Punjab, India

This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. For other ticle before the name, i.e. The Punjab.[10] The name
uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).
is also sometimes spelled as Panjab. The name Punjab
was given to the region by Maharaja Ranjeet Singh, the
founder
of the Sikh Empire.[11]
Found elevation,
Punjab ( i /pndb/), also spelt Panjab, is a state
in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu
and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the east,
Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the 2 History
southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the
west. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Main article: History of the Punjab
Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state
of Haryana. The summer residence of the Governor of
Punjab is at Shimla.
After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province
of British India was divided between India and Pakistan.
The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the forma- 2.1 Ancient history
tion of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
alongside the current state of Punjab.
During the period when the epic Mahabharata was writPunjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh ten around 800400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta
population.[4]
and ruled by Katoch kings.[12][13] The Indus Valley CiviThe term Punjab comprises two words: "punj meaning lization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities
ve and ab meaning water, thus the land of ve rivers.[5] such as Harappa (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The
The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati
delta of ve converging rivers.[6] In Avesta, the sacred text River to cover most of Northern India including Punjab.
of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in the Inancient hapta hndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven dian subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by
many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas,
Rivers.[7]
Mauryas, Sungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, GurjaraAgriculture is the largest industry in Punjab.[8] Other ma- Pratiharas and Hindu Shahis. The furthest eastern extent
jor industries include the manufacturing of scientic in- of Alexander the Greats exploration was along the Indus
struments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, nancial River. Agriculture ourished and trading cities such as
services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth.
goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and
the processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab also has the Due to its location, the Punjab region came under conlargest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which stant attack and inuence from both west and east.
are located in Steel TownMandi Gobindgarh in the Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks,
Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. This resulted in the PunFatehgarh Sahib district.
jab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture
combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Afghan, Sikh and
British inuences.

Etymology

The city of Taxila, founded by Taka, the son of Bharat,

who in turn was the brother of the Hindu deity Rama,
was reputed to house Takshashila University, the oldest
university in the world.[14] One of its teachers was the
great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a
great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during
the Maurya Empire. It is today a United Nations World
Heritage site.

The word Punjab is a xenonym and exonym from the

Persian words panj (Persian: )and b (Persian: ),
thus Panjb means Five Rivers, which roughly means
Land of Five Rivers.[9] The ve rivers are the Sutlej,
Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum (also spelled Jhelum).
Traditionally, in English, there used to be a denite ar1

2.2

Sikhs in Punjab

The roots of Sikhism began at the time of the Conquest

of Northern India by Babur. His grandson, Akbar, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of
Guru Amar Das had a favourable impression of Sikhism.
As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and
had a positive relationship with the Sikh Gurus until his
death in 1605.[15] His successor, Jahangir, saw the Sikhs
as a political threat. He arrested Guru Arjun Dev because
of Sikh support for Khusrau Mirza[16] and ordered him to
be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Devs martyrdom
led to the sixth Guru, Guru Har Gobind, declaring Sikh
sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and the establishment of a fort to defend Amritsar.[17]
Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by
imprisoning Guru Har Gobind at Gwalior. He felt compelled to release him when he began to suer premonitions of an early and gruesome death. The Guru refused
to be released unless the dozens of Hindu princes imprisoned with him were also granted freedom, to which Jahangir agreed. Sikhism did not have any further issues
with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in
1627. His successor, Shah Jahan took oense at Guru
Har Gobinds sovereignty and after a series of assaults
on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the Sivalik
Hills.[17] Guru Har Gobinds successor, Guru Har Rai
maintained the guruship in the Sivalik Hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and taking a neutral
role in the power struggle between Aurangzeb and Dara
Shikoh for control of the Timurid dynasty. The ninth
Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community
to Anandpur and traveled extensively to visit and preach
in Sikh communities in deance of Mughal rule. He
aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam
and was arrested and confronted by Aurangzeb. When
oered a choice between conversion or death, he chose
to die rather than compromise his principles and was
executed.[18] Guru Gobind Singh assumed the guruship in
1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved
the guruship to Paunta. He built a large fort to protect
the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed Sivalik Hill
Rajas, who attempted to attack the city, but the Gurus
forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved
on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective
army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against
various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.[19]
In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill
Rajas and the Mughal army under Wazir Khan attacked
Anandpur and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, were
defeated by the Khalsa at the Battle of Muktsar. Banda
Singh Bahadur was an ascetic who converted to Sikhism
after meeting Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded. A short
time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him
to uproot Mugal rule in Punjab and gave him a let-

HISTORY

ter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two

years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the
poor Sikh, Hindu and Muslim peasants who farmed the
land.[20] Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with
the defeat of Mughal armies at Samana and Sadhaura and
the rebellion culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of
destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to
Sikhs, including executing Wazir Khan in revenge for the
deaths of Guru Gobind Singhs sons, Baba Zorawar Singh
and Baba Fateh Singh after the Sikh victory at Sirhind.[21]
He ruled the territory between the Sutlej river and the
Yamuna river established a capital in the Himalayas at
Lohgarh and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak
and Guru Gobind Singh.[20]

2.3 Cis-Sutlej states

The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in modern
Punjab and Haryana states lying between the Sutlej River
on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna
River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District
on the west. These states were ruled by the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, various Sikh sardars and
other Rajas of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the
Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 18031805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the
British.[22] The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala,
Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot.

2.4 The Sikh Empire

Darbar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Main article: Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire (18011849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
The empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west,
to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet
in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The religious demography of
the Sikh Empire was Muslim (70%), Sikh (17%), Hindu

2.5

Punjab Province (British India)

Sikh Empire

(13%).[23]
The Sikh Empire began with the disbandment of the Punjab Army by the time of coronation of Ranjit Singh in
1801, creating a unied political state. All the Misl leaders who were aliated with the Army were nobility with
usually long and prestigious family histories in Punjabs
history.[24][25]
After Ranjit Singhs death in 1839, the empire was
severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British
Empire to launch the Anglo-Sikh Wars. A series of betrayals of the Sikhs by some prominent leaders in the
army led to its downfall. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Raja
Dhian Singh were the top generals of the army.[26][27]
The Sikh Empire was nally dissolved, after a series of
wars with the British at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh
War in 1849, into separate princely states and the British
province of Punjab, which were granted statehood. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore
as a direct representative of the British Crown.

