Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M. Tomović-Kraku Lu Jordan and Gold Mining and Metallurgy in Antiquity
M. Tomović-Kraku Lu Jordan and Gold Mining and Metallurgy in Antiquity
11)
904:669 652 (497.11)
155
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
Archaeological Istitute, Belgrade
STARINAR L, 2000.
156
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
157
Fig. 2. The Pek Valley with major Roman archaeometallurgical sites registered between Majdanpek and Sena
(drawing: A. Kapuran)
STARINAR L, 2000.
158
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
159
.--:::.----.:::-:::::
-:..------- . :
-,
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<,
--
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....................
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,\
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II
II
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II
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t.21e.,80
2_
6.272,7"
9.221p3
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5.222,78
'3.
,
I
14.
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21~5
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2~:1~
',7,27',,-'00
Fig. 4. The site of Kraku lu Jordan in relation to the Pek and Brodicka Reka Rivers
(plans matched up and drawn by A. Kapuran)
----
...........
Fig. 5. Kraku lu Jordan. Site plan showing uncovered parts of the fortified complex,
sectors, c raft and metallurgical workshops, and trenches on completion of the last campaign in 1991
(plans matched up and drawn by A. Kapuran)
STARINAR L, 2000.
160
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
161
STARINAR L, 2000.
162
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
13
15
Figs. 13-16. Kraku lu Jordan. Vitrified pottery shards fused with nonmetallic slag from kiln in room 8
(photo: M. Tomovic)
16
163
\
c
f..
...
"'-..=.
'.
..
)~;
~
.-
"
.;
STARINAR L, 2000.
...
Fig. 17a-f Kraku lu Jordan.
Vitrified fragments ofpots and pithoi with
remains ofnonmetallic slag from kiln in room
8 (drawing: A. Kapuran)
164
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
165
~
....
~
~~~
~~
~
~-
~
.: __ . . . . .
-'.-~------/"-.-.
--=-=-:=--=',- .-r -.
,-
--
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~~-==::::~
\
I
f
-~--1-
~.
-
F.
- - - - - - - -------_.
STARINAR L, 2000.
166
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
167
~
I.
1.60- 2m
T
i
:...---_l
b
with the clay coating from the kiln walls and with nonmetallic slag. Such a degree of vitrification must have
been caused by extremely high temperatures. That the
kiln had been in use before is indicated by a noteworthy
area adjoining the outer side of the compartment's east
wall where a number of complete and fragmented wellfired vessels have been found. The complete vessels
have been found in situ: mostly turned upside down
(figs. 6, 9 and 18). They are identical in shape to the
vitrified ones. There is a predominance of large-sized
vessels such as pithoi, pots and amphorae (with lids), and
an absence of small-sized vessels for everyday use.!"
And finally, fused and deformed pottery shards also
occur embedded in very large (max. 1.20 by 0.90 m) and
very light pieces of slag.
Interesting information can be drawn from a comparison with room 2, which has served as a basis for
the assertion that it was an iron ore furnace. Macroscopically and physically, the slag is identical. In this case
too, there occur strikingly large (0.80 by 0.60 m and
0.50 by 0.40 m) and disproportionately light pieces of
nonmetallic slag fused with deformed pottery shards.
Both rooms 2 and 8 have predominantly yielded largesized vessels (pots, amphorae, pithoi) and not a single
STARINAR L, 2000.
168
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
a
o
169
STARINAR L, 2000.
170
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
Fig. 33. Kraku lu Jordan: a-b) iron keys; c) iron tool; d) part of an iron lock;
e) iron tool; f) iron weigh;g) iron scissors, 8 em in length
Fig. 34. Washing out gold from the Sikolska River, early
20th century (after B. CUMuh, 1951,fig. 123)
STARINAR L, 2000.
171
172
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
1/
173
STARINAR L, 2000.
174
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
175
I
I
I
I
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)
I" II
STARINAR L, 2000.
