H2SO4 plant
Mixing t.
Absorption
H2SO4 recovery
Regeneration
S + O2 SO2
SO2 + 1/2O2 SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
t=
coal
0.7~2.2
0.3~2.6
coke
0.6~1.4
0.2~1.0
0.03~0.34
0.1~3.0
C-oil
0.2~0.4
0.2~0.3
Liquid
B-oil
0.08~0.35
0.2~0.3
wt%
A-oil
0.005~0.08
0.2~0.3
light oil
0.004~0.006
0.03~0.5
kerosene
0.0005~0.01
0.001~0.2
COG-crude
0~9
1.5~7
0.02~0.5
0.05~0.7
Solid
wt%
100
10
1
0.01
10
0.6
0.1
100
1.0
1.4
Air ratio
1.8
Fuel
crude oil
NO ppm
1,000
ret
en
tim tion
e (s
)
5,000
Thermal NOx
Gas
COG-fine
g/Nm3
BFG
tr
tr
LDG
tr
tr
LPG, LNG
tr
tr
N in fuel
low N fuel
- Change of fuel
heavy oil light oil gas
Fuel denitrification
O2 con.
lower O2
- Denitrification of COG
Changing operating conditions
Flame temp.
Retention
time
lower
temp.
shorter
retention
Improvement by combustion
Causes of generation
Improvement by Fuel
( S N)
N 1~9 g/m3 800~1,000, 4~6 sec.
M=1.2
100
20
10
40
Gas circulation %
NOx removal %
2,200
M=1.0
1,400
Injected steam
Flame temp.
NOx ppm
Double-stage
combustion burner
air
primary air
tile angle
secondary air
air
gas
fuel
oil
ring nozzle
circulating gas
NOx ppm
exhaust
gas
250
150
200
100
150
50
30
60
tile angle (degree)
COG
oil
75
50
1.0 0.8
primary air ratio
25
1.0
4.0
O2 in exhaust gas %
sintering machine
mist separator
De-SOx
Sox rem. 90%
dry EP
wet EP
400
stack
De-CO
De-NOx
50
HE
heating
furnace
after burner
140
to next step
Do
Plan
Environmental principles
Action
Reviewing by plant manager
Plan
Internal inspection
Check
Confirmation & collective measures
Do
Enforcement & application
Pollutants
Emission Standard
dust
sulfur oxide
nitrogen oxide
Cd, its compounds
Cl, HCl
F, HF, SinF2n+2
Pb, its compounds
EQS
Suspended particle matter
SO2 (sulfur oxide)
NO2 (nitrogen oxide)
CO
Photochemical oxidant
Telemeter System
Q
SOx
NOx
Q
SOx
NOx
automatic measurements
site center
administration center
8. Resources Saving
Dust Generation & Utilization
Dry Dust
Collector
Wet Dust
Collector
Total
Material / Pig
Iron
111,000
38,000
149,000 (61%)
Steel
33,000
60,000
93,000 (38%)
Rolling
2,700
300
3,000 (1%)
Total
146,700
98,300
245,000
(60%)
(40%)
(100%)
9. Energy Saving
Energy source ratio (%)
LPG
4.4
others
electricity
others
1.5
light oil
7.6
7.9
11.5
41.1
coal
14.5
heavy oil
51.7
34.5
fuel oil electricity
25.3
coke
Integrated Steel Production