2.5

Punjab Province (British India)

The Cis-Sutlej states, including Kaithal, Patiala, Jind,

Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot, were under the
suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 18031805, when Marathas lost this territory to the British.
During the war, some of the states in the region gave their
allegiance to British General Gerard Lake. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War, an 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Empire west
of the Sutlej, brought these states under formal British
protection.[22][28][29]
Ranjit Singhs death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos, and the subsequent battles of succession and
the bloody inghting between the factions at court weakened the state. By 1845 the British had moved 32,000

British Punjab Province, before 1947

troops to the Sutlej frontier to secure their northernmost

possessions against the succession struggles in the Punjab. In late 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near
Firozpur, beginning the First Anglo-Sikh War. The war
ended the following year, and the territory between the
Sutlej and the Beas was ceded to British Company rule
in India, along with Kashmir, which was sold to Gulab
Singh of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal.
As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops,
along with a resident political agent and other ocials,
were left in the Punjab to oversee the regency of Maharaja Dhalip Singh, a minor. The Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in
Multan revolted, and a British ocial was killed. Within
a few months, the unrest had spread throughout the Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. The British
prevailed in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the
Treaty of Lahore in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by
the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was
pensioned o. The Punjab became a province of British
India, although a number of small states, most notably
Patiala, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nabha, and Jind, retained
local rulers in subsidiary alliances with the British, with
the rulers retaining their own internal sovereignty but recognizing British suzerainty.[30]
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the Indian National Congress proclaimed
independence from Lahore. In March 1940, the all-India
Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority
areas in India. The ambiguity of the Lahore Resolution
sparked violent protests, in which Punjab became a central stage.[31]
In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence
erupted between the Punjabs Muslim majority and the
Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Muslim League attacked the government of Unionist Punjabi Muslims,
Sikh Akalis and the Congress and led to its downfall.
Unwilling to be cowed down, Sikhs and Hindus counter-

attacked, and the resulting bloodshed left the province in

great disorder. Both Congress and League leaders agreed
to partition Punjab upon religious lines, a precursor to the
wider partition of the country.[32]

GEOGRAPHY

the partition of British India in 1947, so a new capital

for Indian Punjab was built at Chandigarh. Shimla was
named temporary capital of the Punjab until Chandigarh
was completed in 1960.

After years of protest by Akali Dal and other Sikh organisations nally Punjab was divided along linguistic basis in
2.6 Independence and its aftermath
1966. On 1 November 1966, the Hindi-speaking southern half of Punjab became a separate state, Haryana and
the Pahari speaking hilly areas in north became Himachal
Pradesh. Chandigarh was on the border between Punjab and Haryana and became a union territory that serves
as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. During the
1970s, the Green Revolution brought increased economic
prosperity for the Punjab, mainly due to the late Pratap
Singh Kairon. However, a growing polarisation between
the Indian National Congress central government and
the main Sikh political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal,
developed during the 1970s. Hostility and bitterness
arose from what was widely seen by the Akali Dal as increasing alienation, centralization and discriminatory attitudes towards Punjab by the Government of India. This
Rural Sikhs in a long ox-cart train headed towards India. 1947.
prompted the Shiromani Akali Dal to pass the Anandpur
Margaret Bourke-White.
Sahib Resolution, which asked for granting maximum auIn 1947 the Punjab Province of British India was tonomy to the region of Punjab and other states and limpartitioned along religious lines into West Punjab and ited role and powers of the Central Government.
East Punjab. Huge numbers of people were displaced,
and there was much intercommunal violence. Following
independence, several small Punjabi princely states, in- 3 Geography
cluding Patiala, acceded to the Union of India and were
united into the PEPSU. In 1956 this was integrated with
the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian Punjab is in northwestern India and has an area of 50,362
square kilometres (19,445 sq mi). It extends from the
state called simply Punjab.
latitudes 29.30 North to 32.32 North and longitudes
The undivided Punjab, of which Pakistani Punjab forms 73.55 East to 76.50 East. It is bounded on the west
a major region today, was home to a large minority popu- by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on
lation of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs until 1947, apart from the northeast by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by
the Muslim majority.[33]
Haryana and Rajasthan.
Immediately following independence in 1947, and due to Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with
the ensuing communal violence and fear, most Sikhs and many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.[36]
Punjabi Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan mi- A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern
grated to India as part of the exchange of populations.[34] part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average
Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their elevation is 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, with a
homes in East Punjab, which now forms part of India.[35] range from 180 metres (590 ft) in the southwest to more
More than seven million moved to Pakistan, and over six than 500 metres (1,600 ft) around the northeast border.
million settled in Punjab.
The southwest of the state is semiarid, eventually merging
In 1950, two new states were recognised by the Indian constitution: the Indian part of the former British
province of Punjab became the state of East Punjab,
while the princely states of the region were combined
into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU).
Himachal Pradesh was later created as a union territory
from several princely states in the hills.

2.7

Formation of current Punjab

into the Thar Desert. The Shiwalik Hills extend along the
northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas.
The soil characteristics are inuenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The
variation in soil prole characteristics are much more
pronounced because of the regional climatic dierences.
Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis
of soil types: southwestern, central, and eastern.

Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV. Zone II is
considered a low-damage risk zone; zone III is considered
The capital city of the undivided Province of Punjab, La- a moderate-damage risk zone; and zone IV is considered
hore, was allocated to the Pakistani West Punjab during a high-damage risk zone.[37]

3.1

Climate

Rainy Season ( early July to the end of September)

Cold Season (early December to the end of
February).[38]
Apart from these three main seasons, the state also experiences transitional seasons like:
Pre-summer season (Mar to mid of April): This is
the period of transition between winter and summer
season.

Agricultural elds of Punjab in Monsoon

The geographical and sub-tropical latitudinal location of

Punjab makes large variation in temperature from month
to month. Even though only limited region experience
temperature below 0 degree C, ground frost is commonly
found in majority of the areas in winter season. The temperature rises gradually with high presence of moisture
and overcast sky. However, the rise in temperature is
steep when sky is clear and moisture content is very less
in air.[38]
The mid May and June months records the maximum
temperature. The temperature remains above 40C in the
entire region during this period. Ludhiana recorded the
highest maximum temperature at 46.1C with Patiala and
Amritsar recording 45.5 C. The maximum temperature
during the summer months in Ludhiana remains above
41 C for a duration of one and a half months. These
areas experience lowest temperature during the January
month. The sun rays are oblique during these months and
the cold winds control the rise temperature at day time.[38]
Punjab state experiences minimum temperature during
December to February months. The lowest temperature
was recorded at Amritsar (0.2 C) and Ludhiana stood
second with 0.5C. The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5C for almost two months during
the winter season. The highest minimum temperature of
these regions in the June month is more than the day temperatures experienced in the Jan and Feb month. Ludhiana experiences minimum temperature above 27 C for
more than two months. The annual average temperature
in the entire state is approximately 21C. Further, the
mean monthly temperature range varies between 9C in
July to approximately 18C in Nov month.[38]

Seasons

Punjab state experiences three main seasons. They are:

Hot Season (mid-April to the end of June)

Post-monsoon season (Sep to Nov end). This is the

period of transition between monsoon and winter
season.[38]

5 Summer Season
The area starts experiencing mild hot temperature from
February month. However, actual summer season commences from mid of April. The area experiences pressure variations during summer months. The atmospheric
pressure of the region remains at 987 mili bars during
February month and it touches 970 mili bars in June.[38]

