Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heat Conductivity of Gases and Liquids Vargaftik Filippov, Tarzimanov, Yurchak
Heat Conductivity of Gases and Liquids Vargaftik Filippov, Tarzimanov, Yurchak
CO
,
Oi
FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
CO
Q
D D C
uj
FEB
as m
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
SpringfiM. V*.
21151
Wl
,.
mm
FTP'MT-2^-133-71
N. B. Vargaftlk, L. P. Pilippov,
A. A. Tarzlmanov, and R. P. Yurchak
English pages:
Source:
184
UR/0000-70-000-000
FTP-MT- 2H-m~7i
PMPARIO IYI
TRANSLATION OIVISMN
PORIION TICNNOLOOY DIVISION
P.APR. ONIO.
PHI 12 Nov. If 71
EMM**
'
symbols
to have
document.
in
TABLE OP CONTENTS
U. S. Board on Geographic Names Transliteration System
Designations of the Trigonometric Functions
Foreword
Chapter I. Questions of the Measurement Procedure
of Thermal Conductivity
Natural Convection
Temperature Jump
The Role of the Process of Heat Transfer by Radiation ....
Concerning New Methods for Measuring the Heat
Conductivity of Gases and Liquids
Chapter II. Analysis of the Experimental Data.
Recommended Values of Thermal Conductivity
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
,
Air
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
^0-^-24-133-71
j^
iV
vi
1
1
7
9
30
^5
45
51
58
65
69
72
78
84
89
96
104
110
122
126
131
134
136
137
140
Octane
Toluene
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Ethyl Alcohol
Water
Bibliography
prD-'n'-24-i33-7i
1^
14?
155
157
162
16?
180
11
...
Italic
A a
Transliteration
A, a
B 6
B 6
B $
B, b
V, v
0, g
D, d
Ye, ye; E, e*
Zh, 2h
Z, z
I, i
Y, y
K, k
L, 1
M, m
N, n
0 o
P, P
r r
fl
J>
E
)K w
3
H
ji
ji
M
H
M
H
0
n
o
n
n ft
r
n
9
E $
HI OK
3 1
H u
R a
K K
JI A
M M
H H
0 0
n n
Block
9 9
C c
T T
y y
<t> #
X X
u u
M 1
III tu
111 Ul
b %
bl u
b b
3
10
a n
Italic
P p
C
T
y
0
X
e
m
y
V
l
m
z>
*
X
H
m
>H
%
M
hi
b k
9 1
JO 10
fl n
Transliteration
R, r
S,
T, t
U, u
P, f
Kh, kh
Ts, ts
Ch, ch
Sh, sh
Shch, shch
Y, y
E, e
Yu, yu
Ya, ya
PTD-MT-24-133-71
English
Russian
sin
eos
tg
ctg
sin
cos
tan
oot
SSO
cosec
BSC
h
eh
th
eth
eh
sinh
cosh
tanh
coth
sseh
eseh
esc
csch
are
arc
arc
arc
are
are
sin
eos
tg
ctg
are
are
are
are
are
are
sh
oh
th
cth
sch
SSO
cosse
sinh"1
eosh-1
tanh-1
coth-1
sseh-1
eseh-1
eseh
earl
log
rot
If
FTD-'!T-2'<-l 33-71
oln-^
eos"1
tan-1
oof1
sse-1
esc-1
iv
This reference book represents a systematized and critical survey of the basic experimental data for the most widely studied
substances In liquid and gaseous states (for
helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, ammonia,
ten hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachlorlde, ethyl
alcohol and water).
Tables of the most reliable values of the
thermal conductivity of all the cited substances
in a wide range of temperatures and pressures
have been compiled.
There are 70 tables, 61 illustrations,
and 256 bibliography entries.
The book is intended for a wide circle
of engineers and scientific workers of various
branches of technolopry, and also for students
and graduate assistants.
PrD-MT-24-133-71
MMMnHMHHBHMHaBMHBMHMnHHHHMRS^'1'1'''
POREWORD
. -:rr-2'j-i33-7i
vi
..,.,
vil
PTD-MT-2i-133-7i
viii
PTD-riT-^-lSa-Tl
lx
rwflw-..
x-/(r)
(i)
A>.-/(P).
FTD-MT-21-133-71
PTD-MT-21-133-71
xi
r^
FT D-MT-2H-133-71
xll
CHAPTERI
QUESTIONS OP THE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
OP THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Natural Convection
(3)
or
,=4i-/(/fc).
T"'1"
(4)
where
T."
PTD-:::,-2i-i33-7i
For horizontal
During measurement of
X all the authors were usually guided by this Kraussold curve for
the selection of dimension 6 of the measuring cell and the difference,
of temperatures in the investigated layer of liquid.
In certain
[Translator's note:
^ f - v*
* <,-
Lees, Sherrif,
investigation of convection, determining the distribution of temperatures and heat flows with the aid of an interferometer.
FTD-MT-24-133-71
Generally
> ,
* '.";
R. V. Shlngarev [IM] during Investigation of the thwmal
conductivity of CO- by the method of a heated filament (d 0.1 mm;
6 * 0r4 mm; .1* 100 mm) conducted experiments at various At and
extrapolated the measured values of X' to At - 0 for the purpose of
obtaining true values of \. The Installation was located In a
vertical position. Measurements Indicated that curve e = f (Ra),
constructed from experimental data, lies noticeably lower than the
<
Kraussold curve, as Is evident from Fig. 1. From experiments
It also followed that the beginning of convection (e > 1.00) takes
place at Ra > 2500. The author offered two equations for determination
of the coefficient of convection e:
when 2500</?a<2-lW
when 2-10*</?fl<6-101
FTp-.;,?r-21-i33-7i
,-0.58(/fc)0
(5)
-0.0S9(*a)M.
(6)
for re-gion
0,46 (/fa)0-1.
(7)
35000</?<170000
t-O/iSW-"'.
i|
/
/
(8)
r
/
7~
/ '/
y
/Ls
//
r i
,2
''3\ a
j.
f/
*\
.' f
<t
*, i
i. UtVSrPi
Pig. 2. Relationship of e to
Or and Pr [13]: 1 - according
to Krassold-Mlkheyev equation;
2 and 3 - according to experimental data of Berkenhelm with
horizontal and vertical position
of the tube respectively.
:,i
.A .
-0,402 (Pa)W.
curve.
2.
number Ra > 2000, i.e., greater than Kraussold (e > 1.00 when
Ra > 1000).
w
0
10'
r/C*
IW*
HW*
trPr
1.20
/ 1
1,10
1.00
W
i
10'
45
i
4,0
i
tWs^W*
*.S IgRa
i
210* JHfto-GrPr
(10)
Temperature Jump
The effect of temperature Jump is substantial during measurement
of the thermal conduotlvlty of gases.
During experimental determination of the thermal conductivities
of gases we usually measure the wall temperature of an instrument.
But it is known that between a solid and gas, which are located
at a distance of a mean free path, there exists temperature Jump 6t .
This phenomenon was experimentally studied by many Investigators:
Smolukhovskly, Knudsen, Tlmiryazev, Lazarev and others. The
question Is described in detail in literature, for example, in the
books of Kennard [17] Devlen [18] and Clark and McChesney [19].
As Is established, th^'tjemperatre.JuWp 6t for a moderately
rarefied gae is proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dn
along the normal to the wall surface (fit* Y dt/dn), and the
proportionality factor y. Is inversely proportional to the gas
pressure (Y A/P), Usually, by measuring the.thermal conductivity
of gases at low pressures (when P Jfe 1 atm), quantity 6t is taken
into account by conducting tests at various pressures;
Mum ~ A/,,,-)--.
'
'
i..5, t
'.V-'. ;"
-'. ':-
.,
....
?so
m
isx
i - :"-i
Q
1
\.'''
-<
>
>
I ISO
of
1
ob
:rp I
'
|-
SCO e
43
.^
-J
ft
tu
11
iCO
.._ I_ ...j
e:j
is
1 _,I J
mo i*c
.v; tfc
/
f.-.-
10
(11)
This equation expresses the fact that the change in the intensity
of radiation I in a direction which comprises angle u with the
axis x is caused by the natural radiation of an element of the volume
of tne medium (the first term of the right side) and by the
attenuation of intensity as a result of absorption (the second
member of the right side).
t -,
/+-/M0)
cot d,
c,,,
J
+-CO
-rl.)
'
CM*J
--4L
12
(12)
In the
I.e.,
JU^jQcosOrf-rf. ii^-.
x
x
tf^ rfx
(13)
\
J/
HT)
T(x) n(T, v).
Through the agency of T(x) on these same values also depends the
heat flow. It is significant that in general both terms in
expression (12) for heat flow are Interdependent; the Integral
radiation term through the agency of T(x) depends on X, the second
term for the same reasons depends upon the optical characteristics.
The radiation and molecular (contributions) to the thermal flow
prove to be nonadditive, dlspite the assumption about the additivity
of transfer mechanisms.
13
i R? " R*
(14)
where
**'
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
* 0 and
(20)
r-r.-iTir+ *(*)-(!-^.)*(0)i.
(2D
where
(22)
15
3 L
(23)
(1+/?-*')
r^.
j *T j l+R * d$ +
+ ^2
(24)
The first term of this formula expresses the heat flow due to
molecular heat conductivity, the second describes the effect of
radiation of the walls, and the third - the sought for change in
the heat flow as a result of the processes of radiation and
absorption of radiant energy by the medium. The maximum value of
this term is equal to
2i7=
3
r^-rf.
JdT
For the value of the relative change in heat flow as the upper
limit (for an absolutely black body) we obtain the expression
0
3 k dTi
(25)
AQ
In a practical estimate the value -^
for gases which are lowabsorbing media the integral of formula (25) can be conveniently
replaced by expression
J ..*-*3A
(26)
16
it3tt
(27)
*--TIH*T-
()
I-JT
3
J if
'(
I
It should be noted that It Is precisely the total effective
heat conductivity, expressed by formula (28), which must be figured
In the Prandtl and Nusselt criteria for these cases, when the
thickness of the thermal limiting layer Is considerably greater
* than the opposite value of the effective coefficient of absorption
V)f the medium.
Let us turn to formula (23), which describes the heat flow In
the general case. Effective radiation heat conductivity may. be
represented as
'-Tj'fr (. D*.
(30)
where,
'''-4-h^*}
In the general case the effective radiation heat conductivity
and its dependence on parameters L and R, being a functional of
o(v), will be different for various media. Only for the hypothetical
"ejray" medium, for which a const, can we write
i
VmS,*fiP*(*,l).
(32)
*-i[.-<.-.'-Sfif*]-
(33)
where
Jf -Lu its
(31)
18
V.
^
n 0,6
t, T_
v\
-T'S:
,?