176
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
CONCLUSION
Kraku lu Jordan reveals an unusual architectural
and defensive conception determined by the relief and
multipurpose function of the complex. It was a powerful fortification enabling control and protection of gold
mine works; a place of safety where the gold obtained
was deposited, melted and cast in ingots; a centre of
crafts and metallurgy with numerous smithies, potteries
and other workshops manufacturing whatever equipment for mining in the vicinity of Kraku lu Jordan;
and, finally, an administrative centre controlling the
production of gold and the consignment of gold ingots.
177
Element
Ni
p,
232.0
NI)
S,6.f"lPLE
N,6NE
VI I I
::(\l
4
5
6
7
X'y' I I I
(3
9
10
XI I
11
XI I I
12
13
X'v'I
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
24
25
26
Conc.
(ppm)
-D.CI313
-el.091/
-CI CI320
-0.0306
-(1.1774
-1).271:15
(1.4750
0.4755
0.8771
0.8906
I) .3696
0.3690
-(1.0075
-CI.0335
CI.1640
(1.1670
IX
x'v' I I
0.3227
0.2959
XIX
(1.2124
I \/
0.2215
(1.2623
(1.26:30
::0::
nnl
Calibration
Zoltan Ceh
si~.r"1F' LE
XI
(J .1803
o. 1572
I). 1800
0.1572
1/,1E
2::'2.0nrll
-0.OCI06
-O.OClli)
-0.0007
-0.001)6
-0.(11:1:36
-I). (11:15 5
(1.0097
0.0(197
0.(1180
0.0182
(1.0076
(1.1)076
-0.0002
-0.0007
0.1)034
0.0035
Ci .0(166
0.(11)61
IC1HT
( I])
1.0000
1(1(1(1(1
1.00(10
1.0000
1.1)Oell)
1 (1(100
4.::: 5::: 1
4.:::581
2.7654
2.7654
2.72(1(1
2.721)(1
1 .01)(11)
1.0(101)
1.:::(112
1 :::1) 12
5.1445
5. 1445
0.0043 (1.9280
0.0044 1).92;;::0
onc.
PPili)
(pprn)
-1 Ji
(1.0
-4.6
-1.6
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5.4
1).0
0.0
r:
r:
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15. ';l
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6.::::
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(,.3
6.4
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2. ';J
6.4
11 .9
J. Ci
11.7
3.(1
11.4
::; .6501
::: t~i 5f) 1
::: f~1
,:; fi
0.0037 9.3411
0.0037 9.3411
1 .1:1
1 (I
1.(1
2.(1544
2.1)544
3.8
(1.0054
0.0(154
O.(1032
Ci.0032
Ni
---li,,!.6,Rr',~ If'oJC1;~~---
No
Sred.vred.
,I:.,CTIJ,8,L
(\.I I] .../ g)
lIJ
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*****
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.Iln
.IY7
I) (11 iJ
1 .1:10(1(1
2. (1(1(11)
I;;
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::: .1:11)1)1:1
(I
JH:i2
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E:::: it
STARINAR L, 2000.
~ey.
Pi' i nt
Fig.42a
178
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
*****
*t***
Fe
24::;: .:3 nm
Calibration
Zolatn Ceh
---------------------------------------;:;,6,r"lPLE
Nt)
1+
2+
.) +
SN"'lF'LE
N,t-,r','lE
\/111
::(\l
4+
5 + ,:(:{
6+
7 + ::0::\,1 1I I
::: +
9+
12+
1::; + :{\,.' I
14+
15 + x
11.41]97
17+ rx
18 +
19 + X'v' II
2 J . 7510
1
30.952(-)
30.8948
XIX
5CI.1255
50.4083
:::6.7118
36. :::935
:'~: 1 ~i1J02
::: 1.6C195
xiv
24+
25 +
26.6912
~ti. 7630
":~:5. 72fi5
-,":1.6579
49.6:::Q'J
24.2607
24.2746
UH
2:::+
31.78~16
::~:"1 7:347
42.6577
42.9640
36.6664
:36.6196
11.4268
10+
22+
(p pnl)
49.:::214
XI I
11+ /. I I I
20+
21+
p"b s
Cone.
