TUTORIAL MODULE DK 025 : CHEMISTRY

MATRICULATION
CHAPTER 5.0 : STATES OF MATTER

SEMESTE
R2
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UNIT 5.5 : : COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1)
Define colligative properties
2) Describe the colligative properties of a solution:
i) Lowering of vapour pressure
ii) Boiling point elevation
iii) Freezing point depression
iv) Osmotic pressure
3) Perform calculations on colligative properties of non-electrolyte solution containing non-volatile solutes.
KEY CONCEPT :
COLLIGATIVE, VAPOUR PRESSURE , BOILING POINT, FREEZING POINT, OSMOTIC PRESSURE , NON ELECTROLYTE , NONVOLATILE

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS :
1.

The normal boiling point of water increases while the freezing point decreases when a nonvolatile
solute is added. Explain this statement using phase diagram.

ANS:
Pressure (atm)
Pure water
1 atm
Solution

Liquid
Solid

Gas

Tf solutionTf water

Tb water

Tb

solution

The presence of a dissolved solute increases the randomness of the system, so fewer solvent
molecules(water) can escape as vapour in a given time. A higher temperature is needed to raise the
vapour pressure of solution to equal the external pressure.
Tb (solution) > Tb(solvent) and

Tb = Tb (solution) -Tb(solvent)

Only solvent molecules can solidify from the solution so molecules of the nonvolatile solute are left
behind. The number of solvent particles leaving and entering the solid becomes equal at lower
temperature.
Tf(solvent) > Tf (solution) and

Tf = Tf(solvent) - Tf (solution)

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2.

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Pure benzene has a vapour pressure of 121.8 torr at 30C. Dissolving 15.0 g of a nonvolatile solute in
250 g of benzene produced a solution with a vapour pressure of 120.2 torr. Determine the molecular
weight of the solute. [Mr benzene = 78.1]

ANS:
Let W be the molecular weight of the solute.
Number of moles of benzene in 250 g =

= 3.20 mol benzene

Number of moles of solute in 15.0 g =

solute
P = XP

Raoult s Law:
120.2 torr =

W = 352 g mol-1

3.

(a)

The vapour pressure of pure solvent A is 0.08 atm. When a non-volatile substance B is added
to the solvent, its vapour pressure drops to 0.06 atm. What is the mole fraction of component
B in the solution?

(b)

The vapour pressure of pure water at 26C is 25.21 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of a
solution which contains 20.0 g glucose, C6H12O6, in 70.0 g water.

(c)

The vapour pressure of pure water at 25C is 23.76 torr. If the vapour pressure of a solution
containing 5.40 g of a nonvolatile solute in 90.0 g water is 23.32 torr, determine the
molecular weight of the solute.

ANS:
(a)

P = XP

XA = 0.06 / 0.08 = 0.75

X B = 1 X(A) = 1 0.75 = 0.25

(b)
= 0.111 mol glucose

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= 3.89 mol H2O

X(H2O) =

= 0.972

P = PXH2O = (25.21 torr)(0.972) = 24.5 torr

(c)
P = XP
X=

= 0.981 =

(5.00 + z)(0.981)
z

= 5.00

= 0.0968 mol

Molecular weight of solute =

4

Glycerin,

= 55.8 g/mol

, is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a density of 1.26 g/mL at 25 . Calculate the

vapour pressure at 25

of a solution made by adding 50.0mL of glycerin to 500.0mL of water. The

vapour pressure of pure water at 25

is 23.8 torr.

ANS:

Density

= Density H2O = mass H2O/volume H2O

-1

1 gmL

= mass H O / 500 mL
2

Mass

= 1.26 x 50 mL = 63 g.

Mass H O = 500 g

= 0.68

= 0.0239

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= 1- 0.0239 = 0.976

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= ( 0.976) (23.8)
= 23.23 torr

(a)

(b)

When 10.6 g of non-volatile substance is dissolved in 740 g of ether, its boiling point is
raised to 0.284C. What is the molecular weight of the substance? [Kb ether = 2.11 C m-1]
A solution was prepared by dissolving 3.75 g of a pure hydrocarbon in 95.0 g of acetone. The
boiling point of pure acetone was 55.95C while that of the solution was 56.50C. What is the
molecular weight of the hydrocarbon?
[Kb = 1.71C m-1]

ANS:
5

(a)
Tb = Kb m = 0.284 C
m=

0.284 C

= 0.135 m = 0.135 mol kg -1

2.11 C m-1
m = mol substance

= mol substance

kg ether

= 0.135 mol kg -1

0.740 kg

0.135 x 0.740 =

10.6
molecular mass

Molecular mass
5

106 g mol-1

(b)
Tb = Kb m
(56.50 55.95) C = 1.71 m
m = 0.322 mol solute / kg solvent.