Shi
bJ
in the
form
Bl
4>7U
19
(35)
SV
may be used for evaluation cf the upper limit of the possible Influence
of radiation transfer In a flat layer.1 It Is worth emphasizing the
strong nature of the temperature dependence of this criterion
(vrJ) under conditions typical for changes In heat conductivity of
boundary fluids (X ^ 0.1-0.3 W/(m-deg); L ^ 1 mm). At room
temperatures the percentage of heat exchange by radiation should
not exceed a few percent. However, at higher temperatures. In
narticular at temperatures close to the critical points, the role
of radiation can be considerably more substantial, especially
because the conditions of the transparency in this area passing
from the gas to the liquid state, can be especially unfavorable
(aL ^1). It is known that an important role can be played by
radiation for high temperatures melts (glasses, slags). It can be
Just as great in solid nonmetalllc substances, as was already many
times pointed out in the discussion of the problem of thermal
conductivity of semiconductors at high temperatures. There is no
basis to anticipate any effect of radiation on heat transfer in solids
and liquid metals.
The Importance of the problem of heat transfer by radiation
In liquids forces us to pay it even more attention. Let us examine
the form of the dependence of effective heat conductivity of a
definite substance (a is fixed) on the thickness of the liquid layer.
z^
^f
1
^
u^^
3
to
m _J
LMM
21
^WHWI\XV
22
1 .
. T*
(37)
;>
was taken.
The use of Just such a value Is not correct, since In conformance
with (30) with averaging It Is necessary to use not Planck's function,
but a derivative of It. Furthermore, keeping In mind the order of the
23
mm--'
24
,--.
"
r,n
>.+^r^k(/?1.y?i),(0x
I
s
7
+ 0), (I)/',(/? ,)l rfv
(30)
is obtained, where
/'-I: ^
Pt-Kt
KI
* ~ TTlV(2t^*~^+2arcs,nt,: *""^
25
Pig. 10.
The dependence of the function y on the paramater C with
various values of the coefficient of reflection of the walls and
oL 0.2 (the continuous lines describe an absolutely transparent
medium).
26
27
28
29
30
256
-5
31
200
t:c
An interesting construction
of the fine heater (d = 0.1 mm) is very small, and It can be easily
taken into account by a calculation method or experimentally, having
carried out experiments with two measurement tubes of varying length.
The method was used for measuring thermal conductivity of many
gases and liquids, and very accurate experimental data were obtained
on the thermal conductivity of a significant number of gases and
liquids, including water and water vapor.
In recent years the heated filament method has received further
development.
[6^] modified this method for the purpose of measuring the thermal
conductivity of gases in the region of high temperatures (above 1300oK),
32
'-^rl**
(39)
and assuming that the heat flow q and the heat conductivity of the
gas \ are functions of the temperature, that the temperature of the
wall Is maintained strictly constant (at room temperature), and that
the portion of heat transferred by radiation from the wire is small,
the authors obtained the expression
33
34
At
where AT, and AT- are the drop in temperature in the measured
layer at the beginning and the end of the process of cooling for
the time interval AT.
In the derivation of equation (41) it is assumed that the
temperature on the internal surface of the external cylinder Is
constant in time. Prom the expressions introduced in work [68] it
also follows that the temperature of the metal through the thickness
of the Internal cylinder is taken as Identical everywhere, i.e., not
depending on the radius.
35
36
37
^-~=v^:
Va
(43)
38
39
HO
(M)
(45)
Pig. 14.
41
42
-^
^r
(16)
where the subscript "np" refers to the parameters of the gas being
the shock wave.
Using formula (16), one obtains a relationship, which connects
the temperature of the gas right after heating T , the temperature
of the gas (of the wall) after the arrival of the shock wave T np*
the subscript b and a certain dimenslonless parameter q ,
p--/(*. ^).
(17)
where
it
The parameters with the subscript "c" refer to the end wall up to the
arrival of the shock wave.
13
'n|>
l+V'SET-*,.
(48)
41
CHAPTER
II
RECOMMENDED
Helium
The thermal conductivity of helium at atmospheric pressure was
studied by various authors in a wide range of temperatures. The
basic works are cited in Table 1. As can be seen from them, a
comparatively large number of them were dedicated to measurements
within a range of low temperatures 80-300oK.
In this temperature interval the most reliable data appear
to be those of Johnston and Grilly [85]. The authors of [85] made
careful measuraments by the heated filament method, and paid special
attention to the analysis of the conditions of the experiment.
With these results there is good correspondence to the data of
Eucken [83], Kannylulk [65], Barua [92] and others. The results
of their experiments are shown In Pl-g. 16. The averaged curve is
closest to the data of Johnston and Grilly [85]. Divergences of
the experimental data of various authors from the curve do not
exceed ^2%t which also defines the accuracy of the recommended values
in the considered Interval of temperatures.
^5
3
to ^
W (fl
rH
rvj
1
rH
rH
rH
<U fl
rH
h
fc
o
o
in
I
o
O
O
CO
CO
rH
1
rH
rH
rH
rH
rH
CO
O
O
tVO
1
O
O
oo
rH
to
1
H
rH
rH
CO
t
CO
VD
CO 00
cri
1
CO CM
rH
^"^"
'" "
0)
3
P
0)0
m
rcn
0)
in
cd
t.
e
3
I
CM
co
tC\J
1
CTi
CO
O
OO
CT,
1
O
OO
VD
rH
CO
E-<
PO
i>-|
O
O
CVI
C\J
1
o>
t-
oo t^ tCM CM
in VD oo
H
VO
|
I
1
1
1
ro
m
oo
on
o
o
c^ t- t~- o o iCM ro cvi CO CM
rH
o
o
VD
rH
^r
CM
1
O
o
^r
OO
CO
1
to
rH
CO
CO
t
-^
o
tj\
=t
1
=r
rH
CO
o
to
rH
0)
in
O
>.
>
H
P
3
-O
C
"0
0
fi
p
91
x:
-p
(U
m
c
o
H
>>
O
+>
C
Oi
CO
rH
iH
0)
T3
C
H
H
+>
c
a
H
4H
>
<M
rH
td
H
X
J
(U
4J
CO
0)
0)
H
CO
H
X
CO
O
to U u
P 3 3
H P O
ij cfl n
ri
m
oo
11
11
ii
11
.=r in VO
oo oo oo
i ii 11
~~~
^
n)
V
>H
II
11
ii
ri
VO
CM
ii I i
in t^- oo
vo oo 00
i_j
I1
~"^
"^
1
H
-0
rt
4)
tt
s
TO
H
H
X
o
3
+i
CO
a
a>
11
r-1
11
cr. o
.o\
CM
OO
vo
11
0)
-d
en vo
=r
o\a\ o\ <^
=r
i-i rH
iH
rH
rH
in
a\
rH
oo ON
in in in
a> CT\ cr>
C\J
ii
rH
I1
CM
11
(-1
a\
CO
<T>
JT
ii
l_i
ti
VO
vo
rH
VD
<J\
H
VO
VO
(T>
H
ii
=r
CT\
rH
rH
rH
CM
vo
a\
rH
11
in
a\ o\
ii ii
"~~
O
VD
OV
H
C0>^
"' "
rH CO
H rH
H^
H (1)
5>
O^H
P
H CO
COH
H
CO
4)
00
i
p
C
1
0)
Sn 0) o
V,
O
H
rH
(0
ca
6
-a
c
o
0)
p
o
o
0)
4)
P
CO
H
H
*-l
4)
to
to
m
p
C
in
vo
o\ o>
VO
rH
>- t- t- cvo vo VD VD
C7\ cr CTN <T\
H
rH
CO
ni
bi.
H
P
n
a;
>
c
CO
H
O
H
W
ttf
ro
>
^
o
3CO
<
V
X)
M
OJ
H
3
EH
9\
0)
M
3
Cd
H
jQ
rH
rH
H
U
(H
b0
H
c
g
O
to
TH
c
o
^s
cO
>
CO
o
n
O
D.
O
PL.
e
c
rH
H
to
fH
0)
CO
0)
a)
>
2 -oD
t^
co
H
CO
>
U)
TH
crt
rH
10
a)
0)
H
O
^
H
P
<M
CO
hO
H
<w
iH
".s
ft
H
S
a)
'/>
3
h
cO
>.
#\
to
C
H
.H
r-H
O
O
X
(0
CQ
CO
1 a
CO
+J
CO
tt
TH
EH
K
CO
OT
cO
p
o.
>>
CO
>> >
CO
1i
A
0
JS
M
3
bO
3
C5
CO
P
co
C
0)
K
CO
CO
f
CO
P
CO
CO
CD
>
fa
P
0
-o
9
E
fc
46
^9
1
- *a)
AS r
7/
5?
Jr
_p
2X
.-f
/
li
::}
-I
/
n
ma
net
47
erliu tpadt
70
80
57.9
63.2
67.6
72.0
76.4
81.6
90
100
1 0
120
8M
130
140
150
1G0
170
180
100
200
210
220
2;io
210
250
00.5
94.'5
98.8
103
107
Ml
115
120
124
127
130
134
Designation:
1 T.VH
,,
?
i
1
i
|
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
,
1
390
400
450
noo
550
600
X-10.
THM
tpod)
138
142
145
148
151
154
157
160
163
166
170
173
176
181
184
201
218
235
250
T1
s
i
i,
r.*K
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
t 1000
\
\
>
i1'
i"
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
I WO
1'JOO
2000
264
27
291
304
317
330
342
354
379
405
430
455
479
503
523
543
562
579
BT/(MTpafl) W/(mdeg).
48
Greif the divergence does not exceed 3%- The data of Blais and Mann
are high In comparison with the results of the cited authors; the
difference reaches as high as 12%. Such a divergence may be explained
(as was noted in Chapter I) by insufficiently careful consideration of
end effects, and by the insufficiently strict adherence to the
constant temperature of the wall of the measured cylinder in the
work of Blais and Mann. The curve in the temperature range of 1200 to
2000oK was plotted close to the data of D. L. Tlmrot and A. S. Umanskiy,
and Collins and Greif. The error of the recommended values in the
temperature range 1500-2000oK amounts to 3-5%For the temperature Interval 2000-6000oK there are up to this
time only the experimental data of Collins and Greif [82] (Table 3).
As was mentioned in Chapter I, the possible error of these data,
obtained by the shock tube method, amounts to 10-20!?.
Table 3. The thermal conductivity of helium at
high temperatures and at atmospheric pressure
according to the data of Collins and Greif [82].
T.'K
2000
2500
3000
X-I0>.
XI0.
T.'K
/<* tpad)
563
657
745
3500
4000
450
826
907
970
*rl(M tfiaS)
Designation:
r. K
XIO.
5000
5500
6000
1050
1180
1200
BTAri-rpafl) W/dn-deg).
19
(19)
, ^W'W'itaaaflMMHHHMnMMBMIMI
1I' IS 1
s-y-
5
/^
C.C
0.C?
^1
/'
-2
-3
*-
con
p. I/'
T. K
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.8
JL-IO.
r. "K
3.0
as
r/U Pad
18.1
18.5
19.5
20.5
Designation
X-IO.
r/(j
4.0
4.2
BT/CM-rpafl)
W/(m'deg).