6 Rainy Season
Monsoon brings joy to the agriculture eld as it is the
time when farmers become very busy. Monsoon in the
state begins in rst week of July and it is the monsoon
currents generated in Bay of Bengal which brings rain in
the region.[38]

7 Winter Season
Temperature variation is minimal in January month. The
mean night and day temperature fall to 5C and 12C respectively. Winter season in northern part are blight for
the poor who cannot arrange for protection against cold
climate.[38]

8 Post-Monsoon Transitional Season

Monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of
September. This brings in a gradual change in climate and temperature. The period between October and
November is the transitional period between monsoon
and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally fair and dry.[38]

12

Post-Winter Transitional Season

ANIMALS AND BIRDS IN PUNJAB

The rainfall in winter season provides relief to the farmers

as some of the winter crops in the region of Shivalik Hills
are entirely dependent on this rainfall. As per the meteorological statistics, the sub-Shivalik area receives more
than hundred mm rainfall in the winter months. [38]

that are grown in abundance here are orange, apple, g,

quince, almond, pomegranate, peach, mulberry, apricot
and plum. The region that has major cultivation of rich
ora and fauna can be majorly seen in the Shivalik ranges
in the state of Punjab. Due to rich ora and fauna in the
Shivalik region, it has been also termed as the zone of
micro-endemic in India. The variety of angiosperms in
the area includes 355 dierent types of herbs, trees of 70
dierent types; shrubs all in big and small sizes are of 70
dierent kinds, climbers of 19 dierent types can also be
seen while 21 dierent types of twines can also be seen
here. Other than angiosperms, other varieties available
are 31 kinds of pteridophytes, bryophytes of 27 dierent kinds while a special species of gymnosperms named
as Pinus Roxburghii can be seen in the ranges in state
of Punjab. The fauna of the area is also rich that has
birds of 396 dierent types, Lepidoptera is of 214 different kinds, 55 varieties of sh species can also be seen,
reptiles of 20 dierent types are also available and mammals of 19 dierent kinds can be seen in these ranges.
The state of Punjab is adored with large wetland area,
number of bird sanctuaries that houses dierent varieties
of numerous species of birds and a large number of zoological parks. Few of them to be named are wetland
named as National wetland Hari-Ke-Pattan, the wetland
of Kanjli, the wetlands of Kapurthala Sutlej, the number
of wildlife sanctuaries include the Harike wildlife in district of Tarn Taran Sahib, Zoological Park in Rupnagar,
Chhatbir Bansar Garden located in Sangrur Aam Khas
Bagh situated in Sirhind, Amritsars famous Ram Bagh,
Shalimar Garden in Kapurthala and the famous Baradari
Garden in city of Patiala.[39]

11

12 Animals and Birds in Punjab

The eect of winter season diminishes by the rst week

of March. Hot summer season commences from mid
April. This period is marked by occasional showers with
hail storm and squalls which causes extensive damage to
crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last
week of March commencing the harvest period.[38]

10

Rainfall

Monsoon Rainfall
Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Punjab region receives rainfall through the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current
enters Punjab state through the south-east direction in the
rst week of Jul.[38]
Winter Rainfall
The winter season remains very cool with temperature
going down below zero degree at some places. Winter
season also brings in some western disturbances.[38]

Flora and fauna

Agriculture in Punjab India

The plains in the state of Punjab do not have any thick

forests, the only available patches are of grass, small bush
and shrubs. In the southern east part of state of Punjab and the areas of Hoshiarpur and Multan, the delicious mango fruit is grown. The other varieties of fruits

Few of the local rivers in Punjab also have the dangerous species of Crocodiles. The extraction of silk from
silkworms is also another industry that ourishes in the
state. Production of bee honey is also done in some parts
of Punjab. The southern plains in Punjab is desert land
hence camel can also be seen. Bualoes can be seen grazing around the banks of river. The north eastern part has
animals like horses. The desert area also has dangerous
species of snakes like cobra and sangehur. The wild life
sanctuaries have species of wild animals like otter, wild
boar, wildcat, fruit bat, hog deer, ying fox, squirrel and
mongoose. The natural formed forests can be seen in
the Shivalik ranges of Punjab area in the districts like
Ropar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur. Patiala has the Bir
forest while wetlands area in state of Punjab has the famous Mand forest.[40]
There are a number of botanical gardens spread in various
areas of Punjab. There is also a zoological park and a
tiger safari park. There are a total of 3 parks dedicated
to deer.[40]
The state bird of Punjab is the baz (northern goshawk)[41]

14.1

Administrative subdivisions

(Melierax poliopterus), the state animal is the blackbuck

(Antilope cervicapra), and the state tree is the shisham
(Dalbergia sissoo).[36]

13

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Punjab (India), Government of

Punjab (India), Punjab Legislative Assembly and List of
districts of Punjab (India)
Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly
elected Chief Minister who is vested with most of the executive powers. The state legislature, the Vidhan Sabha,
is the unicameral Punjab Legislative Assembly, with 117
members elected from single-seat constituencies. The
capital of Punjab is Chandigarh, which also serves as the
capital of Haryana and is thus administered separately as
a Union Territory of India. The judicial branch of the
state government is provided by the Punjab and Haryana
High Court in Chandigarh.[42] The current Government
was elected in the 2012 Assembly elections as the coalition of SAD and the BJP won 68 out of 117 Assemble
seats and Prakash Singh Badal of the Shiromani Akali
Dal is the current Chief Minister.

7
is called the heartland of Punjab and is celebrated
as being the 'Cradle of Sikhism'.
Doaba is the region of Indian Punjab between the
rivers Beas and Sutlej. The name Doaba literally translates to land between two rivers (Do
two, Ab river; Punjabi). It is one of the most
fertile regions of the world and was the centre of
the Green Revolution in India. To this day, it
remains one of the largest per capita producers
of wheat in the world. The cities in Doaba are
Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar(Nawashahr), Kapurthala and Phagwara .
Malwa is a region of Punjab south to river Sutlej.
The Malwa area makes up majority of the Punjab region consisting 11 districts. Cities such
as Ludhiana, Patiala, Mohali, Bathinda, Barnala,
Sangrur, Moga, Rupnagar, Ferozepur, Fazilka and
Mansa are located in the Malwa region. Malwa is
famous for cotton farming.

14.1 Administrative subdivisions

Main article: Districts of Punjab, India
The state of Punjab has 22 districts which comprise subdivisions, tehsils and blocks.

