Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SVC 3 P PDF
SVC 3 P PDF
Publication date:
2012
Document Version
Early version, also known as pre-print
Link to publication from Aalborg University
General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners
and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.
? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.
? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain
? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ?
Take down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at vbn@aub.aau.dk providing details, and we will remove access to
the work immediately and investigate your claim.
I. INTRODUCTION
shunt
currents
Vi Vi 1 J i fbus Z branch
subbranch
sub branch
currents
(2)
Fig. 1. Generalized functional block diagram of the load flow method developed in Matlab
V1
Vi 1
Vi
J iser
J i fbus
Vi 1
fbus
J subbus
J itbus
J i fbus
1
I i I iL I iG I iSH
I iL
I iG
I iSH
Fig. 2. Two-bus and single-line representation of distribution networks for the solution of BFS algorithm
b b
ba zbb zbc zbn J b (i ) (3)
Vc (i ) Vc (i 1) zca zcb zcc zcn J c (i )
znc znn J n (i )
Vn (i ) Vn (i 1)
zna znb
Z line
where
Va,b,c,n(i) are the phase and neutral voltages of the ith node as
referenced to their own local earth,
Ja,b,c,n(i) are the incoming branch phase and neutral currents
of the ith node.
In order to solve voltage drop in (3), phase and neutral
Fig. 4. Typical 3-phase 4-wire overhead line segment (upper); and its
generalized circuit representation (bottom)
J n (i ) I g (i ) I res (i )
(5)
k a ,b ,c
k a ,b ,c
nom
L,a
S L , ab
SL,ab
, yLnom
rated
, ab
rated
Vb
Varated Vbrated
Va
(6)
SL,a for Y
SL,a
rated , yLnom
,a
g
2
V
Varated
a
Ja
Vn (i 1) Vn (i ) zan zbn zcn J b znn J n
J c
zin J abc znn J n
I Lnom
, ab
(10)
for
(8)
mM
M is the set of sub-branches that branch off the ith node, IL(i)
and Ish(i) denote load and shunt capacitor currents in
respectively; absorbed by the ith node.
Phase currents along the branch are determined as given
in (9) during backward sweep and finally, the required
branch currents will be completed to compute voltage drops
in (3).
S gen ,a
Va (i ) Vn (i)
J a (m) (9)
J a (i ) I L ,a (i) I sh ,a (i)
mM
S gen ,b
J (i ) I (i) I (i )
(
)
J
m
b
L
b
sh
b
b
,
,
Vb (i ) Vn (i ) mM
J c (i) I L,c (i) I sh ,c (i )
J c ( m)
S gen,c
mM
Vc (i ) Vn (i )
TABLE I
SPOT LOAD MODEL EQUATIONS
Constant Complex Power
Constant Current
S
k 1 L, a k 1
Va Vn
I Lk , a
S L ,b
k
I L ,b V k 1 V k 1
n
I Lk ,c b
SL,c
k 1
k 1
Vc Vn
S
k 1 L , ab k 1
Va Vb
I Lk , a
S L ,bc
k
I
T
L ,b
V k 1 V k 1
c
I Lk ,c
b
S L ,ca
k 1
k 1
Vc Va
Grounded
wyeconnected
load
Deltaconnected
load
I Lk , a I Lnom
,a
k nom
I L , b I L ,b
I Lk ,c I Lnom
,c
I Lk , a
I Lnom
, ab
k
nom
I
T
I
L ,b
L ,bc
I Lk ,c
I Lnom
, ca
k 1
I Lk , a yLnom
, a Va
k nom k 1
I L ,b yL ,b Vb
k 1
I Lk ,c yLnom
, c Vc
k 1
yLnom
Vbk 1
I Lk , a
, ab Va
k
nom
k 1
k 1
I L ,b T yL ,bc Vb Vc
nom
k 1
k 1
I Lk ,c
yL ,ca Vc Va
Ynode
(12)
Vag
(13)
Vbg
Vp
y y y V i 0 0 0
s
cg
Vs
Yps
Ip
Y pp
Backward step
Step 1.
V p Ysp I s YssVs
1
Forward step
Step 1.
Vs Y ps I p Y ppV p
1
Step 2.
I p YppVp YpsVs
E. Computation of Network Active Power Losses
Regardless of what computation method is used, total
branch losses of distribution networks can be calculated
once bus voltages and branch currents all over the network
are obtained accurately after running a load flow simulation.
