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Conveyer Report
Conveyer Report
Conveyer Report
INRODUCTION
This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual
effort by mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an
essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as
the degree of mechanization is increased. Degrees of automation are of two types,
viz.
Full automation.
Semi automation.
In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is
required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.
Need For Automation
Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics,
etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an attractive medium for low cost
automation. The main advantages of all pneumatic systems are economy and
simplicity. Automation plays an important role in mass production. For mass
production of the product, the machining operations decide the sequence of
machining. The machines designed for producing a particular product are called
transfer machines. The components must be moved automatically from the bins to
various machines sequentially and the final component can be placed separately for
packaging. Materials can also be repeatedly transferred from the moving conveyors
to the work place and vice versa.
Quality Control and Inspection are the most important things in factory design.
Automation plays a vital role in mass production of a product, the machining
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
PNEUMATICS
The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word
pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the
word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of
air as a working medium in industry especially the driving and controlling of
machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out
the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important
role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be
made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it
wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using
reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a
certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered
and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at
atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in1962 and
that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.
CHAPTER 3
Features of PIC16F877
The PIC16FXX series has more advanced and developed features when
compared to its previous series. The important features of PIC16F877 series is
given below.
General Features
High performance RISC CPU.
ONLY 35 simple word instructions.
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two
cycles.
Operating speed: clock input (200MHz), instruction cycle (200nS).
Up to 3688bit of RAM (data memory), 2568 of EEPROM (data memory),
modes).
Power on Reset (POR).
Power-Up Timer (PWRT) and oscillator start-up timer.
Low power- high speed CMOS flash/EEPROM.
Fully static design.
Wide operating voltage range (2.0 5.56)volts.
High sink/source current (25mA).
Commercial, industrial and extended temperature ranges.
Low power consumption (<0.6mA typical @3v-4MHz, 20A typical @3v32MHz and <1 A typical standby).
Peripheral Features
Timer 0: 8 bit timer/counter with pre-scalar.
Analog Features
10bit, up to 8 channel A/D converter.
Brown Out Reset function.
Analog comparator module.
Special Features
Pin Diagrams
PIC16F877A chip is available in different types of packages. According to
the type of applications and usage, these packages are differentiated. The pin
diagrams of a PIC16F877 chip in different packages is shown in the figure below.
Input/output ports
PIC16F877 has 5 basic input/output ports. They are usually denoted by
PORT A (R A), PORT B (RB), PORT C (RC), PORT D (RD), and PORT E (RE).
These ports are used for input/ output interfacing. In this controller, PORT A is
only 6 bits wide (RA-0 to RA-7), PORT B , PORT C,PORT D are only 8 bits
wide (RB-0 to RB-7,RC-0 to RC-7,RD-0 to RD-7), PORT E has only 3 bit wide
(RE-0 to RE-7).
PORT-A
PORT-B
PORT-C
PORT-D
PORT-E
RA-0 to RA-5
RB-0 to RB-7
RC-0 to RC-7
RD-0 to RD-7
RE-0 to RE-2
6 bit
8 bit
8 bit
8 bit
3 bit
All these ports are bi-directional. The direction of the port is controlled by using
TRIS(X) registers (TRIS A used to set the direction of PORT-A, TRIS B used to set
the direction for PORT-B, etc.). Setting a TRIS(X) bit 1 will set the corresponding
PORT(X) bit as input. Clearing a TRIS(X) bit 0 will set the corresponding
PORT(X) bit as output.
(If we want to set PORT A as an input, just set TRIS(A) bit to logical 1 and want
to set PORT B as an output, just set the PORT B bits to logical 0.)
Analog input port (AN0 TO AN7) : these ports are used for interfacing
analog inputs.
TX and RX: These are the USART transmission and reception ports.
SCK: these pins are used for giving synchronous serial clock input.
SCL: these pins act as an output for both SPI and I2C modes.
DT: these are synchronous data terminals.
CK: synchronous clock input.
SD0: SPI data output (SPI Mode).
SD1: SPI Data input (SPI mode).
SDA: data input/output in I2C Mode.
CCP1 and CCP2: these are capture/compare/PWM modules.
OSC1: oscillator input/external clock.
OSC2: oscillator output/clock out.
MCLR: master clear pin (Active low reset).
Vpp: programming voltage input.
THV: High voltage test mode controlling.
Vref (+/-): reference voltage.