The state of Punjab is divided into ve administrative di- Divisions: There are 5 divisions in Punjab. These are
Patiala, Rupnagar, Jalandhar, Faridkot and Firozepur.
visions and twenty-two districts:
Tehsils : 82 (in 2015)

14

Subdivisions

Sub tehsils : 87
Maur is the latest tehsil in district Bathinda. Zirakpur is
the latest Sub-tehsil in district Mohali.
The state capital of Punjab is Chandigarh, a Union territory, which is shared with Haryana, being its capital too.
There are 22 cities and 157 towns in Indian Punjab. The
major cities are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala,
Bathinda SAS Nagar (Mohali).

15 Economy
Main article: Economy of Punjab (India)
See also: Measurement of land in Punjab
Punjab is one of the most fertile regions in India. The
region is ideal for wheat-growing. Rice, sugar cane, fruits
and vegetables are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the
Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters, till 2007
Granary of India or Indias bread-basket.[43] It produces 10.26% of Indias cotton, 19.5% of Indias wheat,
The area of Punjab can be divided into:
and 11% of Indias rice. The Firozpur and Fazilka Dis Majha is a historical region of the Indian Pun- tricts are the largest producers of wheat and rice in the
jab comprising the modern districts of Amritsar, state. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2% of
Pathankot, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran. It lies be- the worlds cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of its rice.[43]
tween rivers Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej. This region The largest cultivated crop is wheat. Other important

16 TRANSPORT
rickshaws, Indian railways and an international rail connection to Pakistan (Samjhauta Express). The state has a
large network of multimodal transportation system:
Air
Punjab has ve civil airports. The Sri Guru Ram Dass
Jee International Airport in Amritsar is the largest and
most important airport in the state and is also the second
busiest in North India after Delhi Airport. Chandigarh
International Airport is the second international airport
in Punjab.
Other airports in Punjab are:

Burning of rice residues after harvest, to quickly prepare the land

for wheat planting, around Sangrur, Punjab

Bathinda Airport
Pathankot Airport

crops are rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize,

barley and fruit. Rice and wheat are doublecropped in
Punjab with rice stalks being burned o over millions
of acres prior to the planting of wheat. This widespread
practice is polluting and wasteful.[44] In Punjab the consumption of fertiliser per hectare is 223.46 kg as compared to 90 kg nationally. The state has been awarded
the National Productivity Award for agriculture extension
services for ten years from 199192 to 199899 and from
2001 to 200304. In recent years a drop in productivity
has been observed mainly due to falling fertility of the
soil. This is believed to be due to excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is
the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90% of
the agriculture depends; alarming drops have been witnessed in recent years. By some estimates, groundwater
is falling by a meter or more per year.[45][46]

Patiala Airport
Sahnewal Airport
Rail
Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the
state are linked by railways. Amritsar is the largest railway station having trains connecting to all major cities.
The Shatabdi Express connects Amritsar to Delhi. The
railway junction in Bhatinda is the largest in Asia.The
Shatabdi Express connects New Delhi to Bathinda.,[48]

According to the India State Hunger Index, Punjab has

the lowest level of hunger in India.[47]

16

Transport

Main articles: Punjab Roadways and PEPSU Road

Transport Corporation
Public transport in Punjab is provided by buses, auto
A DMU Train in Ludhiana

Ludhiana Metro is a proposed rapid transit system for the

metropolitan city of Ludhiana.
The Samjhauta Express is a joint venture between Indian
Railways and Pakistan Railways and runs from Attari railway station near Amritsar in India to Lahore Railway Station in Punjab, Pakistan.
Road

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar

All the cities and towns of Punjab are connected by

four-lane national highways. The Grand Trunk Road,
also known as NH1 connects Kolkata to Peshawar
passing through Jalandhar and Amritsar. Another major national highway connects Punjab to Jammu pass-

9
ing through Hoshiarpur and Pathankot. National high- 18 Religion
ways passing through the state are ranked the best in the
country with widespread road networks that serve isolated
towns as well as the border region. Ludhiana and Amrit- [[ Harmandir Sahib is the holiest shrine of Sikhism.]]
sar cities among several Indian cities have highest accident rate in India.[49]
There are also the bus rapid transit systems like Amritsar
BRTS and Ludhiana BRTS in cities of Amritsar and Ludhiana respectively.[50]
The following national highways connect major towns,
cities and villages:
National Highway 1 (India), National Highway 10 (India),
National Highway 15 (India), National Highway 1A (India) National Highway 20 (India), National Highway 21
(India), National Highway 22 (India), National Highway
64 (India), National Highway 70 (India), National Highway 71 (India), National Highway 95 (India).
Religion in Punjab, India (2011)

17

Demographics

Sikhism (57.7%)
Hinduism (38.5%)
Islam (1.9%)
Main articles: Demographics of Punjab (India) and List
Christianity (1.3%)
of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population
Other or not religious (0.60%)
According to the 2011 Indian Census, the population of
Sikhism is the predominant faith in Punjab, adhered to
Indian Punjab is 27,704,236 (males 14,634,819 & feby around 60% of the populace. The Sikh population
[53]
males 13,069,417) The literacy rate in Punjab is 75%,
has fallen from 68% in 1960 due to large scale migramale literacy being 80.23% and female literacy 68.36%.
tion of hindu labourers from other Indian states especially
List of major cities population in Punjab are :-[54]
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[60] The holiest of Sikh shrines,
the Sri Harmandir Sahib (or Golden Temple), is in the
1. Ludhiana, population of 1,613,878.
city of Amritsar and the city also houses the SGPC, the
2. Amritsar, population of 1,183,761.
top most Sikh religious body. The Sri Akal Takht Sahib,
which is within the Golden Temple complex, is the high3. Jalandhar, population of 873,725.
est temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the ve Takhts (Tem4. Bathinda, population of 459,786.
poral Seats of religious authority) of Sikhism, three are
5. Patiala, population of 404,686.
in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama
Sahib and Anandpur Sahib. During major holidays on the
The sex ratio of Punjab was 895 females per 1000 males
(2011 census). On account of female foeticide, Punjab Sikh calendar (such as Vaisakhi, Hola Mohalla, Gurpurb
and Diwali), many Sikhs gather and march in processions
has the second lowest sex ratio amongst all Indian states.
Being an agricultural state, a large part of the popula- through virtually every city, town and village. At least
one Sikh Gurdwara can be found in almost every village
tion lives in the rural area. Roughly 66% of the people
live in rural areas while the rest of the 34% are urban in the state, as well as in the towns and cities (in various
architectural styles and sizes). 2001 census percentage of
residents.[55]
Sikh population in Punjab was 59.9% and it declined to
Punjab has highest dalit population in India which is 57.69% in 2011 census.[61]
31.9%[56] including both Scheduled Castes and Schedfaith in Punjab,
uled Tribes. [57] Districts with high dalit population are Hinduism is the second most practised
[60]
forming
38.5%
of
the
population.
A
large
segment of
Ferozepur (42 percent of dalits), Nawanshahr (40 per
Punjabi
Hindus
continue
Punjabis
who
are
categorised
as
cent), Jalandhar and Muktsar ( 38 per cent), Faridkot (36
heterogeneous
religious
practices
with
spiritual
kinship
per cent), Tarn Taran (32 percent) and Kapurthala (30 per
with
Sikhism.
This
not
only
includes
veneration
of the
[58]
cent).
According to Socio Economic and Caste CenSikh
Gurus
in
private
practice
but
also
visits
to
Sikh
Gursus 2011, Punjab has 36.74% of scheduled caste housedwaras
along
with
Hindu
temples.
holds, which is highest in India but scheduled castes get
only about 24% of resevation. Punjab also has highest Muslims form 1.93% of the population and are concenpercentage of landless households, about 45.34% which trated in Malerkotla, the only city in Indian Punjab with
are earning their income from manual casual labour.[59] a Muslim majority and also urban centre of Ludhiana.

