Introduction

To
Control System
S UBHASH PATEL
EC

2012

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2012

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Important Definitions

System : A system is an arrangement or combination of different physical components

connected or related in a such a manner so as to form an entire unit to attain a
certain objective
Output : The actual response obtained from the system is called output
Input : The stimulus or excitation applied to a control system from the external source
in order to produce output is called input
Control : It means to regulate, direct or command a system so that the desired objective
is attained.
Control System : It is an arrangement of different physical elements connected in such a
manner so as to regulate itself or other system to achieve certain output

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Open Loop System

Definition : A system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of the
system is called as open loop system

Referenced
Input r(t)

Controller

u(t)

Plant

controlled
output c(t)

Reference input r(t) is applied to the controller which generates the actuating signal u(t)
u(t) actuates the process to produce controlled output c(t)
This control action has nothing do with the status of output c(t)

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Close Loop System

Definition : A system in which the control action is dependent on the output is called as
closed loop system
x(t)

Command
Input

Reference
Transducer

R(t)

e(t)

u(t)

b(t)

Controlled
Output

Plant

Controller

+_

Feedback
Element

c(t)

r(t) Reference input

u(t) Actuating Signal
e(t) Error Signal
c(t) Controlled output
b(t) Feedback signal
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Example of Control System

Open Loop Example

Automatic hand drier
Washing Machine
Bread Toaster
Traffic signals

Close Loop Example

Automatic electric irons
Voltage Stabilizer
Sun tracker
DC Motor speed controller
water level indicator
Controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, velocity, flow etc in process industries.

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Important Definations

Controlled Variable : The controlled variable is the quantity or condition that is to be

control.
Manipulated variable : The manipulated variable is the quantity or conditions that is
varied by the controller
Plant : A plant may be a piece of equipment perhaps just set of machine parts functioning
together the purpose of which is to perform certain operation.
Disturbance : A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the output of the
system. If a disturbance is generated within the system, it si called internal disturbance. If
the disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input then it is called external
disturbance.
Feedback Control : Feedback control refers to an operation that, in the presence of
disturbance, tends to reduce the different between the output of the system and some
reference input. It does so on the basis of the difference between the reference and output
signal.

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Open Loop Vs Close Loop System

Close loop makes system relatively insensitive to the internal as well as external
disturbance.
Close loop systems can be made using relatively less accurate components even to get very
accurate control.
From stability point of view, the close loop control systems are difficult to design.
For the system in which the inputs are unknown ahead of time and in which there is no
disturbance present, open loop is better solutions
The close loop systems have advantage only when un-predictable disturbances are present
in systems
The number of components present in system are more so the power consumption is more
in case of close loop control systems

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