Although branch impedance can be used to estimate active
power losses by means of I2R, this method gives rise to
inaccurate solution due to phase mutual couplings in 3phase systems. In general, loss dissipated along a branch is
equivalent to the difference between branch entering and
branch outgoing power.
Sloss ,k S fbus ,k Stbus ,k
*
*
V a I a
V a I a
fbus , k
fbus , k
tbus , k
tbus , k
(14)
*
*
b
b
b
b
I
V
I
V fbus
,k
fbus , k
tbus ,k tbus ,k
c
c
*
*
c
c
V fbus ,k I fbus ,k Vtbus ,k I tbus ,k
VI. CONCLUSION
Fig. 8. IEEE 13-bus network [28]. Solid lines represent overhead
lines; dashed lines refer to underground cables
VII. APPENDIX
A. Carsons Equations for Line Modeling
Vi Vi Vi zii
V j V j V j zij
Vg Vg Vg zig
zij
z jj
z jg
zig I i
z jg I j
z gg I g
(A.1)
(A.2)
If simplified Carsons equations are used based on [20][21], then self- and mutual impedance of conductor
including ground effects thus becomes:
zii ri 2 fG
(A.3)
+j 4 fG ln Sii GMRi 5.7974 ln f hi
zij fG
(A.4)
where
th
zii is the self-impedance of i conductor in /km or /mile,
th
th
zij is the mutual-impedance between i and j conductor in
/km or /mile,
ri is the resistance of ith conductor in /km or /mile,
f is the system frequency in Hz,
hi is the height of ith conductor in meter (Sii=2hi),
GMRi is the geometric mean radius of ith conductor in meter,
is the resistivity of earth in -meters,
Sij is the distance between conductor i and conductor j
(image of conductor j) in meter,
Dij is the distance between conductor i and conductor j in
meter
G=10-4 in /km or 0.160934710-3 in /mile
and
Pij 8
(A.5)
1
Qij 0.0386 ln 2 2 2.8099 103 ln f hi
2
(A.6)
After this point, the primitive series impedance matrix
can be formed. It should be noticed that ground-related
terms are already merged into the self- and mutualimpedances of phase and neutral conductors if Carsons
equations are directly implemented [20]. Accordingly, the
primitive series impedance matrix is given as:
zaa zab zac zan
z
zbb zbc zbn
(A.7)
z prim ba
zca zcb zcc zcn
m
0 VCA
iCA y
i
y
m
0 VAB
AB
iBC
y
m 0 VBC
y
0 Van
ias m
ibs
m
y
0 Vbn
m
y
0 Vcn
ics
i 0
0
0
0
0
0 yns Vns
ns
(A.8)
Yprim
an
Vag
Vbn 0
1 Vbg
1
1 1 Vcg
Vcn
V 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 V
ng
ng
C
0 iCA
iA 1 1 0
i 0 1 1
0
0 iAB
B
iC 1 0 1
0 iBC
1
0 ias
ia
ib
0
1
0 ibs
1 0 ics
ic
i
1 1 1 1 ins
0
n
(A.10)
Ynode
0 y y y
0
y
y y
0
0 y y
0 y y
y
0 y
0 y y
0
y 0
0
y
0
0
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
Ypp
Ysp
Y
np
Yps
Yss
Yns
y
y
y
yns 3 y
0
0
0
(A.11)
Ypn
Ysn
Ynn
i 0 Y
n
np
Yns
V p
(A.12)
1
Vs , Vn Ynn YnpV p YnsVs
Ynn Vn
Y 11
(A.13)
Yps YpnYnn1Yns Vs
Y 12
1
1
Y 21 Y 22 Ysp YsnYnn Ynp Yss YsnYnn Yns
0 y y y
0
y
y y
y
y
0
0
0 y y
y
0 y
m
m
n
n
m
m
n m m m n m
m n m m m n
where m=y2/(3y-yns) and n=y2/(3y-yns)-y. For solidly
grounded D-Yg1 transformer ( yns ), the node
lim Ynode
yns
0 y y y
0
y
y y
0
0
y
y
0 y y
y
0 y Ypp Yps
0
0
y
y
Ysp Yss
y 0
y
0
y
0 y 0
(A.14)
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
MatDyn
webpage
[Online].