10

20

EDUCATION

Other religions such as Christianity (1.3%) are also

followed, as well as Buddhism (0.12%) and Jainism
(0.16%).

19

Language

See also: Punjabi Language and Gurmukhi

The Punjabi language, written in the Gurmukhi script, is
the ocial language of the state.[62] Punjabi is the ninth
most spoken language in the world and fourth most spoken language in Asia.[63]
Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan at Punjabi University

20

Education

The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Primary and Secondary education is mainly aliated to

Punjab School Education Board. Punjab is served by several institutions of higher education, including 32 universities which provide undergraduate and postgraduate
courses in all the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business. Punjab Agricultural University is a leading institution globally for the study of agriculture and played a signicant role in Punjabs Green Revolution in the 1960s
70s. Alumni of the Panjab University, Chandigarh include Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister of India, and Dr. Har Gobind Khorana, a biochemistry nobel
laureate. One of the oldest institutions of medical education is the Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, which
has existed since 1894.[64] There is an existing gap in education between men and women, particularly in rural
areas of Punjab. Of a total of 1 million 300 thousand
students enrolled in grades ve to eight, only 44% are
women.[65]

20.1 Universities
Punjab has total 23 universities from which 10 are private
universities, 9 are state universities, 1 is Central and 3 are
deemed universities. Punjab has 1.04 lakh engineering
seats.[66]
20.1.1 Central
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda
20.1.2 State
The Ranjit Singh Block at Guru Nanak Dev University

Panjab University, Chandigarh (a Punjab

State University[67] )

Main article: Education in Punjab (India)

See also: Punjab School Education Board, Punjab State
Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training
and List of institutions of higher education in Punjab

Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot

Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

20.1

Universities

11

IK Gujral Punjab Technical University,[68] Jalandhar

Akal University, Talwandi sabo

Maharaja Ranjit Singh State Technical

University,[69][70] Bathinda

GNA University, Phagwara

Punjabi University, Patiala

Guru Ravidas
Hoshiarpur

Ayurved

University,

Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal

Sciences University, Ludhiana
Rajiv Gandhi National University of
Law, Patiala

Surya World University, Rajpura

20.1.5 Autonomous colleges in Punjab

Many colleges of Punjab have been granted autonomous
status by UGC.
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College Of Engineering and
Technology, Firozpur
Khalsa College, Amritsar

20.1.3

Deemed public universities

Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib

Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering

and Technology, Longowal(Deemed)
Thapar University, Patiala(Deemed)
20.1.4

S.G.G.S. Khalsa College, Mahilpur (Hoshiarpur district)

Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology
Beant College of Engineering and Technology Gurdaspur

Private

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana[71]

20.1.6 Medical Colleges
Government Medical College, Amritsar
Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences &
Research, Sri Amritsar
Government Medical College, Patiala
Christian Medical College, Ludhiana
Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana
Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,
Bathinda

Thapar University

Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University,

Fatehgarh Sahib
Lovely
Professional
Phagwara

University,

Chandigarh University, Ajitgarh

Chintpurni Medical College, Pathankot

Gian Sagar Medical College & Hospital, Patiala
Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot
Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar[72]

Adesh University, Bathinda

Chitkara University, Rajpura

20.1.7 Reputed colleges (technical and professional)

Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh

Barjindra College, Faridkot

Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo

Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar

DAV University, Jalandhar

Gurunanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana

Rayat
Bahra
Sahauran(Greater Mohali)

University,

Sant Baba Bhag Singh University,

Jalandhar

Indian Institute of Management Amritsar[73]

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research,
Mohali

12

22 DIGITAL LIBRARY

Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,

Jalandhar
Indian School of Business, Ajitgarh
Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST),
Mohali
Giani Zail Singh Punjab Technical University Campus (Government Engineering College), Bathinda
Malout institute of Management & Technology,
Malout ( Govt. of Punjab)

Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh

Gulzar Group of Institutes, Khanna (Engineering
College)
Kings Group of Institutions, Barnala,Punjab
Malwa Group of Institutions.
Swami Sarvanand Giri Panjab University Regional
Centre, Hoshiarpur
Aryabhatta group of institutions,Barnala[74]

Bhutta College of Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana

PCTE Group of Institutes (including Punjab College

of Technical Education), Ludhiana

Malwa College of Nursing

Malwa College of Nursing, Kotkapura

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering college,Fatehgarh Sahib

Govind National College Narangwal,Ludhiana

University College of Nursing, BFUHS, Faridkot

GNA Institute of Management & Sciences, Phagwara
20.1.8

Other institutes of repute (general)

Universal Group Of Institutions

Indo Global Colleges
Guru Nanak College, Moga.
LLR College Ghal Kalan, Moga
Jagat Sewak Khalsa College Mehna, Moga
Mohindra College, Patiala
Lyallpur Khalsa College,Jalandhar
Govt. Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala
Khalsa College, Patiala
SGGS Khalsa College Sector 26 Chandigarh
BBK DAV College for Women, Amritsar
State College of Education, Patiala
Govt. College of Education, Sector 20 Chandigarh
Regional Centre Punjabi University, Bathinda

Sri sai college of engineering and technology, badhani, Pathankot.

21 Media
Main articles: List of Punjabi media and List of Punjabilanguage newspapers
Daily Ajit, Jagbani, Punjabi Tribune and The Tribune
are the largest-selling Punjabi and English newspapers
respectively. A vast number of weekly, biweekly and
monthly magazines are under publication in Punjabi.
Other main newspapers are Daily Punjab Times, Rozana
Spokesman, Nawan Zamana etc.
Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Punjabi is dedicated to Punjabi.
Prominent Punjabi channels include Day & Night News,
GET Punjabi, Zee Punjabi, Zee ETC Punjabi, Chardikla
Time TV, PTC Punjabi, JUS Punjabi, ABP Sanjha,[75]
MH1 and 9x Tashan.
Punjab has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels,
mainly in the cities of Jalandhar, Patiala and Amritsar,
which has become hugely popular. There are govt. radio
channels like All India Radio, Jalandhar, All India Radio,
Bathinda and FM Gold Ludhiana.[76] Private radio channels include Radio Mirchi, BIG FM 92.7, 94.3 My FM,
Radio Mantra and many more.