::0::
26+
I,.."IE
I GHT
24e: :: : nlll
( I])
1.0465 2.54:32
1 .0464 2 54:32
I] .87::::3
Cl.8811
1.1762
1.1740
1.ti:35Q
1.62:3:::
1.4C144
1.4145
1.2072
1.2C156
(1.3762
o 3756
::. 1349
2.1349
'::.2(i51
:::.2651
4.35::: 1
4.3581
2. 7t~J~,4
2.7654
2. 72CI(1
2.721)1)
[I. ;30::"(1
CI.802(1
(1.79::;7 2 .O~144
0.7992 2 JI544
(1.9795 1.3(112
(1.9461 1:::(112
1.0191 5.1445
1.0172 5 1445
1 .650:::; (I 92:3(1
1 r:; 596 Ci .';)2;::(1
1.2087 : : .(51) 1
1.2146 ::: .6 5Cl1
1.1)4CI49.3411
1.0407 9.:::411
,6,CTU,6,L
(JJq.. / I])
Sred.'.. . red.
( PpIli)
624.'J
624 q
fi25.1
624
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626 i::
547.1
546. (I
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Fig.42b
179
*****
Flame (Continuous)
******i~~i~~*********ti
Eleluent
Cu
324.8 nm
),
c"-',
SN"U'LE
N,/J,f'' lE
(p Pili)
::<\/
..)
4
5
6
xx
xv I I I
()
l.~ I
9
1CI
11
12,.:.
1
'a.!
14
15
16
17
1.;.
19
20
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III
i.-
22
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z, ..)
0 ::3fj:3:3
1:1
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-(I .0131
-(I .0100
XVI
'./
0 .0813
0 .0597
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0 1726
0 1786
(I .6297
0 c:i:337
0 1405
n1492:
XVI I
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0
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24
25
(:12::::7
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7792
0 .3973
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0 .329:3
0 51 15
0 5262
26
,!J,b .:::. .
324 .:3 nln
0 .(1987
0 10:::7
0 .2585
CI .2656
(I .1) 57:;:j
(I (1730
0 .3700
(I
J"1.
Calib r at ion
Zolatn Ceh
Cone .
\l I I I
1,I, 1E I C;HT
,6,Cnl,6,L
(I;)
2 5,:1
(Uq,/ 1])
2 54
2 13
1
6 1
6 2
(I .1)063
0 .1)(17CI
I) .0 166
(I 0 170
(I .0037
0 .1)047
nr13
:::~
(-',
,)
II
1)7
.~I
4 .36
4.36
0 .050::::
0 05(1CI
1:1 .0255
0 0254
-(I .0008
-0 (:1(:106
(I .0052
1:1 0038
11
(I .01
(I .01 15
(I .0404
0 .0407
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77
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L:::.
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tc
(I
.)
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q .34
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6
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f)
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1.3CI
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514
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7
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1./ f"'
(, PP III)
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c;
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7
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f-.
(I
I)
Calibration Curve
;:;TD
Cone.
["j 0
(ppIII)
1:1.51)1)1)
1.00(11)
Ahs ,
:::24.8nll!
2.1)0(11)
M:3.
1).2(1
I) CI:~:29
(1.1:1654
1).1275
I:I.':{I
('.(1
:::.u
STARINAR L, 2000.
180
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
*****
Zn
21:~:.9
N,Ii,~lE
vr I I
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x'v'
4
5
6
XX
""7
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XVI I I
()
rJ
XI I
10
11
XI I I
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
XIX
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L' l
XIV
r 1'..
t...L.
XVI
v
r,
IY
X\? I I
24
25
26
XI
niH
Calibration
Zolatn Cs h
Cone.
(ppm)
0.7860
0.7704
0.7397
0.7270
0.6732
0.6753
0.9:375
0.9315
1.3278
1.3265
0.8719
0.8754
0.5336
0.5264
0.5107
0.5113
0.6238
8.6180
8.6269
0.6238
0.6145
0.6124
0.8272
0.8213
8.5647
8.5554
SA~11PLE
S,8.r'~PLE
6tb:::
~\IE
213.9nm
0.2393
0.2345
0.2252
(1.2213
0.2050
0.2056
0.2854
0.2836
0.4042
0.4038
0.2655
I) .21)65
0.1624
o. 1603
(1.1555
0.1557
(1.1899
0.1881
0.1909
O. 1899
O. 1871
(1.1864
0.2518
0.2500
0.1719
0.1691
IGHT
,8,CTU,8,L
( ~l)
(JJI~1/9)
2.54
2.54
2. 13
2.13
.....