50
21.4
23.8
2W
27.1
270
380
S90
300
;iio
330
330
340
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
KEY:
\
|
50
142
145
148
151
154
157
160
163
166
184
201
218
235
250
264
278
291
304
317
330
342
354
37
405
430
455
479
144
148
131
134
157
160
162
165
168
IJ6
203
220
236
251
263
279
292
305
318
331
343
355
380
406
430
435
479
"0
147
151
153
158
160
162
165
167
170
188
205
221
238
352
366
280
293
306
319
331
356
344
381
406
431
456
480
l>
2<t
>
Mt
150
153
1S6
158
162
164
167
169
172
180
207
223
239
254
267
281
294
307
320
332
345
357
381
407
431
456
480
153
156
15
161
165
167
170
172
174
182
209
224
210
255
269
282
295
308
321
333
345
357
382
408
432
457
481
156
159
161
164
167
169
172
174
176
184
211
226
242
257
271
139
IC2
164
167
170
172
175
177
179
188
213
228
244
259
273
285
297
311
323
335
347
359
384
409
434
458
483
283
296
309
322
334
346
358
383
403
|
1
i
!
433
457
482
Neon
The most careful investigation has been made for the thermal
conductivity of neon gas at atmospheric pressure by the heated filament
method. The basic works are shown In Table 5Kannyluik and Carman [65] measured the thermal conductivity
in the temperature range from 90 to 5790K; the measured wire in
their apparatus was very fine, and its diameter measured 1.5 mm.
L. S. Zaytseva [88] in the measurement of thermal conductivity
in the temperature interval from 413 to 803oK paid special attention
to consideration of the temperature Jump between the central heater
and the gas.
51
73
0)
P
CO
3 -a
3 U
p H o
to 3 o
to cr vo
(0 (t)
co ja
iH
iH
^
6
H
M H
CM
rH
CO
(NJ
t>-
PO
VD
CO
ro
rH
VO
rH
OO
3
P
ON
to
h0
&
CO
o
m oo
t~lO
t~
CM
0)
in
1
in
o oo
c^ H
^r
CM
rH
ro
^r
m
CO
CO
O
rH
CO
CO
CNJ
CO
CO
CM
^
O
rH
CO
as
CO
t-
CO
=r
+>
c
o
(D
c
cd
>
0)
a
0)
tc
td
H
H
0)
>
s
CO
iH
-d
(U
p
J
rH
PC
cd
0)
K
11
ON
ON
ll
H
ON
l_l
.=r
vo t^ r- OO
vo VD VD VO
9)
0)
fn
3
+>
0
(0
0)
&
1
^
0)
P
H
J
0)
5
4J
C
O
o
(D
o
>.
o
o
U
3
O
ii
11
11
t-
in 00
00
ll
1I
OO
ON
1
r-l
CM
CO
ir\
in V>
a\ a\
>H
ON
iH
i-<
CN
rH
(D
0)
ro
CO
VD
ON
rH
ON
H
|1
ii
a-
ri
CO
o\ ON
ll ll
ON
O
O
rH
ll
ON
H
ON
rH
td
p
o
x:
o
<a
U
<U
0)
fi
H
CO
(4
(d
0)
rH
<
(U
o.
o.
1(0
o
*
0)
J
A!
*>
a>
H
3
EH
H
-P
CO
3
rH
>>
f^
cd
u;
td
C
e
>
0)
to
&
N
S
f-t
0)
P
x:
rH
O
CO
9}
X
td
CO
*
(0
tH
0)
bO
CO
52
3
O
0)
CO
C.5
^ {M
a)
>
cd A!
P
td
10
td
>
H
CO
TH
P
<H
cd
M
>
The results of Saxena, Gandhi and Strlvastava [91, 93, and 9^]
were obtained using different variants of the heated filament method.
The measurements were made at various pressures, in order to
take Into account the correction for the temperature Jump between
the heater and the gas. In work [91] It was demonstrated that
at the highest temperatures of the described experiments (T 623 to
7230K), in the transition from one pressure value to another the
temperature regimes were unstable, and the variation of points
reached as high as 10%. The authors therefore think that the
obtained data for this temperature region should be viewed as
tentative. At lower temperatures the error of the results obtained
In work [91] may be estimated as equal to 2%. Naturally, the
experimental data of these authors with T > 6230K were not taken
into account in the compilation of the tables of the recommended
values of thermal conductivity.
Recently, N. B. Vargaftik and L. D. Yakush [100] made measurements of thermal conductivity in a sufficiently wide temperature
range - from 303 to 1073oK. In order to be confident of the
correctness of their consideration of the correction for radiation
from the heater, and this is especially important at elevated
temperatures, in the experiments they used two measurement tubes of
different diameter. In the first series of experiments the inner
diameter of the quartz tube was D 4.07 mm, and in the second series
2.97 nun. Divergences of the results of both series lie within the
limits of 1.555 in the entire investigated temperature range.
For the thermal conductivity of neon gas at atmospheric pressure
and T 273-1073oK the method of least squares produced the following
equation
/. = fl-i-ftr-i-crs-t-</P[W/(m-deg)],
(50)
53
c?A
...
a o A
^js-^IrLeJ
l
-va .VJ tfoo 700 son
.; -
oa
L.
ace woo
T,*K
A A
Pig. 18. Divergences of the experimental values of thermal conductivity of neon from the values calculated by the recommended equation;
1 - Zaytseva [88]; 2 - Vargaftlk, Yakush [100]; 3 - Kannylulk, Carman
[65]; 4 - Saxena, V., Saxena, M., Saxena, S. [91]; 5 - Strivastava,
"tupta [93]; 6 - Gandhi, Saxena, S. [91].
51
'K
a>;
^
I r.K
t
^6
TO
125
175
235
20,5
2C.8
..
39,9
45.8
18.9
'.>73
JOO
r. it
a;
*
^
<6
\
1
i
I
.;
1
*
3S0
400
150
500
530
GOO
Designation:
64.6
60.1
65,3
70.3
78.1
79.7
a>:
xn
i r. K
<**
1
;
650
700
750
800
850
900
<<*
84.3 I;
88.6
92.9
97.1
101.2
105.3
a>;
ii
1,
950
1000
1050
1100
109,4
113.4
117.6
131.6
BT/(MTpafl) = W/Cm-deg).
iO
J
1
i .U.
VA
^
^\
m 210 MO UK iM (00 700f,Kiji
55
.
K-^ + ap + bf + cf [W/(m'deg)],
(51)
p. lap
3,.<i,l*
1
100
200
3C0
400
500
600
700
800
KEY:
0,0188
0.0316
0.0545
0.0574
0,0003
0.0633
0.0663
0.0093
0.0723
[r (1)
p. Cap
32315
MM
'
0,0316
0,0543
0,0569
0,0596
0,0624
0,0653
0.0662
0.0710
0.0739
0.0343
0.0366
0.0591
0.0615
0.0642
0.0668
0,0694
0.0721
0.0718
i
i
:,
'
J*.lft
900
1000
1200
1400
1500
1600
1800
2000
2500
0.0753
0,0784
0,084
O^.KM
0,0932
0,0960
0,1017
0,1072
0,1215
MS 1
0,0768
0.0795
0,0850
0.0905
0,0933
0,0960
0,1015
0,1074
0,1213
3,
0,0744
0.0801
0,0854
0,0907
0.0933
0,0959
0.1012
0.1065
0,1196
K.
56
T.VH
X.IO*.
r.
nl(m tpad)
28
29
30
117
116
I
25
26
27
Designation:
X'lO*.
'
112
106
92
BT/(MTpafl)
W/Cm-deg).
57
Argon
Argon belongs to the class of those few gases, the thermal
conductivity of which at atmospheric pressure has been studied most
completely in a broad temperature range (90-2000oK), as Table 8
shows. A significant number of experimental results on thermal
conductivity at atmospheric pressure are given in Pig. 20. In
accordance with the criteria for selecting the material given In
the forward, we did not take into consideration the data of Weber [102],
Dlkins [103], Rosenbaum [109], Freud, et al., [25], and Uhlir [104].
The results of N. V. Tsederberg, et al.[107], and Zarkova and Stepanov
[110] were not taken into account, since they were obtained during
the checking of the experimental equipment. Results of the works of
Schfer and Reiter [31], and of Schottky [24] at temperatures above
600oK were taken with corrections for the temperature Jump in accordance
'Uh the work of N. V. Vargaftik and N. Kh. Zlmina [32].
IB
(0
u
/
A
X
* * J
2 - r *n
- -
1
-
1500
T:K
m
Fig. 20. The dependence of the thermal conductivity of a^gon gas on
the temperature at atmospheric pressure according to the
dati of:
1 - Lenoir and Commings [86]; 2 - Ziebland and Barton rcJl> 3 Vargaftik, Zimina [32]; 4 - Zaytseva [88]; 5 - Schfer/,Re cer [31];
6 - Collins, Minard [82]; 7 - Tlmrot, Umanskiy [61]; 8 - \ .yes [105J;
9 - luota, et al. [93]; 10 - Vines [27]; 11 - Rosenbaum [ 09].
KEY:
>ot
58
0)
h-
03 A
rH
00
3 U
(0 CO
rH
VO
ON
rH
rH
iH
rH
rH
o
o
3CM
1
H
o o
o -=r
m CM
I
rH
rH
rH
sl-
oo
rH
PO
VO
VD
PO
CM
^3PO
PO
PO
PO
rH
ON
OO
-3CM
rH
rH
rH
rH
o
m
i
o
o
rH
fi
rH
r-i
04
(0
^M
(Un
e0)
PO
o
o>
m
o\
PO
<y\
ry
1
1
pa on
f- cC\J
tvj
C\J
VO
CM
PO
M
^
H
pn
PO
PO
t
1
ht1
pfl
t-rvj
PO
t-PO
ITi
PO
C^
-=r
CT\
PO
CO
in
I
rH
cH
1
O
CTs
=r
PO
t<M
"O
c
G
tCO
x:
H
rH
iH
0)
>I
9)
X
3
0
H
Of
ao
cd
H
P
CO
a>
rH
"5!
rH
VD
0\
rH
00
tCM
OO
oo
oo
oo
t>1
-=r vo
c-
ON
CM
rH
PO
CO
PO
CM
t
CM
O
O
CM
rH
CM
CM
O
O
CM
CM
on o
oo o
oo CM o
PO
l>-
1-1
E^
<
o
PO
f-
00
=r
PO
^^
1
0)
0)
43
H
J
J-. u
3 3
+1 o
CO 0}
b 0) o
on
GO
11
t
0)
<u
1
c
H
rH
<o
0)
K
cd
m ^r
cvj
VD
Ii
ll
ll
i_i
rH PO
CVJ
CM
CM
LTV
<Tv
iH
11
11
-ao
ll
00
in
rH
1
H
rH
H
H
rH
T3
4)
P
CO
0)
X
cd
H
X
cd
ii
ii
rH
PO
ON
H
p
m 11
o vo
H oo
cd
(0
K
cb
o
II
>>
0)
rH
CO
H
ll
CM
O
H
+3
to
U
0)
O
>>
rH
0)
1
c
>>
a
p
C
0)
r-l
0)
u
4)
o
c
to
cd
fe
rH
c
-o
0)
p
cd
o tt)
o W
>>
c
<u
cd
11
in
o
vo
o
rH
ll
H
ll
MD
t--
co ON o
m m vo
ON
H
ON
rH
ON
rH
ll
cd
'3
0)
cd
cd
11
oo
o
CM
ii
rH
ll
t-
4)
+ ''
a>
cd
U
4)
rH
+i
cd
ll
rH
O
rH
rH
c
-D
4)
P
cd
4)
1l
11
CM
PO
I i
OO
OO
VO
ON
rH
t
VD
O
rH
rH
0TD
rl
o rH
o fo
0)
K
t-
11
Ti
+>
ll
oo
in oo
>.