GHG Khalsa College of Education, GURUSAR

Sudhar

22 Digital library

Patel Memorial National College, Rajpura

See also: Sikh Reference Library

BCM College of Education, Ludhiana]

[Doraha college of Education, Doraha]
College of Engineering and Management, Kapurthala

Launched in 2003 under Nanakshahi Trust, the Punjab

Digital Library was a result of the early phase of the digital revolution in Punjab. While most saw the Nanakshahi
as a small digitisation organisation, or as an assemblage

23.1

Bhangra

13

of some unknown youth working towards capturing some

manuscripts on their digital cameras, its founders saw it
as a cornerstone of a fundamentally new approach to preserving Punjabs heritage for future generations. In the
shadow of search engines, a Semantic Web approach conceived in the early 2003 reached maturity in 2006. This
was when the organization planned to expand its operations from a mere three-employee organization to one of
the leading NGOs working in the eld of digital preservation all over India.[77][78]
Digitised collections include manuscripts held by
the Punjab Languages Department, items from the
Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh,
Chief Khalsa Diwan, SGPC, DSGMC and manuscripts
in the Jawahr Lal Nehru Library of Kurukshetra Univer- Women using Charkha
sity. Hundreds of personal collections are also included.
With over 5 million pages digitised, it is the biggest
repository of digital data on Punjab.

23

Culture

Main articles: Punjabi culture, Punjabi people and

Punjabi festivals
The culture of Punjab has many elements including

Punjabi jutti

23.1 Bhangra
Main article: Folk dances of Punjab

Women at cultural event

music such as bhangra, an extensive religious and nonreligious dance tradition, a long history of poetry in
the Punjabi language, a signicant Punjabi lm industry which dates back to before Partition, a vast range of
cuisine which has become widely popular abroad, and a
number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as Lohri,[79]
Basant, Vaisakhi and Teeyan,[80][81][82] all of which are
celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India.
A kissa is a Punjabi language oral story-telling tradition
that has a mixture of origins ranging from the Arabian
peninsula to Iran and Afghanistan.[83]

Bhangra (Punjabi: (Gurmukhi),; pronounced

[p ]) and Giddha are forms of dance and music that
originated in the Punjab region.[86] Bhangra dance began
as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi farmers to celebrate
the coming of the harvest season. The specic moves
of Bhangra reect the manner in which villagers farmed
their land. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The
folk dance has been popularised in the western world by
Punjabis in England, Canada and the USA where competitions are held.[87] It is seen in the West as an expression
of South Asian culture as a whole.[88] Today, Bhangra
dance survives in dierent forms and styles all over the
globe including pop music, lm soundtracks, collegiate
competitions and cultural shows.

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are a strong 23.2 Punjabi folklore
reection of Punjabi culture. Marriage ceremonies are
known for their rich rituals, songs, dances, food and Main articles: Punjabi folklore and Folk instruments of
dresses, which have evolved over many centuries.[84][85] Punjab

14

23

CULTURE

that the people of Punjab get from its gateway-to-India

The folk heritage of the Punjab reects its thousands of geographical location. Due to the large area with many
years of history. While Majhi and Doabi are consid- sub-regions, the folk music has minor lingual dierences
ered to be the standard dialect of Punjabi language, there but invokes the same feelings.
are a number of local dialects through which the people Bhangra music of Punjab is famous throughout the
communicate. These include Malwai and Pwadhi. The world.[93][94]
songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written
Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from
and sung in these dialects.
folk and Su to classical, notably the Punjab gharana and
There are a number of folk tales that are popular in Pun- Patiala gharana.[95][96]
jab. These are the folk tales of Mirza Sahiban, Heer
Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnun, Jagga Jatt, Dulla
Bhatti, Puran Bhagat, Jeona Maud etc. The mystic folk 23.5 Film industry
songs and religious songs include the Shalooks of Sikh
gurus, Baba Farid and others. They also include Kas, See also: Cinema of Punjab
Hamds, Baits, Dohas, Lohris, Sehra, and Jugni.[89]
The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include Dhamaal, Bhangra, Giddha, Dhola, and Sammi and
some other local folk dances.

23.3

Literature

See also: Punjabi literature

Punjab is also home to the Punjabi lm industry, often

colloquially referred to as 'Pollywood'.[97] It is known for
being the fastest growing lm industry in India. It is based
mainly around Chandigarh city.[98][99] The rst Punjabi
lm was made in 1936. Since the 2000s Punjabi cinema
has seen a revival with more releases every year with bigger budgets, homegrown stars, and Bollywood actors of
Punjabi descent taking part.[100]

Most early Punjabi literary works are in verse form, with 23.6 Cuisine
prose not becoming more common until later periods.
Throughout its history, Punjabi literature has sought to Main articles: Punjabi cuisine and Punjabi dhabha
inform and inspire, educate and entertain. The Punjabi One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse
language is written in several dierent scripts, of which
the Shahmukhi, the Gurmukh scripts are the most commonly used.

23.4

Music

See also: Music of Punjab, Folk music of Punjab and

Bhangra (music)
Punjabi Folk Music is the traditional music on the tra-

Veg Punjabi Thaali

Bhangra Dance

ditional musical instruments of Punjab region.[90][91][92]

There is a great repertoire of music from the time of
birth through the dierent stages of joy and sorrow till
death. The folk music invokes the traditions as well as
the hardworking nature, bravery and many more things

range of dishes.[101][102] Home cooked and restaurant cuisine sometimes vary in taste. Restaurant style uses large
amounts of ghee. Some food items are eaten on a daily
basis while some delicacies are cooked only on special
occasions.
Within the Punjab region, there are dierent preferences
in terms of use of spices and cooking methods. Also
many varieties of ingredients exist as well. People in villages tend to cook much stu in animal fats compared to
the residents in the cities. Also there are many regional
dishes that are famous in some regions only. Many dishes

15
are exclusive to Punjab, such as sarson da saag, Tandoori
chicken, Shami kebab, makki di roti etc.[103] to name a
few. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty especially for
non-vegetarian dishes. Before the 1947 partition, tandoori cooking in India was traditionally associated with
the former undivided Punjab. Many of the most popular
elements of Indian cuisine as it is marketed to non-Indian
customers (such as tandoor, naan, pakoras and vegetable
dishes with paneer) is derived from Punjab.

23.7

Festivals and traditions

See also: List of Sikh festivals and Punjabi festivals

PCA Stadium under lights at Ajitgarh

Punjabis celebrate a number of festivals which have taken

a semi secular meaning and are regarded as cultural fes- 25 Tourism
tivals by people of all religions. Some of the festivals
are Bandi Chhor Divas(Diwali),[104][105] Mela Maghi,[106] Main articles: Tourism in Punjab, India and List of MonHola Mohalla,[107][108] Rakhri, Vaisakhi, Lohri, Teeyan uments of National Importance in Punjab
Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic
and Basant.