6.

The molecular weight of an organic compound is 58.0 g mol -1. Determine the boiling point of a
solution containing 24.0 g of the solute in 600 g of water, when the pressure is such that water boils at
99.725C. [Kb water = 0.513C m-1]

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ANS :

Molality, m =

nsolute

(24.0/58.0) mol

kg of solvent

0.690 mol kg -1

0.600 kg

Elevation of boiling point, Tb = Kb m

= (0.513 C m-1)(0.690 m)
= 0.354C

Boiling point of solution = (boiling point of water) + T b

= (99.725 + 0.354) C
= 100.079C
7.

Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,

, a nonvolatile electrolyte. Calculate the

boiling point and freezing point of a 25.0 mass percent solution of ethylene glycol in water. [
]
ANS :
25 % mass percent solution : 25 g
No of mole

and 75 g water.

No of mole water =

= 0.513 x

8.

= 2.76

= 1.86 x

= 9.99

Boiling point of solution

Freezing point of solution

= 100 + 2.76 = 102.76

= 0-9.99 = -9.99

A solution containing 3.50 g of solute X in 50.0 g of water has a volume of 52.5 mL and a freezing
point of 0.86C. Calculate the molality, mole fraction, molarity and molecular weight of X. [Kf X =
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1.86C m-1]
ANS :
Molality =

T
Kf

0.86 C
1.86 C m-1

0.46 m

Thus there is 0.46 mol of X per kg of water, or 0.46 mol of X per 55.5 mol of water. The mole
fraction is therefore
Xx =

0.46 mol

= 0.0082

(0.46 + 55.5) mol

The solution has a density of
(50.0 g H2O) + (3.50 g X) = 1.02 g mL-1
52.5 mL
In 1 kg of water there is
3.50 g X

(1000 g H2O) = 70.0 g X

50.0 g H2O

The total mass of the solution is thus 1070 g ; its total volume is

(1070 g) 1 mL = 1050 mL = 1.05L

1.02 g
molarity =

0.46 mol

= 0.44 M

1.05 L
Molecular weight of X =

70.0 g

= 152 g mol-1

0.46 mol

@
Mol solute = molality x mass solvent in kg
= 0.46 mol kg-1 x 0.050 kg
= 0.023 mol
Mol H2O

= 50.0 g / 18.0 g mol-1 = 2.78 mol

Ntotal = ( 0.023 + 2.78 ) mol = 2.803 mol

Xsolute = nsolute / ntotal = 0.023 / 2.803 = 0.00824

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Molarity = nsolute / Volume solution (L) = 0.023 / 0.0525 = 0.44 M

Molecular weight = 3.50 g / 0.023 mol = 152.17 g mol -1

9.

(a)
(b)

The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.65 atm at 37C. What mass of glucose should be used per
L for an intravenous injection in order to obtain the same osmotic pressure as blood?
A solution of crab haemocyanin, a pigmented protein extracted from crabs, was prepared by
dissolving 0.750 g haemocynin in 125 mL of an aqueous solution. At 4C, an osmotic
pressure rise of 2.6 mmHg of the solution was observed. Determine the molecular weight of
haemocyanin.

ANS :
9

(a)
n = V =
RT

(7.65 atm)(1.00 L)
= 0.301 mol
-1
-1
(0.0821 L atm mol K )(310 K)

Mass of glucose = (0.301 mol)180 g mol -1 C6H12O6 = 54.18 g

(b)
n =

= 1.88 x 10-5 mol

[2.6 mmHg/760 mmHg/atm)](0.125 L)

(0.0821 L atm mol -1 K-1)(277 K)

RT

Molar mass =

0.750 g

3.99 x 104 gmol-1

1.88 x 10-5 mol

10.

A solution is formed by dissolving 10.0g of KCl in 500.0 of water at 25 .

(a)

What is the vapor pressure of the solution at 25

if the vapor pressure of pure water is

23.8mmHg at 25 ?
(b)

What is the boiling point elevation? [

(c)

What is the freezing point depression? [

(d)

What is the osmotic pressure of the solution? Assume that the volume of the solution is
0.500L.

ANS:
10.

(a)

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= 0.995

= ( 0.995 ) ( 23.8) = 23.68 mmHg

(b)
= 0.513 (

) = 0.137

(c)

= 1.86 (

(d)

) = 0.498

nRT

(0.5L)

6.55 atm

(0.134)(0.08206)(298)

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