rH
cd
H
rH
ll
ii
0)
T)
C
rH
H
CO
>j
rH
rH
cd
H
(0
O
0)
p
cd
o
o
r~i
ii
C
H
ii
l_J
4)
CT". o
rl
r-H
|
M
0)
p
0)
0)
X
.c
p
as
rHm tf-tH
a\<j\
rHrH
o\
H
PO
<y\
rH
irvin
crcy\
rH rH
in \r\
a\ OS
rH
rH
^r in a- in
mm
mm in m
rH rH
ONCTi
H rH
o\a\
ON
rH
ON
rH
O
VD
ON
rH
vo
ON
rH
VO
'~L'
VO
ON
ri
r \
sn)
0)
t
o
H
to
(0
u
o
s:
%
c
G
c
<
CO
0)
H
fi
^
>J
PH
0)
CO
c
tt
o
3
(4
V
.O
>
to
C
H
vl
3C
X
+J
H
rH
CO
a
p
(U
0)
p
H
C
O
cd
p
0)
cd
CQ
0)
to
H
d)
>i
o
K
CO
0)
59
* o
^
tt)
< rH
:cd X)
x: <U
o H
w ^3
rH
CO
hO
cd
0)
X)
>
0)
to
p
>J
cd
M
*H
to
0)
C
H
>
<u
rH
CO
U
0)
&
c
(
v
OT a
0
E-<
f-
CO
rl
tsl
(1)
hO
>
r*
>.
cd
rH
H
A
rH
to
H
4J
g
cd
rH
9\
0)
SZ
<0
bO
U
cd
>
OJ
(0
o
IT
0/
p
00
#\
>
cd
O
i<
cd
N)
o
o
o
(U
ft
3 b
10 CO
W X)
CO
rH
rH
rH
0)
OH
o
o
?u
rH
CVJ
5
b 0
4)
p.
E
0)
O
O
O
ITi
o
o
vo
O
O
in
H
CO
t
.=r OO
1
c\
on (\j
in
CO
EH
0)
H
I
-p
C
0)
-o
o
E
O
J5
+i
0)
(U
X3
3
p
(0
(U
EH
Xi
CO
x:
1
rH
rt
<
-a
0)
P
CO
<D
X
u
0)
o
c
rH^
>> (D
o >
rH 4i
(0 CO
H H
K 0)
(0 U
O^
9)
fn 0) U
o) E
b
+J 3 3
H 4J O
iJ nj CO
11
3VO
i_i
Ir
C\J
OO
i i
(H
vo
vo
\D
SH
ON
rH
ON
rH
fn
O
>>
T)
o
o
CO
0)
r-i
X)
CO
t->
x:
<
H
jKi
to
1B
<>
II
CO
o\
11
t.
VD
ON
rH
ii
ir\
ON
ii
rvo
ON
rH
nj
p
c
3
u o
J
c
OT
CO
>
CO
P
bO
fn
V
x:
P
o
w
A
CO
H
rH
rH
T3
3
O
O
p
00
fc
o
U
>
g
60
.K
1500
2000
?m
3000
x.io*.
66
68
80
91
Designation:
r.
tr/tM tpa1
3500
4000
4500
5000
BT/(M.r pa.)
- w/dn. deg).
102
110
118
131
For the temperature region above l^OCK there are also the data
of D. L. Timrot and A. S. Umanskiy [64], obtained by a modified
heated filament method. All the data of the enumerated authors
were processed by computer in order to obtain an analytical dependence1
for the thermal conductivity of argon on the temperature:
>. - 0,615 10- + 0,065 lO-T- 0,0331 10-P +
+ 0.0124 io-r - 0.00207 io-,ar.
l
(52)
61
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
2(0
290
X-IO.
ITHM
tpod)
6.00
6.60
7.20
7.80
8.40
9,00
9.60
10.3
10.9
11.5
12.0
12.6
13.1
13.6
14.1
M.7
15.2
15.7
16.2
16,7
17,2
Designation:
X-IO.
r/l. .pad)
T, K
ulim tpadi
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
380
17.7
18,2
18,6
19,2
19,6
20.0
20,5
21,3
22.2
23.0
23.9
94.8
25.7
26.6
27,5
28.3
29,1
29,9
30,7
32,4
34,1
750
800
850
900
950
3S.8
37,4
39.1
40,6
42,2
43,6
45.0
46,3
47,6
48.9
60.2
51.4
52.6
63.7
56.0
58,3
60,5
62,6
64,7
66.7
400
420
.
X-IO.
r, 'K
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
650
700
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
BT/(ritrpafl) W/(m'deg)
62
-^
Ml
VU
/
/
V\
*
1
t U
/
.
^^
<
A
P*
ii..
r .
/'
. ,ii.i*9
o-5
f.ifi*
of argon on
2 Uhlir
- Tsederberg,
et al. [101];
63
3
P
c
22 SJ
a!88R88SS5S3?^55Sm!9SSE5
'S:e)Sf:S3iSiM9^99999999Qi99SSt36
c
o
2H
8afSR8SSJS9935S555399!??9saSS
* io 0 9 otc'rw(o*>eiA-**'~*M*'~ioo>ioM04|io<p<oekOiioto
SB -1 888iSSS889^98S88889999999S8S8
c
3
IA
ok oeokioor(<9-fi}MecoiOfOOi^|fOCftM^>ioi^ook9^,,eM
& s;8i8?888S99*9^^S887999999S8S8
m
CO
-::
o
u
- S 6>'R!S8'SV8V?SVSW6S*S9*?99'9V993S8*
:: - 8 8'8g'SSS'sV9'S8W8WaV89'g'9'9999sa8'
<
o
" 8 8'88'SS'a'9>VsgV5's'5'g8's'g'8'88g9'9'9'9'9sa'8
>J
MMO
= - 8 g g'8'sa9>WsS88'8'a8VaS{gVg^V9V9'g8a'8'
p
o
c
o
-=8 8 R sssVsas>"ssaaaa&S8Vas's9"9*99S8S5
- '
-'
. .
>
0)
x:
lilt
S8S8' la882228S5S8a8sa88S9*9
-p
CO
, *. . eoo>>nrr-cioxo
0)
x:
oe
A <D
to io . . r>(oe4ioe<eco<oeee<e<oco0>i0teo , . , . .
e> w
CO
0)
3
rH
'' 8*ss
TMCO
CO
>
o
<o
t'sVs-^sVa'aVaVssS'sVgV*?^:'.
in co iiioieiet^eteioxovcoMecoviov^MeiecoeiAei
I
io
OM I
o ioooooie^iot^t-ioo*^^M<oo<ooM>e
T3
x:
to
0)
o if>riot.ci0<eu>in<rcot-e'.eeeo>*^>e<0iie
t3
co
o n
8 " eoiAOiAe-
e
**#*
fflei o> o ee ccMfOfioior.
BI^IB
<A I
111111111111 1111111
0) a
rH
CO C
82 8 9SSg8S8||||||g|||88||g|||8||
64
(53)
90
95
100
105
110
X-IO.
THM
tpatf)
121
114
108
102
97,3
Designation:
r..K
nlintpaa)
x-w.
116
120
125
130
91.0
85.5
78.6
71.5
135
140
145
160
x.io
TUM
ipod)
65,1
68,2
48.3
38,0
BT/(M'rpafl) W/dn-deg).
Krypton
The fundamental works on the study of the thermal conductivity of
krypton are cited in Table 12. The greatest number of experiments
were conducted at pressures close to atmospheric. In the works of
L. S. Zaytseva [88] and N. V. Vargaftik, L. V. Yakush [100] the
correction for the temperature Jump was carefully taken into account.
Even with high temperatures it is comparatively small, since krypton
has a high molecular weight.
65
mmm
O
O
0)
3 fn
co cd
m X)
rH
rH
H
1
rH
0)
a.
in
I
in
rH
rH
lO
in
(\]
0)
o>
4J
cd
J^
0) 0
t
(M
B0)
cm
m
t^-
OO
rH
rH
CO
00
VO
r~ rH
b- co ON
in ai rH c~OO
H
|
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
cn
in on
on in oo rg oo
CN CVJ t^- H
CM
o H H
r-H H
C\J CO H oo oo OO
t-
En
co
+->
0
>.
U
*
In
O
>
+J
>
P
C
X!
(u
H
H
"O
<u
X
CO
0)
o
C
rH
rt
I
U 0)
OJ H
P 3
0)
b
o
3
H +>
kJ cd n
CO
0)
rH
CO
rH
H
cd
H
X
cd
rH
H
rH
ti
r-i
rH
rH
rH
1i
ri
C\J
rH
rH
1I
ri
O
O
H
ll
VD
VD
VD
VD
(J\
rH
t>VO
n
in
rH
-o
a>
p
cd
o a
o
cd
-a
P
cd
11
oo
o
in
vo
C\J
in
in f- oo m
in in in VD
ON
rH
CT
H
ij
H
I I
ii
rH
ii
OO
OO
ii
11
H
K
ii
fOi
ii
ll
0)
*H
9)
a
c
0
V
H
+J
w
U
0)
cd
a>
PS
0)
4J
a;
JC
-P
L,
cd
01
><
m
CT\
<yi
rH
CT\
H
ON
rH
a\
rH
a\
H
gCO
0)
a
u
o
H
n
ct)
CO
rH
o
,c
<:
0)
O
cd
cd
0)
X
"
A
A
3
c
u c
0)
rH
fn
cd
M
CO
0)
>5
<D
Vi
:cd
x:
o
CO
cd
>
0)
CO
p
t!
u
(V
c
>> at
cd A;
N
x:
(0
cd
to
n
^
H
x:
43
cd
p
Co
C5
Q,
3
O
Ccd
hO
^
>
<d
66
^>
6-2.742.10-^,
c12,56.10-*
rf- -186.9.1(H*;
(5^0
T-B
K.
'r
o
*-i.9'Z0-3;m-i,:0~S
Pig. 22. Divergences of the data of various authors from the recommended values of the thermal conductivity of krypton: 1 - Zaytseva
[88]; 2 - Vargaftik, Yakush [100]; 3 - Schafer, Reiter [31]; Qupta [112]; 5 - Kannululk, Carman [65].