24

Sports

Main article: Sports in Punjab, India

Kabbadi (Circle Style), a team contact sport originated

Moti Bagh Palace in Patiala

Kabbadi (Circle Style)

in rural Punjab is recognised as the state game.[109][110]

Field hockey is also most popular sport in the state.[111]
Kila Raipur Sports Festival, popularly known as the
Rural Olympics, is held annually in Kila Raipur (near
Ludhiana). Competition is held for major Punjabi rural
sports, include cart-race, rope pulling. Punjab government organises World Kabaddi League,[112][113] Punjab
Games and annual Kabaddi World Cup for Circle Style
Kabbadi in which teams from countries like Argentina,
Canada, Denmark, England, India, Iran, Kenya, Pakistan,
Scotland, Sierra Leone, Spain and United States particiHarmandir Sahib in Amritsar is a major tourist destination in
pated.
Punjab

Punjab also have many magnicent stadiums like Guru

Gobind Singh Stadium, Guru Nanak Stadium, Punjab
Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, International
Hockey Stadium, Gandhi Sports Complex Ground and
Surjit Hockey Stadium.

palaces, battle sites, and the great Sikh architecture of

the state and the surrounding region.[114] Examples include various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, the
ancient fort of Bathinda, the architectural monuments of

16

27

Kapurthala, Patiala, and Chandigarh, the modern capital designed by Le Corbusier.[115] The Golden Temple
in Amritsar is one of the major tourist destinations of
Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than
the Taj Mahal, Lonely Planet Bluelist 2008 has voted
the Harmandir Sahib as one of the worlds best spiritual sites.[116] Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city that can be
booked for overnight stays. Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri Anandpur Sahib
where large number of tourists come to see the Virasate-Khalsa (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) and also
take part in Hola Mohalla festival. Kila Raipur Sports
Festival is also popular tourist attraction in Kila Raipur
near Ludhiana.[117][118][119] Shahpur kandi fort, Ranjit
sagar lake and Muktsar Temple also popular attractions
in Pathankot.

REFERENCES

[9] Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. London; New
York: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 0-415-45666-5.
[10] How to obtain a police certicate India. Cic.gc.ca.
2009-11-09. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
[11] Punjab: History and Culture.
[12] Bombay (India : State) (1896). Gazetteer of the Bombay
Presidency ... Printed at the Government Central Press.
Retrieved 18 January 2012.
[13] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part
1-page-11
[14] Needham, Joseph (2004). Within the Four Seas: The Dialogue of East and West. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36166-4.
[15] Kalsi 2005, pp. 106107
[16] Markovits 2004, p. 98

26

See also

List of people from Punjab (India)

Sikh Light Infantry
Punjab Regiment
Sikh Regiment
Punjabi culture
Punjab (Pakistan)
Punjabi folklore
Provinces of India (British)
History of India

27

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[1] Narayanan appointed as WB Governor, Patil gets Punjab,

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[17] Jestice 2004, pp. 345346

[18] Johar 1975, pp. 192210
[19] Jestice 2004, pp. 312313
[20] Singh 2008, pp. 2526
[21] Nesbitt 2005, p. 61
[22] A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the
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[23] Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ''(Date:1989. ISBN 81-7017-244-6'')". Exoticindiaart.com. 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
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Columbia Water Center. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
[47] India fares badly on global hunger index. Times of India. 2008-10-15.
[48] cong-counters-badal-bahus-claim-of-aiims-forbathinda.
[49] Dipak K DashDipak K Dash, TNN (3 September 2015).
Road crash severity highest in Ludhiana, 3rd in Amritsar. The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
[50] BRTS project planned for Amritsar and Ludhiana was
the worlds most preferred transport system.
[51] Demographic Trends. Census of India. www.punenvis.
nic.in. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
[52] Census Population (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of
Finance India. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
[53] Punjab Population Data at a Glance-2011 (PDF). Census India. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

[57] DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED CASTES

(PDF). Govt of India, Census. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
[58] Of the 117 Assembly constituencies, there are 34 reserved constituencies and of 13 Lok Sabha seats, four are
reserved..
[59] Service, Tribune News (6 September 2015). Over 12
lakh SC households in Punjab. tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
[60] Service, Tribune News (26 August 2015). Migration
may have led to decline in Sikh count. tribuneindia.com.
Retrieved 26 August 2015.
[61] Vibhor MohanVibhor Mohan, TNN (27 August 2015).
Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration
to blame?". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September
2015.
[62] Punjabi Language, ocial Language of Punjab, Regional
Languages of Punjab. Indiasite.com. Retrieved on 201201-18.
[63] Punjabi Language, Gurmukhi , Punjabi Literature, History Of hindi Language, State Language Of Punjab. Languages.iloveindia.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18.
[64] An Indian doctors triumph The Telegraph, 15 August
2005
[65] Ministry of Human Resource Development, G. o. (29
August 2013). Department of School Education and Literacy http://mhrd.gov.in/rashtriya_madhyamik_shiksha_
abhiyan
[66] Service, Tribune News (11 August 2015). Nil admission
in MCA at PTU. tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 11 August
2015.
[67] Panjab University (PU) cannot be considered a centrallyfunded university.
[68] "
' ".
[69] state technical university will have academic control over
the colleges in Bathinda, Barnala, Faridkot, Fatehgarh
Sahib, Fazilka, Ferozepur, Mansa, Muktsar, Patiala and
Sangrur districts..
[70] Maharaja Ranjit Singh State Technical University on the
campus of Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering and
Technology in Bathinda.
[71] 487 Autonomous Colleges in Alphabatically Order
10.01.2014 (PDF). Autonomous Colleges - University
Grants Commission.
[72] Ocial MCI website.
[73] IIM to be set up in Amritsar.

[54] Punjab, with a population of 1,03,87,436 (37.49 per

cent) has more urban population than Haryana.

[74] "http://www.aryabhattagroup.com". External link in |title= (help)

[55] Punjab Urban-Rural.

[75] Abp sanjha.

[56] Dalit in Punjab.

[76] FM Gold Ludhiana.

18

[77] Digital touch for Punjab heritage.

28 FURTHER READING

[100] Akshays journey begun with the Punjabi lm Bhaji In

Problem.

[78] Panjab Digital Library Canada Announces 2014-2015

Fundraising Campaign.
[101] Inside humble trappings, vivid expressions of Punjabi
cuisine.
[79] Harvest Festival of Punjab, Harvest Festival Lohri,
Cultural Festival of India, Harvest Festival in India. [102] 10 Best Punjabi Recipes.
Lohrifestival.org. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
[103] Eating Out Park Plaza brings you the hearty Punjabi
[80] Sikh festival celebrates women and girls.
avours at its ongoing food festival.
[81] Celebrate mothers again.