)
()(
..) . L
I'
<I ')7
"). L I
4.36
4.36
2.77
2.77
2.72
2.72
0.80
0.80
2.05
2 .es
1.30
1.30
5. 14
5.14
0.93
0.93
3.05
3.65
9.34
9.34
15.5
15.2
17.4
17.1
10.3
10 .3
10 .8
10.7
24.0
23.9
16.0
lb .1
33.3
32.9
12.5
12.5
24.0
23.8
6.1
6.1
33.0
32.9
11.3
11.3
3.0
::: .0
Sred.vr'ed.
(ppm)
15.4
17.:3
10.3
10.S
24.0
W.1
3:3.1
12.5
23.9
6.1
33.0
11.3
:~
.n
Z n
Calibration Curve
3TD
Cone.
r"j IJ
( ppm)
1
,',
L
.)
'.)
1.0000
1.5IJUCI
2.000el
*****
./!".b s ,
21:::.9nm
0.3325
0.4560
'6'
.6,BS.
13. HI
(1.5953
13. (II)
0.0
::: (I
CONC.(ppm)
Fig.42d
181
*****
Flame (Continuous)
***********************
Element
Ana l ust
S,il,r','1F'LE
NCI.
SM"'lPLE
NM"lE
Cal i br at ion
Zu l et n Ceh
(p pIli)
\/I I I
0.:::151J
\.'~ I
0.5(150
1).5057
(1.45:3:3
(1.4808
8.1955
;: ; 14:::(1
(1.:::142
0.:~:159
xx
::0::\/ I
II
9
10
XI I
11
12
13
):: I I I
14
15
16
17
I :~:
I'~
21)
21
0.65~::1
0.4:300
(1.4:3(18
0.2759
I] 27Cil]
0.1661
1).1661
(1.0649
(1.0899
IJ.21:;47
(1.2650
(1.6:360
0.6369
-I) 1136
-CI.0837
CI.0524
(1.0899
I ,.I,.v
XI,,'" I I
):: IX
22
::0:: I \/
24
cnr.:.)
nlll
,il,CTIJAL
Cone.
A'I
)::1
26
217.0nm
CI.O(139
o.01):39
n(1062
':1.1)0(12
(1.005b
(1.0059
0.1001
(1.09IJ5
0.0099
C1.0080
0.0052
(I~
(k.l'~l r,/ ~l )
2.54:32
2.54:32
2.1:349
2- .1349
3.2651
3.2651
4.35::~:1
4.3581
2.7654
2.7b54
2.7200
(I.CJ05::: 2.7200
(1.0034 (1.8020
0.8(12(1
(I. CI0:34
1).002(1 2.0544
(1.002(1 2.0544
1).000:3 1.3012
0.0(111 1.:31JI2
O.C10:32 5.1445
(1.0(1:3::: 5.1445
(1.0(17::: 0.9280
(1.007::; 0.92:30
-0.0014 ::;: .6501
-I). CI(II (I .:' .65(11
oCI(IOb 9.3411
1:1. (II) 11 !L:3411
Sred. ',Ir ed
( ppnl)
6.2
6.2
11 :::
11 J:
7 .1)
7.4
1;14.0
11.::;
7I
No.
14.7
11 .9
7.9
7.9
7.9
17 .2
17.2
4.0
4.1)
4.CI
2.5
::: 5
::: .1)
17.2
2Ji
2.6
:::4. ::;
-1.ti
-1.1
(I. U
(I. :::
1).5
(1.4
Fb
,il,b :::
Cunr,
(ppnl)
M:;:~.
217.(lnn,
5.D(I(ICI
:3 (1)(1(1
1(1.1)1)1)(1
CI.20
(1.0545
(1.1)965
(I. 1265
[,I:.