67
T. K
123
175
225
273
300
350
!
T.Vt
j
^S
4,20
5,83
7,20
8,55
10,0
11.3
Designation:
3Ji
r. K
700
750
800
850
900
30
.^
400
450
500
550
600
630
12.6
13.8
15.1
16,3
I7.S
18.7
*i
it
r.nt.
i
rti
19.8
21.0
1000
1050
1100
1150
1900
96.9
97.9
98.1
3.2
24,9
35,9
2'2
99.
BT/Crvrpafl) W/(m*deg).
68
t--..i"Jiiisrfj
p. v
A. 10*.
125,4
135.46
125.45
125.45
125.45
125,47
125.54
125.62
125.60
25.5
S0,9
101
303,7
303.3
306.7
337.7
407.7
507.3
88,0
88.9
91.3
95.2
98.7
99.0
103.7
131
133.8
150.55
150.35
150.35
150.35
150.35
150.32
150.32
25.
50,6
101,6
204
304,7
406
507,3
71.1
73.7
75.7
81
85.7
90
93.6
175.34
175.34
175,34
35,8
51,7
100,8
54,3
56,5
0,4
'
X-10*.
r.*K
. V
nliMtpad)
175.32
175.34
175.26
175,25
203.3
305,7
406.7
506.6
67,3
73,7
200,26
200.28
200.30
200.28
200,29
200.28
Sl.l
101,5
203.3
304
406
506,6
41.3
46.8
60,9
66.3
71,0
235,43
235,44
235.46
235.45
235.47
235.46
235.47
235.50
60.3
76.2
101.3
131,5
203.7
306.7
405
505.3
10.68
17.08
27.46
32.3
39.6
47.3
62.9
58.1
"'S
82.0
*i'i
Designation:
Br/Cn.rpafl) WAni'deg).
Xenon
Works on the study of thermal conductivity of xenon are
enumerated In Table 15. Prom Tables 12 and 15 It Is clear that
xenon was studied basically by the same authors and using the
same experimental apparatus as for krypton. On the basis of the
existing experimental data at atmospheric pressure the equation
In [100] was formulated:
\~a+bTeT*+dTl [W/(m-deg)],
where a-0,06715.10-; -I,829-KH;
c-43.4.I0-"J
r55)
*&?* t* ^**?f!
0)
(^
in
3 b
^^
rn
(rt
(0 A
r\j
rH
1
in
o
in
rH
i
in
rH
rH
CM
PL.
0)
E3
cr>
r-
cn
o
o
ON
CO
f-
C\J
1
O
o
(M
OJ
1
CM
trH
nj
oo
in CO tcn VD rH
m rH
CM
I
I
1
o on 00
t^ o ON
rH on f\J
&
c
o
c
0)
X
C
<D
E
cd
o
o
JC
p
>>
p
TH
cd
a>
a
c
o
1
a>
f-, a> o
P 3 3
-I 4J o
J CO to
0)
J,
cd
a>
rH
H
>>
cd
H
cd
0)
-H
4J
CO
tt)
X
cd
o
o
a>
cd
0)
X
^^~
ri
11
ii
11
r-
in
ii
0)
-C
4-)
C
0)
cd
^^^*
0)
-o
rH
H
ao
O
rH
0)
J->
H
rH
>>
o
p
rt
u
o
c
0)
i-i
>
CO
rH
(\j
in
ON
CTv
rH
in ri 00
o OO O
rH oo
H
IJ
ii
II
-a-
o
o
ON
1 1
H
li
II
in oo oo t- 00
in in vo vo \>
as o\ ON ON ON
rH
rH
rH
V.
O
o
H
P
cd
hO
^
o
0)
TH
>
r
H
in
H
0)
A
>
rH
0)
0)
0)
H
EH
pH
(
cd
cd
to
3
O
3
C
cd
W
(0
0)
>> ^
N
t:u
CO
n 4->
(U
CO
0)
cd
C3
CO
>
70
ix
J-
>
i
4M
too
a o
r*
im
'mOT'K
X-t, -?;a-3;*-*
Flg. 23. Divergences of the data of various authors from the recommended values of the thermal conductivity of xenon: 1 - Zaytseva [88];
2 - Vargaftlk, Yakush [100]; 3 - Kannululk, Carman [65]; ^ - Candhl,
Saxena [92].
Table 16. Recommended values of the thermal
conductivity of xenon gas at atmospheric pressure,
r. K
175
225
273
300
350
400
I
is
ii
3,34
4.33
5,1
5.
6.6
7.4
Designation:
T.'K
.1
Ai
450
SCO
550
600
850
700
8.2
9.0
9.7
10.5
11.2
12.0
750
800
850
900
950
1000
ii
T.'K
12.7
13,5
14.2
14.9
15.6
16.4
1050
1100
1150
1200
f
17.2
17.9
18.7
19,6
BT/(riTpafl) = W/(m.deg).
m-
MM
Mi
p. Cat
Jt.10.
T.'K
. U
X-IO.
it KM ipaii
170.24
170.24
170.24
170.30
170.2!
170.30
170,30
51,1
98.7
203.7
304.3
314
406,3
504.5
70.S
71.9
74,8
106,5
108
J07.5
107,7
210.20
310.20
210.31
210.33
210.33
210.16
210.16
36
51.9
96.6
301.4
304
405.3
506
54.8
55.6
87.6
61.8
65.4
68,5
71.3
I00.44
IWM3
100.
190,41
IM. 41
190.41
190.41
34,8
53.6
95.4
204
305.7
406
601.4
62,1
63.1
64.7
68.3
71.5
74.3
76,7
235.08
235.05
235.06
235,02
235.03
335.03
335.04
36
53.07
101.5
197.8
IM
.3
^2
63.
*?!
61.3
^'l
405.7
801.1
64.3
72
m
O
9 h
n tt
no
o
o
t^
o O
in C\J
rH
iH
rH
rH
rH
i
H
1
H
rH
O
VO
VO
in
i
rH
H H
rH
rH
, .*
cn m
fc
t~-
<n
fo
i
00
rr
ry
1
O
C7\
IT
1
O
O
.=r
in r^
t^- on
O
o in
t-o 00
C\l
m c
t* or
eg
on
O
O
00
t>L-N 00 CM
1
1
oo in O
oo H O
f\J
on C\J
H
on
t-^T
rH
on
O
O
nj
C\J
CT\
=r
1
o
1
I
on oo
t>~
OJ
^-
OVVO
0)
fa
a
"0
c
H
rH
iT
i 1
OO
in
t^CM
h-
mon
r*.t^
*t=T
JM
1
bO
0)
P
j
0)
X
0
c
c
u
9)
4*
s.
H
H
>>
cd
,*HyH
H
d)
c
c3
m
cd
CB
fl
p-i
ii
vo vo
00
in
CM
f\j
ii
4J
iSg o co(0
1 cd
OH
(U-O
P o
id e
rH
H-O
H 0)
H
K
0)
fa cd P
'i
1
*-
-)
o
4*
H
H
JZ
>
0)
H
+J
0)
H .P
fa
x:
O fa H
rH Cd bO JJ
CrH
0)
<U rH
9
H
CO
CO
rH
iH-O
nH 0)
H-H
O-H
>>
O
lE
rH
cd
<H
5^
9o
cd E
II
cd
t>
r-i
iT
VO
ll
OO
rH
rH
11
1i
l_J
VO
VO
ON
rH
vo
ov
22g
(r
CO
f1
ri
in
11
r-t
=r
a n
rH
rH
II
in
00
l_J
iH
I I
rH
rH
11
V>
rH
rH
ii
1I
11
L_l
H PO =r
H-l on
vo
on on ^r
a\ CT\ <j\ o\
C
in
H
ir\
00
00
00
H
s 50
P
CO
r-t
en
H oo
i
1I
11
fi-H
rH
4__
11
CM
o\
iH
!&
ON ON
HrH
iH
in OO
rH
rH
rH
ON
rH
o-
H
IS
H
rH
VO
=r
vo
vo
vo
Ov
H
CT>
rH
ON
rH
SrH
x:
4
B
>
u
(0
o
to
o
A
P
CO
rH
rH
rH
0)
u
.c u
CO
9>
cd
>.
rH
rH
t
C3
cd
10)
H
0)
H
JM
CO
C
0)
CO
H
A!
H
J!
ft P O
U
+i
o cd co
60 bO C
u
cd
o >
"
"3
*
rH
(0
i
>
o
fa
CO
>>
rH
O
P
CO
CO
(0
&
c
^H
1
#1
o
c
H
cd
Si
rH
73
H
CO
0)
H
rH
a
o
:cd
o
CO
H
A:
co
cd
fa
0)
u
>
0)
rH
O
>,
it
CO
O
EH
35
cd
OQ
n
o
&
o
fa
fa
CD
H
H
<d
o
_c
900
, i
> 100
S
s
1*
*r
$r
-j .-l - .-i
1
100 jr
MV
io
e00
IS 00
IV
74
to
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
ICO
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
I 10'.
ITHM
tpa9)
53,3
60.1
670
74.3
81,5
87,8
94,S
101
107
113
119
125
131
137
142
>"
152
Designation:
J
|
r, K
/<* tpti
Jl-lO.
T
.. It
K
850
260
270
280
390
300
310
320
330
340
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
157
163
167
172
178
183
187
191
196
300
304
326
347
366
285
30S
333
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1300
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Bf/CnTpafl) W/(m.deg).
75
Jk'IO.
THMtpatt
348
360
378
396
413
430
448
488
588
568
610
655
697
742
786
835
878
There are very few works on the study of the thermal conductivity
o;* hydrogen at elevated temperatures (see Table 18). One immediately
notices that high temperature measurements are lacking. The results
of investigations enumerated in Table 18 were worked out at the
coordinates of excess thermal conductivity-density and are shown
in Pig. 25. The majority of the experimental values are mainly
grouped around the average curve. An exception is the data of
Ye. A. Stolyarov, et al. [116] at high densities, which produce a
noticeably reduced pattern in proportion to the increase in density.
In the averaging the data of work 111^].beginning with p 0.02 g/cnr,
were not taken into consideration. All other works were taken as correct
According to the results of processing (Pig. 25) and from the data
on thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure (Table 19) tables were
compiled for the values of the thermal conductivity in the most
thoroughly studied temperature range of 80-600oK and pressure range
of 1-600 bar (Table 20). The Inaccuracy of the recommended data is
5% up to a temperature of ^00oK and 6f from 400 to 600oK.
100
!0
/
^
*
iS
M -
/
2
4 -J
m
fS'
ft
'
l^i
0 -
J/**
Ml
0.0!