Available:
http://www.esat.kuleuven.be/electa/teaching/matdyn/
S. Cole and R. Belmans, MatDyn, a new Matlab-based toolbox for
power system dynamic simulation, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,
vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1129-1136, August 2011.
R.D. Zimmerman, C.E. Murillo-Sanchez, and D.D. Gan,
MATPOWER-A Matlab power system simulation package,.
[Online]. Available: http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/
L. Vanfretti and F. Milano, The experience of PSAT as a free and
open source software for power system education and research,
International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, vol. 47,
no. 1, pp. 47-62, January 2010.
H.E. Brown, G.K. Carter, H.H. Happ, and C.E. Person, Power flow
solution by impedance matrix iterative method, IEEE Trans. On
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-82, no. 65, pp. 1-10, April
1963.
T.H. Chen, M.S. Chen, K.J. Hwang, P. Kotas, and E.A. Chebli,
Distribution system power flow analysis-A rigid approach, IEEE
Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1146-1152, July 1991.
J.C.M. Vieira, W. Freitas, and A. Morelato, Phase decoupled method
for three phase power flow analysis of unbalanced distribution
system, IEE Proceedings of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 568-574, September 2004.
K.P. Schneider, D. Chassin, Y. Chen, and J.C. Fuller, Distribution
power flow for smart grid technologies, IEEE Power Systems
Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-7, Seattle, March 2009.
J.E. Van Ness, Iteration methods for digital load flow studies, IEEE
Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 78, pp. 583-588,
August 1959.
[10] W.F. Tinney and C.E. Hart, Power flow solution by Newtons
method, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 78, pp.
583-588, August 1959.
[11] B. Stott and O. Alsac, Fast decoupled load flow, IEEE Trans. on
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. Pas-93, no. 3, pp. 859-869, May
1974.
[12] R.D. Zimmerman and H.D. Chiang, Fast decoupled power flow for
unbalanced radial distribution systems, IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2045-2052, November 1995.
[13] P.A.N. Garcia, J.L.R. Pereira, S. Camerio, V.M. da Costa, and N.
Martins, Three-phase power calculations using the current injection
method, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 508-514,
May 2000.
[14] A. Abur, H. Singh, H. Liu, and W.N. Klingensmith, Three phase
power flow for distribution systems with dispersed generation, 14th
Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Sevilla, June 2002.
[15] W.H. Kersting and D.L. Mendive, An application of ladder network
theory to the solution of three-phase radial load flow problems, IEEE
PES General Winter Meeting, January 1976.
[16] D. Shirmohammadi, H.W. Hong, A. Semlyen, and G.X. Luo, A
compensation based power flow method for weakly meshed
distribution networks, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 2,
pp. 753-762, May 1988.
[17] M.F. AlHajri and M.E. El-Hawary, Exploiting the radial distribution
structure in developing a fast and flexible radial power flow for
unbalanced three-phase networks, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 378-389, January 2010.
[18] R.D. Zimmerman, Comprehensive distribution power flow:
Modeling, formulation, solution algorithms and analysis, Ph.D.
dissertation, Cornell University, January 1995.
[19] T.H. Cormen, Introduction to Algorithms, MIT Press, 2001.
[20] W.H. Kersting and R.K. Green, The application of Carsons equation
to the steady-state analysis of distribution feeders, IEEE Power
Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), Phoenix, March 2011.
[21] J.R. Carson, Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground
return, Bell System Technical Journal, pp. 539-554, 1926.
[22] E.R. Collins, J. Jiang, Analysis of elevated neutral-to-earth voltage in
distribution systems with harmonic distortion, IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1696-1702, July 2009.
[23] W.H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC
Press, 2007.
[24] T.H. Chen, M.S. Chen, T. Inouse, P. Kotas, E.A. Chebli, Threephase cogenerator and transformer models for distribution system
analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 16711681, October 1991.
[25] S.S. Moorthy, D. Hoadley, A new phase-coordinate transformer
model for Ybus analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 17, no.
4, pp. 951-956, November 2002.
[26] P. Xiao, D.C. Yu, W. Yan, A unified three-phase transformer model
for distribution load flow calculations, IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 153-159, February 2006.
[27] M.R. Irving, A.K. Al-Othman, Admittance matrix models of threephase transformer with various neutral grounding configurations,
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1210-1212, August
2003.
[28] [Online].
Available:
http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders/index.html
[29] RDAP User Manual, WH Power Consultants, Las Cruces, NM.
Available: http://www.zianet.com/whpower