LCD :
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display
module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules
are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons
being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying
special
&
even custom
characters (unlike
in
seven
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin
Function
Name
No
1
2
3
4
Ground (0V)
Ground
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)
Vcc
Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor
VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register Register
when high
Select
Low to write to the register; High to read from the Read/write
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
8-bit data pins
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
Backlight VCC (5V)
Led+
Backlight Ground (0V)
Led-
DC MOTOR
4.7.1 Introduction
There are many things which you can do with your DC motor when interfaced with
a microcontroller. For example you can control the speed of motor, you can control
the direction of rotation, you can also do encoding of the rotation made by DC
motor i.e. keeping track of how many turns are made by your motors etc. So you
can see DC motor runs in both forward and reverse direction. Usually H-bridge is
High Left
High Right
Low Left
Low Right
Description
On
Off
Off
On
Off
On
On
Off
On
On
Off
Off
Off
Off
On
On
So we have seen that using simple switching elements we can make our own HBridge, or other option we have is using an IC based H-bridge driver.
A linear power supply is the oldest and simplest type of power supply. In these
power supplies, electrical isolation can only be provided by bulky line frequency
transformers. The ac source can be rectified with a bridge rectifier to get an
uncontrolled dc, and then a dc-to-dc converter can be used to get a controlled dc
output. Figure 4.9 shows the block diagram of the Linear power supply and figure
4.10 shows the circuit diagram of the power supply. The output voltage is regulated
by dropping the extra input voltage across a series transistor (therefore, also
referred to as a series regulator). They have very small output ripple, theoretically
zero noise, large hold-up time (typically 12 ms), and fast response. The action of
a transformer is such that a time-varying (AC) voltage or current is transformed to
a higher or lower value, as set by the transformer turns ratio.
Step Down
Transformer
Bridge
Rectifie
r
Filter
Regulato
r
The transformer does not add power, so it follows that the power (V I) on either
side must be constant. That is the reason that the winding with more turns has
higher voltage but lower current, while the winding with less turns has lower
voltage but higher current. The step down transformer converts the AC input with
the higher level to some lower level.
CHAPTER-5
FABRICATION
Method of Fabrication:
The two conveyor roller is fixed to the two ends of the frame stand with the help of
end bearing (6202) with bearing cap. The conveyor roller shaft is coupled to the
D.C. permanent magnet motor with the help of spur gear mechanism. This total
arrangement is used to transfer the material from one place to another place with
the help of conveyor.
The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense the length of the
material. It is fixed to the frame stand with a suitable arrangement. The pneumatic
cylinder is fixed to the frame stand by right angles to the limit sensor frame stand.
This cylinder arrangement is used to remove the dimensionless material from the
conveyor. The pneumatic cylinder is controlled by the flow control valve, single
acting solenoid valve and control unit.
CHAPTER-6
WORKING OPERATION
The 12 volt power supply is used to drive the permanent magnet D.C motor.
The two conveyor roller is fixed to the two ends of the frame stand with the help of
end bearing (6202) with bearing cap. The conveyor roller shaft is coupled to the
D.C. permanent magnet motor with the help of spur gear mechanism. This total
arrangement is used to transfer the material from one place to another place with
the help of conveyor.
The limit sensor switch is vertically fixed on the limit sensor frame stand by
means of rack and pinion arrangement. This sensor is used to measuring the
abnormal height variation of the material. The rack and pinion is used to adjust the
limit switch up and down motion. This arrangement is used to set the height of the
material. The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense the minute
height variation of the material. It is fixed to the frame stand with a suitable
arrangement. This mechanism is also adjustable with the help of bolt and nut. The
pneumatic cylinder is fixed to the frame stand by right angles to the limit sensor
frame stand. This cylinder arrangement is used to remove the dimensionless
material from the conveyor. The pneumatic cylinder is controlled by the flow
control valve, single acting solenoid valve and control unit.
CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
While working, the compressed air (For Punching Operation) produces noise
therefore a silencer may be used.
APPLICATIONS
Discharge of work piece:The Conveyor Feed has a wide application in low cost automation industries. It can
be used in automated assembly lines to carry up the finished product from
workstation and place them in bins. It can also be used to pick raw material and
place them on the conveyor belts.
Improper Material Removing operation:This unit can also be used in improper material collected in a collecting box. The
solenoid operated pneumatic cylinder is used for this mechanism.
CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience,
to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding,
planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work. We
feel that the project work is a good solution to bridge the gates between institution
and industries. We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited
time successfully.
The INSPECTION CONVEYOR is working with satisfactory
conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances
and also quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of
available facilities. In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few
more lines about our impression project work.
Thus we have developed an INSPECTION CONVEYOR which helps to
know how to achieve low cost automation with sensor arrangement. The operating
procedure of this system is very simple, so any person can operate. By using more
techniques, they can be modified and developed according to the applications.
PHOTOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Catalogue of Janatics pneumatic product, Janatics Private Limited Coimbatore.
Design data book compiled by faculty of mechanical engineering P.S.G. college
of technology,Coimbatore
Festo Didactic KG Fundamentals of control technology, Esslingen- 1998.
Festo Pneumatic Catlogue- FestoPvt Ltd. Bangalore.
Werner Deppert/Kurt Stoll., Cutting Cost With Pneumatics, Vogel Buchverlag
Wurzburg, 1998.