P.0*
m p.t/c'
76
w
J
bD
C
bD
O
x:
I
<V-i
o
>
4J
O
C
O
I l3SSSffS^S3fe8S8Sg|22||2
i illiiiiiiiiiissliiiiiiisftiis
1
liisisiiiilMisiiiiiiiiiiiii
> ^Bsiiissliiiiillsiiilgiiiii
> isliliisiliiiilsisiiiisSiii
no<or
0)
x:
p
0)
wmws
5SWgS28SR^f5SSSSSffga82g||
cd
a."
ffVigSS522aSfJ?SSSSSSff$S8|g|||
x:
-I
w
tt)
r":"ff2?'||=25&3?55S3SK5SS|g|||
a->9>><rf*
"
""
-a
0)
SffJ53S8gS22SSS?5|2SSS5ffS8gmg
M ci r c K r
m
co
PC
o.
SVfe58825SS55SSSSg|52agS||8g
o a>
o
i3i>.r<oe> *'*
SIS SS
o o
S3!p:SSSS82S55SSS|SS3Sg|3S
rH >
SS?:V5S22gft?5Sfi2feffffSS&|S|
EH
bO
T3
cd
]b'i
"ssssHissiimsiigMimiii
77
16
17
18
19
20
>..io.
OTHM
.pad)
108
III
113
116
118
Designation:
* r.^c
31
33
33
34
35
X-IO.
et UM ipai\
130
133
135
137
39
r,
26
27
28
29.
30
JMO*.
tHn ipotl
133
134
137
139
MI
BT/Cn.rna.fl) W/(m*deg).
'Tit ro gen
The thermal conductivity of nitrogen has been studied most
completely. An enumeration of the basic works Is given In Table 22.
As can be seen from the table, a significant number of works are
dedicated to thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure. The
experiments embrace a large temperature region (80-li<00oK). In the
low temperature region of 80-300oK there is good correspondence
between the measurements of the following authors; Eucken [83],
I. P. aolubeva and M. V. Kal'slna [117], Keyes [105], Zlebland and
Barton [291; however, in the low temperature part of the Interval
the maximum difference reaches up to 5%- Most completely studied is
the region T 300-800oK, where the results of almost all the
investigators correspond well with one another the maximum divergence
does not exceed 3%. In processing the data in this temperature
interval the work of Stopps [28] was excluded from consideration,
since it was published in the form of a very brief report, from which
it Is impossible to establish the reasons for the large scattering of
points. The results of Schfer and Reiter [31] were taken with a
correction for the temperature Jump In correspondence with the work
of N. B. Vargaftik and N. Kh. Zimlna [30]. In the very high temperature
78
'
'"
o
1
H
o
H
l-l
1
H
iH
R1
H
in
O
H
CM
1
in
in
C\J
i
rH
c(
|
VD
79
O
O
oo
H
1
rH
in
<r
on
H
l
T .
o
o
o
o
o
o
in
on
1
f
region of 800-lU00oK the maximum difference between the data of
N. B. Vargaftlk and N. Kh. Zlmlna [30], Rothman [58], Johannln [89],
Westenberg and de Haas [81], and Schfer and Reiter 31] does not
exceed 4)J.
The results of all the works taken Into consideration (Pig. 26)
were processed by computer. An equation obtained as a result of the
processing
X - 0.825 10-J + 0,959 lO^f - 0,428 10-T + 0,250 10-,ir +
-1-0.815.10-"rV[W/(m.deg)],
(56)
80
80
90
100
no
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
7,82
8.63
9.58
10.48
11.3
12.0
13.0
13.9
14.8
15.7
16.6
17.5
18.3
19,1
20.0
20.6
21.4
22.2
22.9
23,7
24.4
25.2
25.9
Designation:
3.0
320
340
350
360
370
380
3)0
4(0
420
460
4{0
5'J0
320
540
560
580
600
630
640
660
680
700
26,6
27,3
28,7
29,3
30,1
30,7
31,4
32,0
32,7
34,0
36,5
37,7
38,9
40,1
41,2
42,4
43,5
44,6
45,7
46,7
47,7
48,8
49,8
*
1
*
f
11
720
740
700
780
800
. 820
wo
860
880
900
920
940
j.
j
.
960
980
1000
1050
j!
'
i.
1
.
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
; iioo
: ii5o
50.9
51.9
52,9
53,9
54,8
55,8
56,8
57,8
58,8
59,7
60.7
61.7
68.7
63,7
64.7
67.3
70,0
71,9
75,8
78.4
81.0
84.t
87.4
Br/Cn.rpa.a) * VCm.deg).
81
nts
(57)
^
kW/(m.deg); p is In g/cm .
BT/(ri.rpa(q) = W/(m-deg);
T/OM
- g/cm3.
82
^-
n - * <o * * o> a o
o i o - o - w -
(0
* w o N o e> w m * t e o
C
0)
60
8
UP WUI # ifteoiAKkiow^t "A"*"- * o o o> o w i w ci o
0)
to
(0
hO
o
>>
4-'
H
C
-O
'
is m M * * ct o o o wfloBiwi*rO>oofleri-.too*
4J
'
M^niAflOnM^'iAwnoioo-r e(oei4iinflOvao<oflo<e<NieO(0Mt>.
c
o
rt
0)
-p
1 M 111 1115555J5825 i i i i i ;
k
%
%
e n ^
0)
x:
i i i n i : i i
0 0
. "^ '; * ""l ~ *^ ^ *!0. "I "^ "l ^ ^l ^ 0. "^ * "^ *. "i
<H
1 * ^l ''. "* ^ ''I "I "I "^ ^ "l". t0. * *."" "i
11
st
0)
3 -O
n 1
niA
M IS-SSSSSSSSSKIIMMMMMM HI
i<0e>co<e<ou>oe<oi>>ra<0iaooinne><t>^,OiAt^cu3
5 2 s s s ' 's s s" a a" s" i a" a s sf ss" ss * s s ss s s s e ' ' '
a
0)
a 4J
oU 4)e
s &
c o
ii a^
RIS
IT
o
* c
351535525525525525
cv) O
11111111111111111
0) -P
i-H
888285SSR88||SaSgS|S|||SS||s|i|||
H -4
83
' "
90
96
!S
turn epaS)
112
10
1&
Designation:
110
115
120
80.2
70.4
82.8
BT/CM-rpafl
- WAm-deg).
^xygen
The thermal conductivity of oxygen at atmospheric pressure,
as follows from Table 25 and Fig. 29, has been studied relatively
little. Basically, the temperature interval of 80-300oK has been
Investigated. The results of measurements of various authors
correspond comparatively well with one another. The maximum difference,
which occurs only in individual cases, amounts to **5%' In the region
of moderate and high temperatures the divergences in the values of the
two existing works: Westenberg and de Haas [8l] and Schfer and
Geler [25] lie within the limits of 1% in the entire temperature
range.
Fig. 28. Dependence of the thermal
conductivity of oxygen on the
temperature at pressure p " 1 bar,
according to the data of:
1 - ./estenberg and de Haas [8l];
2 - Schfer and Qeier [25]:
3 - Johnston and Qrilly [85];
1 - lukhooadhyay and Barua [92];
5 - Zlebland and Barton [29];
6 - Keyes [105].
BT/(M'rna,a) !
Designation
W/(m-deg).
en
S3
j,- -1
k]
s
y
2i
no
tfo
_.-i
S
1
'
(;v T;K
0)
VD
oo
i-i
1
I
in rH
C\J
* db
m
c-
m ja
ci
t~-
4)0
I
s,
oo co rr> oo m
I t^ (>- |
I
on nj CM co t-
00
fCM
tCM
i~cr\
CO
H
I
PO
r-H
I
o
o\ oo
t-
CM
CO
CM
CM
t>-
<0
co o
t^- o
CM
CTi
rH
PO
rH
in
rH
0)
0)
X
o
3
x:
d)
EH
EH
a;
x:
x:
0)
EH
tH
PO
ON
OO
c
o
IH
CO
CO
0)
T3
0)
p
CO
0)
cd
o
o
a)
rt
0)
IE
rH
0)
-o
cd
0)
PO PO
t-- it
^r PO
rH
rH
rH
O
O
in
1
o
o
0)
rH
0)
rH
vc
VO
CO
0)
p
O
O
O
CM
03
0)
m on
I 1^
o CM
IM
t^-
c
o
CVJ
rH
1
H
o po oo
o ^o
CM
D
EH
CO
CO
Q)
x:
EH
fcI 50)
0)
4*
H
i-5
h
3
4i
<0
j
S
O
W
r-iCM-srilOOini-^rHr-iin-a-iIIirIVD
POOrHinOCMinCMCT^OCMinrHCMCM
CrHrHVDrHHOOrHCMHHCMOOONrH
0)
<D
x:
HHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHHrHrHi-HHrH
>
o
c
o
c.
m
C
TH
(0
bO
H
P
W
u
o
JC
p
iH
CO
N'
c
rt
to
J!
H
3
rH
3
(0
in
0)
it
3
EH
t.
4)
i3
0)
>
to
H
p
f
*>
>.
t3
C9
ra
C
H
J
H
P
-p
JC
4i
O
2
CO
C
JZ
o
^
ie
rH
rH
?>^
o W
CO
cd
CO
Tl
E<
CQ
o
H
>
P
^
o
CQ
rH
>
0)
TH
85
0)
(0
0)
>>
0)
(U
o
0)
CO
EH
fn
0)
c>
o
red
o
CO
hO
fi
0)
*
h
a>
rt
0)
80)
p
w
<u
s
cd
3
CO
>>
rt
>>
a
o
s:
1s
n
hO
0)
X5
a;
T3
1)
to
EH
t
>
o
>
1
Table 26. Recommended values of the thermal
conductivity of oxygen gas at atmpsoherlc
pressure.
T. 'K
HO
00
100
110
MQ
130
MO
150
ICO
170
ISO
190
200
310
X-IO.
.'TUM
tpad)
7.40
MO
9.25
10.2
n.o
11.9
IM
13,8
M.r
15.6
16.6
17.7
18,3
19,3
Designation:
T
I r.
W
K
X-IO.
r/(. .d)
r.
X-IO.
*tl'.M ipai)
320
330
340
3
360
370
380
290
300
350
400
450
600
550
BT/(M.rpa1a)
30,0
20,8
31,7
32,6
S3.4
24,1
25,5
25.8
26,6
29,8
33.0
36.3
.a
600
630
700
750
800
860
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
.I
a
A1
'l
50.0
52,8
S6.2
58.9
62.1
64.9
68.1
71.0
78.
&
87.1
92,3
W/(mdeg).
86
cd
10
Cd
'S' *
So
S S
S 5 s S
S:2S222--228s?:g83SffSSSS5S!SgRRiSReg
s
3
er
= = tf tf B s ei s ssKSSSSSSSK:KRsisa
H
rH
- a
-S22-SS
Sss22
2 S S 5 22
S 8 w."- w. *. *.0.0. "- *. .^.'...".".-.-.-..-."in
-- -aSi:85S5?*5if!??S5SSg5!SSR?:S38S
= - - S 8 S SS S S S S 3 SS 55 SJKSSSSSSSSKRJSSS 5S
S8afcp:S.5>3KS3i-SySSSgS8SgRSffS?. S
6 s sa
-ls ft if if af 99 e^t&8rfB??8 8a
>>
p
H
>
- - -
8 SB R S S S * f S " S 88888*8*8*RPP:8
3
T3
C
2--2_-g!-s 1 l85gsNgS..55jP5,s5S-Sjgg-}5gte
1 1 1 1 1 1 J g 3* 1 1 g- g- 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 11 t I l
PH
cd
5p
SS
43 3
>
ff
t
O 4)
to a
a>
oejo oeocoe.
