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02 Keysight Agilent Hewlett Packard Solutions and Measurement Tools For Use in Average and Envelope 5991-0797EN
02 Keysight Agilent Hewlett Packard Solutions and Measurement Tools For Use in Average and Envelope 5991-0797EN
Application Note
Introduction
With the advent of LTE, the transmission system in a cellular smartphone must process
signals with both a very wide range of average power, to suit the users location in the cell,
and a high (8 dB) short term peak to average power ratio due to the nature of the LTE signal.
Depending on the ampliier technology, the device may have to operate several dB below the
level it would be capable of providing with a W-CDMA waveform. This comes at a time when
battery capacity is already at a premium, heat dissipation within the handset is based on a
budget and frequency coverage of multiple spectrum bands is required.
The RF power ampliiers account for a signiicant portion of both the energy consumed and
heat generated by the RF front end. Individual ampliiers may be required for each band. Fortunately, combining a multi-phase switched mode power supply with a high frequency linear
ampliier enables an on demand approach to the supply voltage that can be used to deliver
a useful reduction in both energy used and heat generated.
With ampliier technologies having a soft AM/AM compression characteristic, supply
modulation may also be used to signiicantly improve linearity. This reduces in-band and
out-of-band intermodulation signals at higher powers. The use of boost mode in the SMPS
to give transient increases in supply voltage enables further linearity improvements.
This document provides an outline of the techniques involved and the solutions Keysight
Technologies, Inc. provides for RF, baseband and system developers.
Envelope
PA supply
Shaping
PA input
Magnitude
ACP
dB
RF signal
RF PA
C
MHz
Digital signal
Analog signal
Envelope
(shaped
magnitude)
Baseband I
IC
Q
APT
ET (Open loop)
ET (Closed loop)
RF PA (adapted)
Delay
Radio
control
Voltage
controlled
(switched)
supply
RFIC
RF
RF
Output
Level control
Envelope
Detector
ADS
SystemVue
PA characterisation
PNA-X
N6705B + N6781B
ET system evaluation
System debugging
N2795A
N2793A
System Simulation
Conventional amplifier design involves tight
integration between device characterisation,
modeling and system simulation. This process
becomes more important when using multiple
operating points. The removal of larger bypass
capacitors and use of active devices for supply
modulation introduces new noise paths which
must be understood within the overall design.
In an FDD radio, there will be an impact on
coupled receive band noise.
Performance trade-offs need to be made
between the baseband and RF performance.
SystemVue Electronic System-Level Design
Software is suited to this task. An example
application is analysis of the impact of DAC
quantisation noise and other baseband
distortions on the control input of an ET power
supply and resultant broadband RF noise.
Device Simulation
Like SystemVue, ADS plays an important role
in letting designers develop and share customized models before performing simulations to
understand performance and the impact of
device spread.
ADS includes a number of Design Guides that
can be used as the starting point for power
and envelope tracking simulations, to assess
the variations in a broad range of parameters
affected by supply and/or bias modulation.
Both SystemVue and ADS include links to the
measurement hardware compatible signal
generation and signal analysis applications,
Signal Studio and 89600 VSA.
The diagram shows an example using a Symbolically Defined Device which allows you to
very quickly and easily implement non-linear models without having to write code.
Power Ampliier
RF Design
Swept frequency measurements are needed
to evaluate inter-stage impedance matching
at different operating points, while pulsed
power measurements avoid thermal effects
affecting device operation. Non-linear analysis
is needed to model the amplifier as a function
of supply and bias voltages.
The PNA-X N5242A microwave network
analyzer enables high speed, high dynamic
range active and passive component measurement. X-parameter analysis coupled with ADS
enables active device characterisation.
ADS Amplifier Design guide based envelope tracking example with 1 tone non-linear
simulation
Volts
Fixed supply
for ETPS
~100us
Dynamic for RFPA
characterisation
Time
ETPS
RF PA
Low capacitance
probing
RF power
measurement
Accurate absolute power measurements are
an essential part of amplifier performance and
efficiency testing. The RF performance and
high speed USB 2.0 interface of the U2000
series fit the needs for device characterisation.
The new U2020A X-series of sensors allow
power modulation measurements.
The 2020 series of USB power sensors gives flexibility in the combinations of instruments used
for ET evaluation
Modulated power
analysis
Comparison of swept RF power at the input
and output of the PA allows fast assessment
of compression. Applying user math to RF and
supply based waveforms gives simultaneous
displays of power and power added
efficiency, PAE.
The 8990B Peak Power Analyzer combines
a dual input peak power RF analyzer and a
2 channel oscilloscope function. This allows
accurate time aligned measurement of RF
power with voltage and current flow. The
N1923/N1924A wideband sensors have a
150 MHz video bandwidth for
repetitive signals.
8990B peak power analyzer with combined power sensor and oscilloscope functions
Synchronous baseband
and envelope
measurement
Oscilloscopes provide the measurement speed,
ease of use, and performance needed for both
envelope voltage and current measurements.
USB provides a high speed data transfer path
for post processing.
Combined with 89600 VSA software, the
Infiniium family of oscilloscopes are the
most integrated RF and baseband analysis
tool available.
Adjacent channel
power and wideband
spurious signal
measurements
The 9000 series of oscilloscopes can be used standalone or in conjunction with the 89600 VSA
for mixed RF and envelope measurements.
16 bit resolution baseband and high performance RF inputs make the N9030A PXA signal
analyzer an ideal tool for all RF PA evaluation tests.
Combined RF,
baseband and
envelope analysis
Time aligned envelope and RF modulation measurements provide the deepest
understanding of system operation. A shared
external trigger allows measurements from
different instruments to be combined. Where
needed, an RF pulse or modulated signal can
be used for cross domain time calibration.
The multi-measurement function in the
89600 VSA software allows overall performance testing of key parameters such as
ACP and EVM.
Measurements from multiple inputs can be
viewed together, making it straightforward to
see any impairments occurring dynamically.
Analyze both RF and envelope signals using the 89600 VSA software
Synchronous RF and
envelope waveform
generation
When using envelope tracking, timing
misalignment of the envelope and RF signals
of more than 1 ns can have an adverse
impact on the quality of a 20 MHz bandwidth
transmitted signal. Both ACP and EVM
are affected.
Timing alignment to this level can be achieved
either using a pair of RF signal sources with
shared baseband clock, or with a combination
of one RF and one baseband source. The
10 MHz reference is shared between the two
sources, along with a trigger signal. The key
to alignment is to ensure the sources are in a
consistent trigger state when the waveform
play-out begins.
The Envelope Tracking option for Signal Studio
for LTE/LTE-Advanced (N7624B/25B-KFP)
provides an easy way to generate the IQ (RF)
and envelope signals required for evaluation
and performance test of the ET system. The
addition of the envelope tracking control
window gives access to shaping table
management and hardware control functions
for both RF and envelope signals.
Summary
Average power tracking techniques are
becoming more widely adopted, while
envelope tracking is attracting increasingly
visible industry interest as it progresses
through development. The Keysight equipment
shown in this guide will give the combination
of measurement performance and flexibility of
application to ensure you have the tools you
need to design and implement these
systems successfully.
Base band
Baseband
bandwidth
Memory
depth (sa)
MXG
To 80 MHz
Up to 1 G
33522B
30* MHz
Up to 16 M
N8241A
500 MHz
Up to 16 M
*Useable to 50 MHz
10
Func. Gen
11 | Keysight | Solutions and Measurement Tools for Use in Average Power and Envelope Tracking Design - Application Note
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