COALBED METHANE

(GAS METANA BATUBARA):

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
OLEH
MAHMUDSUDIBANDRIYO
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment
FACULTYOFENGINIREEING UNIVERSITYOFINDONESIA

PRESENTATIONOUTLINE
y WhatisCoalbedMethane(CBM)?
y CBMinIndonesia
y ResearchAreaonCBM
y CBMResearchinUI

WhatisCBM?
CBM adalah Gas Alam yang
diproduksi dari Coal beds
Coal beds adalah lapisan batubara
yang berada: 600 1000 m di bawah
tanah
Komposisi utama : Metana,
Metana
kandungan lain: CO2, N2
Metana terbentuk bersamaan dengan
terbentuknya Coal
Air di sebagian besar CBM juga ada
y
dalam jjumlah banyak

WhatisCBM?
Prosesterbentuknyabatubara

WhatisCBM?
Gas
terperangkap
G Alam
Al
t
k dalam
d l
kondisi teradsorpsi di dalam pori
batubara

Cleat system where

free gas resides
Micropores where
Adsorbed ggas resides

Zoom-in view
of model micropore

WhatisCBM?
Kemampuan batubara dalam
menyimpan gas tergantung dari
rank (quality) (dan kedalaman)

Sebagai reservoir CBM dapat

menahan 5 8 kali jumlah dari gas
metana dibandingkan dengan
conventional sand reservoir

lb
h
(
)
CoalbedMethane(CBM)PrimaryRecovery
Reduce
cleat
d
l pressure by
b
producing water
Methane desorbs from matrix
to cleats
Methane and water flow to
well bore
CH4

W
Water

TYPICALCBMGASCONTENT

TYPICALCBMPRIMARYPRODUCTION

WATERPRODUCTION

CO2 Enhanced CBMRecovery

CO2 displaces
methane
after
di l
h
f injection
i j i
No initial breakthrough of CO2
Higher
g
cleat pressure
p
results in faster flow

CH4

CO2

ECBM
Simulation

CountriesWithCBMDevelopmentProgram

CBM Reserves in Indonesia

Indonesia
CBMReserves
(453TCF)

CBM Reserves in Indonesia

Indonesia
CBMReserves

CBMdevelopmentinRambutanField,South
Sumatra (0.8TCF)

ResearchAreaonCBM

GasContentMeasurements
Vent

CO2

N2

C2

He

Gas Chromotagraph

Water Heater
and Pump

Motor

Vent
Vacuum Pump

Pressure

Temp.

Heat Exchanger

Ruska Pump

Air Temperature Bath

Sampling
Valve
Temp.
Pressure

Magnetic Pum
mp

CH4

Equilibrium Ce
ell

He

Air Temperature Bath

GasContentMeasurements

MethaneAdsorptiononWetCoalsat115F

Gibbs A
Adsorption
n, mmol/g Coal

10
1.0

0.8

Fruitland
Illinois #6
LB-Fruitland
2 Parameter OK Model
Generalized OK Model

1 mmol/g = 759 SCF/ton

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

Pressure, MPa

10.0

12.0

14.0

AbsoluteAdsorptiononFruitlandCoalat115F
1.4

Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrogen

Adsorptio
on, mmol/g

1.2
10
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00
0.0
0

500

1000
Pressure, psia

1500

2000

Absolute Adsorption on Tiffany Coal at 130FF

AbsoluteAdsorptiononTiffanyCoalat130

700.0
N2 on Mixed Coal
CH4 on Well #1
CH4 on Well #10
CH4 on Mixed Coal
CO2 on Mixed Coal
LRC Model
ZGR Model

Absolute Ads
sorption (SCF/ton)

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

100 0
100.0

0.0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Pressure (psia)

1400

1600

1800

2000

Adsorption Isotherms on Several Coals

CO2 AdsorptionIsothermsonSeveralCoals
at131oF
Gibbs
s Adsorptio
on, mmol/g
g Coal

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
10
1.0
0.8

W yodak
Beulah Zap
Illinois #6
Pocahontas
Upper Freeport
2 Parameter OK Model
Generalized OK Model

