Problems

() = 0.3375 () + 0.3375 ( 1)
+ 0.3249 ( 1)

The lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency

of 1 rad/sec is given as
() =

1
+1

a. Use () and the BLT to obtain a

corresponding IIR digital lowpass filter
with a cutoff frequency of 30 Hz,
assuming a sampling rate of 200 Hz.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses of ().

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:
Magnitude Response

8.2

0.5

10

20

30

40
50
60
Frequency (Hz)

70

80

90

100

10

20

30

40
50
60
Frequency (Hz)

70

80

90

100

0
Phase(degrees)

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

-50

-100

8.4

Consider the normalized lowpass filter

with a cutoff frequency of 1rad/sec:
() =

1
+1

a. Use () and the BLT to obtain a

corresponding IIR digital notch
(bandstop) filter with a lower cutoff
frequency of 20 Hz, an upper cutoff
frequency of 40 Hz, and a sampling rate
of 120 Hz.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses of ().

Output:

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

Hence, the transfer function () is,

() =

0.3375 + 0.3375 1
1 0.3249 1

and the difference equation is,

b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and

phase frequency responses.
Solution:
Using MATLAB,
Output:

Hence, the transfer function () is,

() =

Output:

0.6340 + 0.6340 2
1 + 0.2679 2

and the difference equation is,

() = 0.6340() + 0.6340( 2)
0.2679( 2)

Hence, the transfer function () is,

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

() =

and the difference equation is,

Magnitude (dB)

10
0

() = 0.4005() + 0.4005( 1)
+ 0.1989( 1)

-10
-20
-30
-40

10

20

30
Frequency (Hz)

40

50

60

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

100

10

50

Magnitude (dB)

Phase (degrees)

0.4005 + 0.4005 1
1 0.1989 1

0
-50
-100

10

20

30
Frequency (Hz)

40

50

0
-10
-20
-30
-40

60

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

8.6

Design a first-order digital lowpass

Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency
of 1.5 kHz and a passband ripple of 3 dB at
a sampling frequency of 8 000 Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and
difference equation.

Phase (degrees)

-50

-100

8.8

Design a third-order digital highpass

Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency
of 2 kHz and a passband ripple of 3 dB at a
sampling frequency of 8 000 Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and
difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses.

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

8.10

Design a second-order digital bandstop

Butterworth filter with a center frequency
of 1.8 kHz, a bandwidth of 200 Hz, and a
passband ripple of 3 dB at a sampling
frequency of 8 000 Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and
difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses.

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

Output:

Hence, the transfer function () is,

() =

0.1667 0.5 1 + 0.5 2 0.1667 3

1 + 0.3333 2

and the difference equation is,

Output:

() = 0.1667() 0.5( 1) + 0.5( 2)

0.1667( 3)
0.3333( 2)
The plots for magnitude and phase frequency
responses:
Hence, the transfer function () is,
() =

0.9266 0.2899 1 + 0.9266 2

1 0.2899 1 + 0.8532 2

and the difference equation is,

Hence, the transfer function () is,

() = 0.9266() 0.2899( 1)
+ 0.9266( 2)
+ 0.2899( 1)
0.8532( 2)

() =

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

and the difference equation is,

() = 0.2430() + 0.4861( 1)
+ 0.2430( 2)
+ 0.2457( 1)
0.2755( 2)

10
Magnitude (dB)

0
-10
-20
-30
-40

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:
10
0

Magnitude (dB)

Phase (degrees)

100
50
0
-50
-100

0.2430 + 0.4861 1 + 0.2430 2

1 0.2457 1 + 0.2755 2

-10
-20
-30
-40

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

8.12

Design a second-order digital lowpass

Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of
2 kHz and a passband ripple of 0.5 dB at a
sampling frequency of 8 000 Hz. Use
MATLAB to plot the magnitude and phase
frequency responses.

Phase (degrees)

0
-50
-100
-150
-200

8.14
Solution,
Using MATLAB,

Design a second-order digital bandpass

Chebyshev filter with the following
specifications:
Center frequency of 1.5 kHz
Bandwidth of 200 Hz
0.5 dB ripple on passband
Sampling frequency of 8 000 Hz.

Output:

a. Determine the transfer function and

difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses.
Solution:
Using MATLAB,

8.16

Design a fourth-order digital lowpass

Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency
of 2 kHz and a passband ripple of 3 dB at a
sampling frequency of 8 000 Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and
difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses.

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

Output:

Hence, the transfer function () is,

() =

0.2543 0.2543 2
1 0.5707 1 + 0.4914 2

Output:

and the difference equation is,

() = 0.2543() 0.2543( 2)
+ 0.5707( 1)
0.4914( 2)

Hence, the transfer function ()

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

H() =

Magnitude (dB)

10

and the difference equation is,

0
-10
-20
-30
-40

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

100
Phase (degrees)

0.0940+0.3759 1 +0.5639 2 +0.37593 +0.0940 4

1+0.4860 2 +0.0177 4

() = 0.0940() + 0.3759( 1)
+ 0.5639( 2)
+ 0.3759( 3)
+ 0.0940( 4)
0.4860( 2)
0.0177( 4)

50

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

0
-50
-100

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

Hence, the transfer function ()

10
Magnitude (dB)

0.00820.0163 2 +0.0082 4

H() = 11.43981+2.283621.28443+0.79704

-10
-20
-30
-40

and the difference equation is,

0

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

() = 0.0082() 0.0163( 2)
+ 0.0082( 4)
+ 1.4398( 1)
2.2836( 2)
+ 1.2844( 3)
0.7970( 4)

Phase (degrees)

0
-100
-200
-300
-400

500

1000

3500

4000

The plots for magnitude and phase frequency

responses:

Solution:
Using MATLAB,

10
0

Magnitude (dB)

Design a fourth-order digital bandpass

Chebyshev filter with a center frequency of
1.5 kHz, a bandwidth of 200 Hz, and a 0.5
dB ripple at a sampling frequency of 8 000
Hz.
a. Determine the transfer function and
difference equation.
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and
phase frequency responses.