K':i=
=K]i [C]
+YU
n = r::. III
STARINAR L, 2000.
..:.-.
93 4
*****
Pb
217.IJ
1999/12/16 13:25:56
Fig.42e
182
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
183
APPENDIX
STARINAR L, 2000.
184
Pe3HMe:
MIODRAG TOMOVIC
JIoKaJIHTeT ce HaJIa3H y aenocpeanoj 6JIH3HHH cena Bponnue, 15 km HCTOqHO 0,lJ, Kyxeaa, na yurhy Ep0,lJ,HqKe pexe y
Ilex, ,lJ,y60KO y sanehy nyaancxor JIHMeCa (OKO 70 km jY)KHO).
Mecro na KOMe je asrpahen KOMnJIeKC y yCKOj ,lJ,OJIHHH Ilexa,
xoja rrpeceua nponyzcerax xapnarcxor nJIaHHHCKor nanua,
0,lJ,a6paHO je ca noceriaon na)KIhOM. To je jenno H3,lJ,y)KeHO H
yCKO yaaauren,e (unrpnne OKO 80 m H ,lJ,y)KHHe OKO 160 m), ca
CTPMHM H, ca TPH crpane, TeWKO npacryna-nuea nannnaaa, KOje ce nojnaa xao HeKO OCTPBO, jep je ca TPH CTPaHe (cesepne,
HCTOqHe a jyxore) 6HJIO oxpysceao EP0,lJ,HqKOM peicoa H Ilexou.
Ilopen crpareunoix, OqHrJIe,lJ,HO je na cy nocrojann H npyra pasJI03H KOjH cy yCJIOBHJIH rserosy narpamey ynpaso aa OBOM y3samersy. Ilo csesry cyneha 6HJIO je HeOnXO,lJ,HO,lJ,a ce yraphea,e
nonarne y cpenunrry, O,lJ,HOCHO y nenocpenaoj 6JIH3HHH, pynapCKHX panosa. Kaxo ce pa,lJ,HJIO 0 3JIaTy, 0,lJ, npecymtor ana-raja je
6HJIO na ce ,lJ,06HjeHe KOJIHqHHe WTO npe CKJIOHe na 6e36e,lJ,HO
MeCTO H ry nperone y CJIHTKe.
Kpaxy JIy Jopnan npencraana jenny neyodaxajeny apxuTeKToHcKy H <pOpTH<pHKaUHoHy xonuerruajy, yCJIOBJheHy KOH<pHrypaUHjoM JIOKaJIHTeTa H BHweHaMeHCKOM <pyHKUHjOM KOMnnexca, OH je CHa)KHa <pOpTH<pHKaUHja xoja je osroryhaaana
KOHTPOJIy H 3awTHTy pynapcxux panosa na ,lJ,06Hjalhy 3JIaTa,
carypaa uenrap y KOjH je nonpeaaao 3JIaTO, H MeCTO aa KOMe je
OHO TOnJheHO H H3JIHBaHO y nnrore, 3aHaTcKO-MeTaJIypwKH uenTap, y qHjHM 6pOjHHM KOBaqKHM, KepaMHqKHM, CTaKJIapCKI1M, 11
,lJ,pymM parmoaauawa, cy np0l13Bol)eHI1 np0I13BO,lJ,11 HeOnXO,lJ,HI1
sa acnapa-ncy H py,lJ,apcKy aKTHBHOCT xoja ce onsujana y OKOJIHHI1 Kpaxy JIy Jopnana, H na xpajy, ynpasaa uenrap KOjH je
nanrnenao np0113BO,lJ,lhy 3JIaTa H ornpesraae 3JIaTHI1X narora.