0.6
04
0.4
0.2
0.0
00
0.0

20
2.0

40
4.0

60
6.0

80
8.0

Pressure, MPa

10 0
10.0

12 0
12.0

14 0
14.0

Absolute A
A
Adsorptio
on, mmol / g Coal

Moisture Effect on CO2 AdsorptionIsotherms:

Adsorption Isotherms:
MoistureEffectonCO
Illinois6at131oF
2.8

Dry coal
4% Moisture

24
2.4

8% Moisture

2.0
16
1.6
1.2
08
0.8
0.4
0.0
0

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Pressure, psia

W ll P d ti Si l ti
WellProductionSimulation
Production Study by Amoco Corporation
Chaback et al
al. 1995

1400

CBM Re
ecovery Ra te (M SCF/d ay)

Primary
Carbon Dioxide Injection

1200

Nitrogen Injection
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0

Time (years)

Well Production Simulation

WellProductionSimulation

ProjectFeasibility
SmallLNGDesign

MR
Component

% Mole

N2

10

C1

24

C2

28

C3

16

i-C4

i-C5

17

EconomicEvaluation
Based on: CBM price of US$ 3
Selling price of LNG at US$ 8
IRR

: 24.34%
24 34%

NPV at 2015 : US$ 438.031.452,06

Payback period : 5.49 years since the construction
begin, or 3.49 years after LNG production

ProjectFeasibility
Regulation
GROSS REVENUE
First Tranche Petroleum

?
Cost Recovery

?
Equity to be split

Contractor Share

Indonesia Share

Taxable Income

Tax
Indonesia Take

C t
Contractor
t T
Take
k

Cases
Case I

Case II

FTP = 5 % (shared for government and

contractor)
CRC = 100 % for year 1 to 5,
90% for year 6 to the end of the
contract
Split = 55 : 45 (after tax)
Tax = 44 %
Wellhead gas price is US$ 4.30/MMBTU

FTP = 10 % (only for government)

CRC= 90 % for year 1 to the end of contract, or
80% for year 1 to the end of contract
Split = 55 : 45 and 60 : 40 (after tax)
Tax = 44 %
Wellhead gas price is US$ 4.50/MMBTU or US$
5.00/MMBTU.

Gas Production (MMSCFY vs Year)

35000
30000

Water Production (1000 Barrels vs Year)

45000
40000
35000

25000

30000
20000

25000

15000

20000
15000

10000

10000
5000
0

5000
0

EconomicEvaluation
Case 1

Case 2

Economic Indicators

Value

Expenditure, MM US$

745.13

Economic Indicators
Expenditure, MM US$

745.13

NPV @ 10% p.a, MM US$

44.00

NPV @ 10% p.a, MM US$

% Gross of Revenue

30.00

% Gross of Revenue

Internal Rate of Return (% IRR)

12.90

Internal Rate of Return (% IRR)

Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR), Fract.

2.82

Values

29.00
25.9
12.00

Profit to Investment Ratio (PIR), Fract.

2.54

Pay Out Time (POT) Year

15.40

Pay Out Time (POT) Year

15.00

Contractor Take,
Take % of Profit

41 87
41.87

Contractor Take,
Take % of Profit

35 52
35.52

GOI Take, % of Profit

58.13

GOI Take, % of Profit

64.48

NPV @ 10% p.a

MM US$

% Gross of Revenue
Revenue
Distribution
Gross Revenue

160.00
41.59

Contractor
(MM US$)

Government
(MM US$)

2618.70

NPV @ 10% p.a

MM US$

194.00

% Gross of Revenue
Revenue
Distribution
Gross Revenue

46.95
Contraktor
(MM US$)

Government
(MM US$)

2740.50

Net Cash Flow

784.48

1089.09

Net Cash Flow

708.73

1286.64

Cost Recovery

632.95

Cost Recovery

625.38

Total FTP Share

105.22

25.72

274.05

Total FTP Share

Conclusions
g Methane dalam CBM di Indonesia,, cukup
p menjanjikan.
j j
Cadangan
CBM dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi (methane) sekaligus juga
berpotensi sebagai penyimpan gas rumah kaca.
Perlu kehati-hatian dalam pengembangan CBM: kajian gas content,
water handling/treatment, economic feasibility study.
Research area tentang CBM masih cukup menantang, perlu kolaborasi
Perguruan Tinggi, Institusi lain & Industri