SSSS
.oeiaevooeiocoeietei^n.
1 1 t 1 1 1 Q* V' 1 1 1 * g* 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1
aiBSjsgn i2;-5S555Srf55i"
t 1
MM,
1 1 1 1 g* g- g- g- g- 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 !
3 Tl
1 1 1 M i 2|S 2 S * * J 1 1 1 1 1 I ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1
3 9 J? s s .".0. *. r 3 s *. n .......*.*. i , , i , i i i i , , i ,
2S|3523j:-g5i i i i t i i i i n
t i n i
i i i
2 S 2 = = 2* 2* 2 2" 8 :* 2* 8 8 8 * 8 3 5 ? 58 8 S S 5S K SS t5 SJ
88 8 28?SSS88|S|8|||S|S8S|g|||||||
87
!Sr-
U fir/M*
(58)
0
88
90
OB
100
105
no
r.
tliM tpaO)
I4S
142
135
'
!
139
122
Designation:
IIS
120
125
130
X-I0,
X-IO.
r, K
TM tPtd)
115
109
102
135
140
145
150
88,6
82.0
72,8
65,3
*r/U tpaO)
95.1
BT/(MTpafl) W/(m.deg).
Air
89
IH
0)
a
m
o
6
3
.p
cfl
0)0
(4
-p
ro
tcv
l
rvj
oo
m
oo
in
l
m
m
on
PO
vo vo
o
H
I
t^
00
r*
r-
rH
OJ
rH
(y,
J3-
VO
N-
I
I
m o
ON
I
r-t
m
t~
r-i
rH
ro
IT
m
CO
hm
rH
I
I
I
oo f* ci
H O t^
m in (n ru
EH
to
w
3
o
(1)
K
0)
O
C
cd
hD
tee
-P
0)
>>
(0
O
<D
-P
3
-O
o
o
r-lOO
ONOriiH
CVJi-iCOri
(0
-p
HONVDVOO\iH\OOOH
OJ
X!
-p
rHHrHrHrHiHrHHHH
G
o
a
Q)
CO
0)
ja
CO
P
H
W
IM
<M
ed
<
rvj fn
3
d) m
r-i
c
o
fi
t.
bO
rH
cd
>
EH
<M
>
0
c
^!
A!
o
U
(1)
m
C
o
T
h
o
O
H 1-3
-P
P
c cd <>-, ^
fn
<d
o
0)
1
H M
.D 0)
cd ^
EH
a
o.
o
3
rH
CO
tt'
>
a)
m
-p
&
to
<H
P.
to
4)
>
H
N
cd
EH
:cd
o
CO
#
u
H
(1)
90
(59)
where T Is in 0K.
The coefficients of equations (59) were determined by the method
of least squares on an electronic digital computer.
Table 30 shows the recommended values for the thermal conductivity
of air at atmospheric pressure, which were calculated from equations
(59) for the temperature region of 200-1000oK. For segments T = 80-200oK and 1000-1200oK the thermal conductivity was determined
graphically.
Figure 30 shows the divergence In percentages for the
data from the tabulated data of thermal conductivity. The
of points of various authors basically does not exceed 2%t
undoubtedly bears witness to the sufficient reliability of
on thermal conductivity of air with p 1 bar.
experimental
scattering
which
the data
91
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1C0
170
180
100
200
210
X-IO.
tir;'(. tpad)
u
jr,
7.5
8.4
9.3
': 220
10,2
11.1
12,0
12.9
13,8
14.7
15,5
16,4
17.2
18,0
18.8
t 230
230
210
260
11 27
280
! 290
300
'i 310
320
330
" 340
: 350
Designation:
I.'
X-IO.
r K
trum p*)
19,6
20.4
21,2
22,1
22.9
33.8
24.6
25.4
26.3
26.9
27.7
28,5
29,2
30,0
x.io*
TIIM
360
30.8
31,5
33.3
33,0
33,8
35.3
36.6
38.0
39,4
40,7
42,0
43,3.
44.5
45,7
1 370
380
I 390
; 400
i 20
440
460
480
500
530
540
560
580
r it
tpai)
*
!
1
\
600
650
700
750
800
850
1
|
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1300
x.io.
MUM
tun
.9
49.7
58,4
54.9
57,3
50.6
63,0
64.3
66.7
69.1
71.6
73.
78.3
ar/Cn-rpafl) =W/(m.deg).
i n i v~~\ i
V-t-V-fr-r
I I
I !
Lf.
.!_!
iOH
TI
92
500
600 p, kg/m3
93
1
50
1C0
150
200
250
J0O
350
400
450
500
M0
ceo
60
700
750
J-tlO
N50
J0
950
10C0
KEY
iOO
3:0
!M
26.2
28.4
31,4
34.9
38.5
42,0
45,5
4S,0
5''. 2
55.3
58,4
61.4
6M
67,4
70.3
73,2
76.0
30.0
31.8
34.1
.'.7
39.5
42.3
45.1
47.8
50.5
53.1
55.5
58.0
6.3
62.7
65.1
67.6
7.0
72.5
71,9
77.4
79.8
33.8
35.4
37.3
39.4
41,8
44,1
46.4
48.6
50.9
53,1
55,2
57.3
rce
8.M
M.7
.2
KM
61 5
63.6
65,6
67.6
69.0
71.6
71.6
75.6
500
37.3
38.7
40.3
42.0
44,0
46,0
48.0
49,9
51,9
53.8
55.8
57.6
50.4
61.2
62.9
64.6
66.2
67,8
69.4
71.0
72.6
40.7 43.9
42,0 45,0
43.3 46.2
44,9 47.6
16.5 49.0
48.3 50.5
50.1 52,2
51.8 53,7
53.5 55.2
55,2 ,56,7
56.8 58,2
56.4 59.7
60,0 61,1
61.6 62.5
63.2 64.0
64.7 65,4
66.2 66.8
67.7 68.2
69.4 69.2
70.5 70.8
71,8 72.0
550
coo
650
46.9
47.9
49.0
50,2
51,5
52.9
54.3
55,7
57,1
58,4
59.8
61,1
62,4
63,7
65.0
66,3
67.6
68,9
69,5
71.3
72,5
49,7 52,4
50,6 53.2
51,6 54,1
52.7 55,2
53,9 56,2
55,1 57,3
56,3 58,4
57.6 59,6
58,9 60,8
60,2 62.0
61,4 63,1
62,6 64.2
63,8 65,3
63,0 66.4
66.2 67,5
67,4 68.6
68.6 69,7
69,7 70,8
70.1 71,9
72,0 73,0
73,2 74.1
700
750
54.9
65.7
S6.5
57,4
58,4
59,4
60.4
61,5
62,6
63.7
64,8
65,9
66.9
67,9
68,9
69,9
70,9
71,9
72.9
73.9
74.9
M0
67,3
58,0
58,8
59,6
60,5
61,4
62.4
63,4
64,4
65,4
66,4
67,4
68,4
69,4
70,4
71,3
78.2
73.1
74,0
74,9
75.8
94
*%
95
96
tH
o
m
i-l
rH
on OO
vo
CO
t^
00
^H
o
oo
ro oc co
1
1
1
ro ITi vo
C\ f\J oc
CM cn rH
OJ
rH
,=j1
CM
O
rH
o
o
O
O
00
o
ro
on
rH
rH
rH
rH
rH
rH
oo
CO
rH
OO
VO
1
MD
O
OJ
o
*r
oo
00
ON
OJ
CO
K3
co
"B^
!
1
CO
1
UX
0)o
o
oo
tr
OJ
I
co
cru
rv
=r
rH
OO
1
3C30
CM
OJ
(-
in t
a> r
rH
cv
m
oo
(-
c1
co
cr\
CM
UD
LO
1
ON
on
on
ro
co
IT
rH
1
co
co
t--:
OJ
CT\
co
co
c^91
OO
I>CM
CCi
c-
f
co
co
oo
m
l
oo
ON
rH
VO
OJ
t
OJ
rH
rr-
ON
oo
in
l
1
=r
H
CO
m
oo
-:r
t>^r
o
J
I-
I
rH
OO
VC'
EH
K
O
<l)
>
c
o
0
Vi
|
cd
fl)
t->
Scd
rH
tO
E
cd
o
o
0)
K
H
rH
>>
t
^-^
E
H
iH
<H
OJ
cd
XS
rH
OJ
P
C
0)
&
rH
^^^,
^"^*"^^^
X
C
o
o
JC_
^*^"
to
p
C
0)
rH
>,
rH
H
T
C
rH
(
H
^'
:<
r-t
CU
0)
C
C
cd
fc
0)
0) O
4) fn tj
P 3 3
(H
1
P *
O
J ^T
-o
B
rH
OJ
H
iH
<M
OJ
P
C
OJ
rH
C
H
X
C
-p
>>
T3
0)
rH
H
Vi
o
>-.
C
O
0)
T3
C
H
rH
3
Tl
CO
11
(i
co
co
i
.=r
ri
rH
rH
in
ii
CO
11
1i
oo
oo
CO
rH
rH
CT\
rt
co
OJ
H
11
C^
rH
rH
v_.
ri
C7\
CM
H
1
rH
OJ
rH
1 i
1l
o
-=r
oo
rH
t_1
OJ
1 1
t-l
Ii
rH
^3rH
1l
11
VO
rH
rH
U iJ
11
in
rH
|__J
~^ "^~'
"~
11 n
VD CM
00 CM
ii ii
""^
11
ri
rH
lJ
OO
OJ
r-H
1
11
(M
^r
11
CO
rH
L_J
L.J
in
""^
0)
x:
4*
0)
et
x:
-p
rH
rH
er.
rH
t-C\J
OS
rH
^r
co
-^
OO
o\ a\
rH
rH
-=r
oo
ON
rH
IT
OO
<T\
rH
-^
rH
rH
rH
in
o
in
min
ON
rH
CTN
rH
ONCTv
rH H
rH CM
^^^"^^^
^^^~
*-
o
a\
o\
a\ it VD MD OD
co VO ^ =T
o\ 0\ ON a\ a\
rH
rH
OO
in
in
in
in
cr\
rH
rH
rH
ON
rH
o\ CT\
^^^"
T
*\
cr>
--r a\
UO IT.
CTN ON
-H rH
^"^^
o
iH
**
OJ
w
X
3
:
i
>
"
x:
JP
b
rt
<
CVJ
0)
rH
E^ 1
p
H
<M
H
H
rH
rH
<i)
.V
u
3
O
bO
0)
O.