]/[aKO HHCy OTKpl1BeHI1 OCTaUI1 oojexara, HaJIa311 <pparMenara KepaMI1Ke H ofipahenux KpeMeHI1X aJIaTKI1 (Fig. 19. a-c)
ynyrap yrnphetsa, yxasyjy na ce y HaCeJhY na Y3BHwelhY )KHBeJIO jour TOKOM 6p0H3aHO,lJ,OnCKe enoxe. Ca ,lJ,OJIaCKOM PI1MJhaHa,
noserax py,lJ,apCKO-TOnHOHl1qapCKe aKTHBHOCTH y ,lJ,OJIHHI1 Ilexa sesyje ce aa xpaj I-II. 0 06HMHOCTH panosa 11 6pojy anra)KOBaHHX pa,lJ,HI1Ka nocpenno CBe,lJ,OqH nonarax na je Xanpnjan
(117-138) 3a cBoje CJIy)K6eHI1Ke y PY,lJ,HHUHMa lleKa KOBao noce6Hy BpCTy HOBua, C Haml1COM Aeliana Pincensia . .II.pyra, 11
BepoBaTHo, jow HHTe311BHHja <pa3a Ha eKCnJIOaTaUHjl1 py,n:HHKa
H npepa,n:H py,n:e, OTnOqeJIa je nOCJIe HanywTalha npoBHHUHje
.II.aKl1je, 272. ro,n:HHe (peaJIHO je npemOCTaBHTH ,n:a cy I1CKyCHI1
py,n:apH H MeTaJIyp311 KOjl1 cy pa,lJ,HJIH y PHMCKI1M py,n:HI1UHMa y
.II.aKHjH ,n:oBol)eHH y OBe KpajeBe). OTKpHBeHH HaJIa311 yKa3yjy
,n:a je yTBpl)eHH KOMnJIeKC Ha KpaKy JIy Jop,n:aHy no,n:l1rHyT KpajeM III BeKa, a Kao terminus post quem 3a lheroBy aKTI1BHOCT
MO)Ke ce Y3eTH Kpaj IV BeKa (nope,n: nOKpeTHor MaTepHjaJIa, 0
TOMe CBe,lJ,Oql1 OTKpHBeHH HOBau H3 BpeMeHa Teo,n:ocHja I, H
je,n:Ha OCTaBa HOBua oTKpHBeHa nope,n: ceBepHor 6e,n:eMa, Koja
ca,n:p)KH 52 HOBql1fia o,n: KOHcTaHTHHa ,n:o Teo,n:ocHja I). KOMnJIeKC Hl1je HaCTao y I1CTOM TPeHyTKy, Befi je ,n:orpal)HBaH ca
eKcnaH3HjoM eKCnJIOaTaUHje 3JIaTa. UeJIOKynHa lherOBa KOHuenUHja je 6HJIa no,n:pel)eHa 3JIary, Koje je ,n:06HjaHo HCIlHpalheM
3JIaTOHOCHor necxa Ilexa H Ep0iJ,Hl.JKe peice, H KonafheM y OKBHpy KJIaCHl.JHHX PYiJ,HHKa ca ranepajava. 11 Y jeiJ,HOM H y npyrov
cnysajy ce paiJ,HJIO 0 CaMOpOiJ,HOM, OiJ,HOCHO npHpOiJ,HOM l.JHCTOM 3JIaTY.
Yrspheae, OiJ,HOCHO KOMnJIeKC, je crpanao Y JKeCTOKOM noJKapyxpajexr IV nexa. Y KacHHjHM BeKOBHMa, MeTaJIyplllKo-3aHaTCKa aKTHBHOCT H yrspheae HHCy 06HOBJbaHH. Hejacao je
STARINAR L, 2000.
185
KaKO TYMal.JHTH CnOpaiJ,Hl.JHY nojany cPparMeHaTa CpeiJ,fhOBeKOBHe xepasnnce? KaKO y OKBHpy yrsphenor KOMnJIeKCa HeMa HO-
soaarpaheaux ofijexara H3 CpeiJ,fhOBeKOBHe enoxe, HHTH TParosa ofinaanaa,a HJIH anarrraunje crapujux aHTHl.JKHX rpahesaaa, Moryhe je na OHH CBeiJ,Ol.Je casro 0 'rparoaava JKHBOTa, 6e3
xopmnhen,a pyiJ,apCKO-TOnHOHHl.JapCKO-3aHaTCKe KOMnOHeHTe
crapnjer aHTHl.JKOr KOMnJIeKca.