[104] Bandi Chhor Divas Reection: A Lesson In Selessness.

[82] Girl power on display at Teeyan da Mela festival.

[105] Sikhs celebrate Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas at Ilford

gurdwara.
[83] Mir, Farina. Representations of Piety and Community in
Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse. Columbia Uni[106] Maghi Mela: Four political parties erect stages to hold
versity. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
conferences.
[84] was-it-a-sikh-wedding.
[107] Hola Mohalla 2015: Facts, History, Rituals Surrounding
The Sikh Festival.
[85] Sikh groom thrown from horse during wedding procession in Surrey.
[108] Thousands converge in Punjab for Hola Mohalla".
[86] Pakistan almanac, Volumes 20012002. Royal Book
Company. Retrieved 2007-11-03. Bhangra refers to both [109] Circle Style Kabaddi in a new avatar - World-wide
Kabaddi League.
a traditional dance and a form of music invented in the
1980s. Bhangra, the Punjabi folk dance that has become
popular all over the world. Punjabi folk songs have been [110] Kabaddi player alleges Punjab Police pushed him into
drugs.
integral part of fertile provinces
[87] Bhangra History. Bhangra.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [111] Punjab women enter seminals of National Hockey
Championship.
[88] Social control and deviance: a South Asian community in
Scotland. Ashgate. Retrieved 2007-11-03. The whole [112] World Kabaddi League announces team franchise names
and logos.
institution of the Bhangra and its related processes are
clearly an expression of Indian/Pakistan culture in a West[113] the World Kabaddi League (WKL) was launched with
ern setting.
the promoters Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir
[89] Pakistan Punjab. Punjabilok.com. Retrieved on 2012-01Singh Badal is the president of the league while former
18.
India hockey captain Pargat Singh is the league commissioner unveiling the eight teams, their owners and mar[90] Punjabi folk mingles with new-age music.
quee players..
[91] Revisiting Punjabi classics.
[92] Tappa gift to Punjabs classical music.
[93] The Globalisation of Bhangra Music.
[94] The Bhangra Breakdown June 2014 Edition.

[114] World Heritage Day: 8 places to visit in Punjab.

[115] Punjab. Mapsondia.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18.
[116] Lonely Planet tips Mumbai as a must-see destination in
2008. ptinews.com. 9 November 2007

[95] Strange as it may sound, all art forms need political [117] Pictures displayed at media centre attract visitors to 'Kila
Raipur' games.
support to grow. The communal upheaval that engulfed
the Punjab region in 1947 forced migration of the wellestablished Muslim artistes from this region. This resulted [118] Kila Raipur sports festival begins today.
in i mpoverishment of the rich traditions of classical mu[119] Kila Raipur sports festival concludes.
sic.
[96] A Classical Rendition you Cannot Miss.
[97] ""Pollywood Directory. The directory has the contact
and other details of those related to Punjabi lm industry.
It is an initiative to organise Punjabi Cinema..
[98] Punjabi lm industry has come a long way and in recent
times there has been a boom in the region`s lm industry..
[99] chandigarh-woman-architect-annu-bains-producespunjabi-movie-qissa-panjab.

28 Further reading
Radhika Chopra. Militant and Migrant: The Politics
and Social History of Punjab (2011)
Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India:
The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the
Modern History of Asia) (2000)

19
Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Encyclopedia of Jalandhar, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium
(2005)
Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium
(201011)
J. S. Grewal. The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New
Cambridge History of India) (1998)
J. S. Grewal. Social and Cultural History of the Punjab: Prehistoric, Ancient and Early Medieval (2004)
Nazer Singh. Delhi and Punjab: Essays in history
and historiography (1995)
Tai Yong Tan. The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 18491947
(Sage Series in Modern Indian History) (2005)
Primary sources
J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, eds. Modern History of Punjab: Relevant Select Documents (1992)
R. M. Chopra, " The Legacy of The Punjab ", 1997,
Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

29

External links

Ocial website
Punjab travel guide from Wikivoyage

20

30

30
30.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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D, Pit~enwiki, Fred Bauder, Sannse, Delirium, Ahoerstemeier, Kingturtle, Setu, Jeandr du Toit, John K, Hashar, WhisperToMe, DJ
Clayworth, Imc, Morwen, Kaal, Carlossuarez46, Robbot, Chrism, Goethean, Hemanshu, Sunray, Anthony, JerryFriedman, Nichalp,
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30.2

Images

21

mal, Wachoviadeal, 25 Cents FC, SDFraserValley, Mogism, Manhas rajeev, Sodhi1, Cerabot~enwiki, Pksingla11, Delljvc, TimesGerman,
Sodhi7, Lugia2453, Maulerz07, Zarienah, Neelkamala, Kaliagautam, Rao Asghar, PinkAmpersand, Faizan, TheImperialGuy, Hendrick
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Monkbot, Vozul, AKS.9955, Filedelinkerbot, Ikonsana1, Parteek Singh, Siddanta.Bastola, TerryAlex, Gursharangill, Theaag, Gourmet
Empire Pvt Ltd, Geetam95, Shrimali r, Muzikbox, Manjinder3, Soul of einstein, Ajay Selwal, Rahul97.chauhan, Barthateslisa, Vijay8808,
Gurshang, Velle Veer, Thelimiter, Preetangad, Hraza91398, Human3015, JOGINDRA SINGH, Citizenthink, Guptasaab, Bikramjeet123,
Gourav.garg5, KasparBot, Harnoors deol, Chanan kathuria, Zeezee110, Sahil sharma 10, Pawinder744, Deepanshu1707, Rashdivoice,
Shergillmandeep, Blablaeditor, Filpro, Abusaid0023, Ravikiran singh, Punjabweddingcars, Rajdhatt78, Bingord, Vipacc633, Facts and
observation, Yash 342namorade, AnujGunner, GSS-1987 and Anonymous: 1240

30.2

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File:Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.

jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Green Fields Original artist: deepay
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License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
International Borders: University of Texas map library - India Political map 2001
Disputed Borders: University of Texas map library - China-India Borders - Eastern Sector 1988 & Western Sector 1988 - Kashmir
Region 2004 - Kashmir Maps.
State and District boundaries: Census of India - 2001 Census State Maps - Survey of India Maps.
Other sources: US Army Map Service, Survey of India Map Explorer, Columbia University

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International Borders: University of Texas map library - India Political map 2001
Disputed Borders: University of Texas map library - China-India Borders - Eastern Sector 1988 & Western Sector 1988 - Kashmir
Region 2004 - Kashmir Maps.
State and District boundaries: Census of India - 2001 Census State Maps - Survey of India Maps.
Other sources: US Army Map Service, Survey of India Map Explorer, Columbia University
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