-10
-20
-30
-40

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500
2000
2500
Frequency (Hz)

3000

3500

4000

200
Phase (degrees)

8.18

100
0
-100
-200

8.20

Consider the following Laplace transfer

functions:
() =

Output:

1
+ 3 + 2

a. Determine () and the difference

equation using the impulse invariant
method if the sampling rate = 10 .
b. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude
frequency response |()| and the
phase frequency response () with
respect to () for the frequency range
from 0 to /2 Hz.
c. Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude
frequency response |( )| =
|( 2 )| and the phase frequency

response () with respect to () for

the frequency range from 0 to /2 Hz.

Using MATLAB for the plots,

Solution:
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the analog
transfer function,
() = [

1
] = 2
+ 3 + 2

Sampling () with = 1/ = 0.1 second,

[ ()] =

Hence,
0.1
0.1
() =

0.9048 0.8187
Simplifying further yields

or

0.00861
() = 2
1.7235 + 0.7408
() =

0.00861 1
1 1.7235 1 + 0.7408 2

Thus, the difference equation is

() = 0.00861( 1) + 1.7235( 1)
0.7408( 2)
The filter DC gain is given by
( )|=0 = (1) = 0.4977
The filter can then be scaled to have a unit gain of
() =

1
0.00861 1
0.4977 1 1.7235 1 + 0.7408 2

() =

0.0173 1
1 1.7235 1 + 0.7408 2

Scaled Mag. ResponsesMag. Responses

Applying the z-transform,

Output:

Phase (deg.)

() = ()|=
= 0.1 0.1 () 0.1 0.2 ()

8.22

1
0.5
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (Hz)

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (Hz)

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (Hz)

3.5

4.5

1
0.5
0

0
-100
-200

A second-order bandpass filter is required

to satisfy the following specifications:
Sampling rate = 8 000 Hz
3 dB bandwidth: BW = 100 Hz
Narrow passband centered at 0 =2 000 Hz
Zero gain at 0 Hz and 4 000 Hz.
Find the transfer function and the
difference equation by the pole-zero
placement method.

Solution:
Calculate first the required magnitude of the poles,
= 1 (100/8000) = 0.9607,
Use the center frequency to obtain the angle of the
pole location:

2000
=(
) 360 = 90.
8000

() =
or

0.07855( + 1)
0.8429

Compute the unit-gain scale factor as

=

(1 0.96)1 2(0.9607)(cos 180) + 0.962

2|sin 90|

() =

The difference equation can be developed as

= 0.0385
Finally, the transfer function is given by

0.07855 + 0.07855 1
1 0.8429 1

() = 0.07855() + 0.07855( 1)
+ 0.8429( 1)
-

() =

( 2

0.0385( 1)
2(0.9607)(cos 90) + 0.96072

() =

8.26

0.0385 0.0385 2
1 + 0.9229 2

Sampling rate = 8 000 Hz

3 dB cutoff frequency: = 3 850 Hz
Zero gain at 0 Hz.

and the difference equation is

Find the transfer function and the

difference equation by the pole-zero
placement method.

() = 0.0385() 0.0385( 2)
0.9229( 2)

8.24

A first-order lowpass filter is required to

satisfy the following specifications:
Sampling rate = 8 000 Hz
3 dB cutoff frequency: = 200 Hz
Zero gain at 4 000 Hz.
Find the transfer function and the
difference equation by the pole-zero
placement method.

Solution:
Since the cutoff frequency of 200 Hz is much less
than /4 = 2000 Hz, we determine the pole as
1 2 (200/8000) = 0.8429

A first-order highpass filter is required to

satisfy the following specifications:

Solution:
Since the cutoff frequency of 3850 Hz is much
larger than /4 = 2000 Hz, we determine the pole
as
(1 + 2 (38500/8000) ) = 0.8822
The unit-gain factor is calculated by
=

(1 0.8822)
= 0.0589
2

The transfer function is given by

() =
or

The unit-gain factor is calculated by

() =
=

(1 0.8429)
= 0.07855
2

The transfer function is given by

0.0589( 1)
+ 0.8822

0.0589 0.0589 1
1 0.8822 1

The difference equation can be developed as

() = 0.0589() 0.0589( 1)
+ 0.08822( 1)

8.28

Given a filter transfer function,

() =

0.3430 2 + 0.6859 + 0.3430

2 + 0.7075 + 0.7313

a. realize the digital filter using direct

form I and using direct form II;
b. determine the difference equations for
each implementation.
Solution:
The transfer function can be rearranged as
() =

0.3430 + 0.6859 1 + 0.3430 2

1 + 0.7075 1 + 0.7313 2

Hence, the difference equation is given by

() = 0.3430() + 0.6859( 1)
+ 0.3430( 2)
0.7075( 1)
0.7313( 2)
Realization using direct form I:

For direct-form II:

0 = 0.3430, 1 = 0.6859, 2 = 0.3430
and 1 = 0.7075, 2 = 0.7313
There are two difference equations required for
the implementation:
() = () 0.7075( 1) 0.7313( 2)
and
() = 0.3430() + 0.6859( 1)
+ 0.3430( 2)

The implementations is:

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 AURORA BOULEVARD, CUBAO, QUEZON CITY

ECE 122: Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Chapter 8: Problems

Rating

QUIROS, Aloysius Jan P.

EC42FB1

Engr. Francis B. Malit

Instructor

Date: January 25, 2016