3
H
a
o
%* eO
',* a
M
rH
0)
CO
iH
>>
rH
rH
H
3
jr
rH
C
in
p
OJ
%
>
o
>
S)
5-.
c
bO
c u CO
h
o U
rH
o M
#. c
A H
c
>
o
0)
p
p
tl 5
c
M
o
h 3 hO c t<
U x:
0) H
E
O $
o TH
W a > -3
EH
rH
C
*l
^
3
c m 0)
c H rH x:
w
H
M
x:
o
t.
<
97
a
p.
o
p
00
t
4)
g
C
>J
rH
"
;;
bO
w
0)
>l
0)
H
O
c
a>
gb
BH
iH
jS
co
CQ
>
o
ex
o.
H
rH
*rH
fc
co
cd
o
x:
|H
s
e
x:
4.5
o
X
>i**(r!V-.-SW:-^|S
0)
fa
3 fa
to 0)
(0 A
P
J
faM
0)0
B
t
^r
rH
on
1
rH
rH
rH
1.
H
oo
=r
on
I
oo
en
on
t>I-H
H
l
on
in
m
m
^r
l
on
H
on
m
t^
m
H
I
on
h>
c\j
o
* o
. rH
on i-H
l
1
oo o
ON o
fa
o
x:
0)
o
fa
3
O
to
&
T3
0)
rH
P
cd
0)
X
J
0)
0)
*H
ao
fa
fa
rH
H
cd
H
0)
fa
3
-p
cd
rH
pin
c
o
o
oo oo 00
0^
on -=r on C\J
on
I
'
ON
on CM
fn
<U
2
0)
c a
1cd l5
rH
cd
<
fa
c
cd
H
c3
J
fa
0)
>>
rH
H
fe
>>4)
>
OH
X>
a>
13
H
H^
rH
cd
H P
cd cd
THH
sO
<u
SS
o>-
rH
CMHC\JrH0OHi-li-tC7t
OOCMOOrHCM CM0nJ3-VD t
invo VOVOVOVOV>VOVO\DVO
OsOS 0> ON ON 0\ CT\ ON ON '0\ ON
rH H HHr-HrHHHrHHH
O
.C
P
3
fa
.^
*H
<
:cd
O
CO
rH
EH
rH
H
1
ii^riimr>vot~-ooit
on
nJ
on
fa
o
-=r
O
rH
0)
I
fa
0)
P
.-<
J
CM
rH
O
O
O
on
1
CVJ
C\J
f\j
0)
o
o
(U
H
0)
O
cd
>
o
<U
cd
O
fa
0)
b
0)
en
m
rH
0)
0)
.Q
C
a
0)
bD
U
Q)
X)
x:
o
3
cd
a <
* >!
O
bO > ^
ti
o m
3:
fa
^ 0)
fa .*
J=
*H
1
aa
fn
rH
H
C3
fc
98
/
/
10
"I
13
*/
Ttf
'/
/
it
>
2!
-/ *-<
,'t
*- #
*-s
/
i1 M
HV
/ ft
1 IH
VK
200
210
220
230
210
250
260
270
280
220
30
310
320
>..io.
r/lJi .taO)
9.38
10,1
10,7
11,5
12,2
13.0
13.7
14.5
15,2
j!
16,6
17.4
18.3
5
:
IM
Designation:
V (
X-IO*.
HMtpin
T.*K
X-IO.
trUM-wHt
330
340
19,0
9.7
20.4
31 .S
91.9
99.7
93.5
24.3
98.3
39.5
36.6
40.7
50
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1300
1300
1400
44.5
48.1
51,7
65.1
88.5
61.8
65.0
68.9
74.3
80.3
86.9
99.1
m
360
1
t
370
380
390
400
450
SCO
550
600
ar/CMTpafl) W/Cm.deg).
100
"'W^MWM-,,8,,
(60)
mt
5 *
(^
A***
v
y
I
A
1 -;
*^
^
a*
if
us
10
f.yut*
101
I
Ta 1
r, K
J!2(l
2.10
Uli
2'>0
sein
270
2)
2!)0
3U
310
320
330
lu
'.'0
40
10
10.70
177
179
164
180
105
178
163
ISO
181
11.47
12.Wl
163
136
151
137
125
183
107
154
141
12. V.
13,65
14,4!)
15,20
15,05
16,55
ica
15,4
16.3
7,0
18,0
17.40
I7.<
1H.2
17.7
18.4
19.0
18.0
19,0
19.4
20,2
18,05
18,8
19.0
18.03
10,7
20,5
16,1
16,7
138
120
115
21,0
21.4
100
153
139
127
117
104
22.0
23,0
23.4
ISO
118
100
92
20.4
20,8
21.1
21.4
21.9
23,8
25.6
36.4
21,5
22,7
24.2
25.7
70
to
183
184
108
155
169
150
143
131
143
to
185
170
167
144
100
180
171
168
145
no
187
172
169
IM
188
173
160
189
174
161
149
130
101
00
147
134
134
114
103
03
03,8
30,4
67,2
74,4
44.6
64.9
63,6 69,0
27.5 30,2
33,6
37.7
43.8
49,6 60,0
29,6
33.3
35,3
38,7
43,9 47,4
130
119
108
110
98
132
122
111
100
39,1 34.6
37.D 31,4
05
130
iai
123
113
148
135
KM
12S
116
104
126
117
105
05
97
340
10,70
20,4
21.2
22.1
23.2
24,7
36.8
27,4
350
20,4
21.1
21,9
22,7
23.8
25,0
36.1
27,6
29,4
31,4
33.9
36,8
39,6 43,0
360
21,2
21.8
22,6
23.3
24.4
25.4
36.6
28,2 29,6
31.2
33.4
35,6
38,0 40.7
370
21,95
22,6
23,3
24.1
25.0
26,0
27,1
38,3 29,7
31,3
32.0
35,0
37.2 39.3
380
22,75
23,4
24.1
24.8
25.6
25.9
87,6
28,7 30, C
31,4
33,1
34,7
36,6 18.0
390
23,5
24,1
24,8
25,5
20,3
27,2
38.3
39,1
30,3
31,5
33,0
34,6
36.2
37.8
400
24,3
24,8
25,5
26.2
27,0
27,8
28,7
39.7
30,7
31,0
33,2
34.4
36,1
37.2
480
28,3
28,8
29,3
30,0
30,6
31,3
33,0
33,8 .33,6
34,4
35,3
39.3
37,1
38.2
500
32,3
33,0
.(.1,5
34,0
31,5
35,1
35.8
36.4 36,0
37.7
38,3
38.4
39,8
40,6
550
36,6
37,1
37,0
38,0
38,5
39,0
39.6
40,1
40,7
41,2
41.7
42.3
43,1
43,6
coo
or
40.7
I.I
41,5
41,9
42,4
42,8
43.3
43,8 44,3
44,8
45,4
45,9
40,3
46.9
44,5
41,9
45,2
45.6
40,0
46,4
46.8
47,3
47,7
18,2
48,6
49,1
49,5
49,9
700
48.1
48,4
48,H
52,4
50,7
64,1
61,1
51,4
51.7
55,2
65,6
06,1
650
58.5
&N,N
68.7
65,9
59,1
03,1
53,8
50,4
HOU
52,1
65,4
50.3
53.7
57.0
60,1
52,3
51.7
49,8
53,4
51,4
750
49,2
52,7
49,5
000
61.8
05.0
62,0
050
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
68.2
74.3
80.3
86,2
92,1
65.2
6,4
74.6
80.5
h6,4
92,3
56,0
53.0
60,3
59,3
62,5
59,6
62,8
68,6
74,8
80,7
86,6
65,6
68,7
75,0
80,8
80,7
63.8
68,8
92,6
92,0
92,8
55,7
50,1
62,2
65,4
75,2
81,0
86.9
56,6
59,8
63,0
66,0
63.3
66.3
68,9
75,3
09.2
7r,,R
81,2
87,0
81,4
87.2
03.0
92,9
102
57,3 57,0
60,4 00,7
63,6 63,8
66,6 60,9
69,4 69,7
75,8 76,0
81.6
7,4
93,3
81,8
87,6
3,4
54,8
58,0
01,0
64,1
07,2
70,0
76,2
82,0
7,7
93,5
58,2
61,4
64,2
67,4
70,2
76.5
83,2
7,9
93,7
58,6
61,7
64,4
67,8
70,6
76,7
2,4
88,1
93,9
64,9
08,1
70,0
76,9
82,6
88.3
94,1
59,3
62,4
05.3
68.4
71,3
77.3
82,8
88,5
94,4
no
ir
in
200
220
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
230
175
176
177
178
179
180
HO
1C2
163
161
165
166
250
ISO
151
152
153
2C0
iar
138
139
270
127
128
280
118
290
300
310
S30
330
340
350
360
370
380
.V.0
400
198
203
206
208
182
183
189
193
167
168
172
170
154
155
ISO
160
140
142
143
144
130
131
132
133
119
120
121
123
107
109
no
112
99
101
102
91
...
73,5
61.2
62,3
46.7
43.4
41.4
40,4
CO.2
56.7
50,3
40.4
44.0
42.4
70.4
04,5
S4,2
49,6
46.6
44,6
'00
so
too
211
215
218
221
196
200
203
206
200
181
185
189
192
106
200
164
169
173
177
181
183
189
149
134
158
162
166
170
174
178
134
139
144
148
132
156
160
164
168
124
123
129
134
139
143
147
161
155
159
113
114
115
120
125
130
134
138
142
146
ISO
103
105
107
108
114
119
123
128
132
136
139
142
95
97
99
100
106
III
116
120
124
128
132
136
99
107
III
114
118
122
126
130
_
.._
73,4
68,1
57,0
52,6
48,4
46.9
76.2
70.9
60.4
55,6
61,8
49,3
92
350
75.9
63,6 66,6
68,4 60,6
54.4 56,9
61,6 63,6
77,6
72,4
67.6
63.7
76.2
72,4
79.0
74.7
75.6
81.5
78,6
390
39.8
41.6
43,4
45.6
47,4
49,2
61.3
60,1
400
38,6
40,9
42.5
44.2
46,0
48.3
49.5
68.1
65.4 62.9
450
39.4
40,5
41.3
42,5
43,4
45.3
46.2
62,2
72.9
77,7
80,9
85,1
500
41.4
42,2
43,2
44,3
45.1
46.0
46.9
51.3
55,9 60.2
64,5
68.3
71.8
75,1
78,7
550
44.3
45,0
4r.,6
46.4
47,1
47.9
48,6
52.5
56,3
59,7
C3.2
66,6
69.8
72,0
76,6
600
47.4
48,1
48,5
49,2
49.7
50,4
61,1
84.3
57.7
60,7
63,6
66,6
69.4
72.1
74.7
650
50.8
50,'J
51.4
52.0
62,4
53.1
63,8
66.4
59,4 62.1
64,7
67,3
69.8
72,3
73,5
700
53.7
5-1,0
54,8
65,0
55.4
55,8
66,3
58.4
61,4 64.0
66.4
68,7
71,0
73,3
75.4
58,0
00,9
63,9
66,8
69,6
72.4
78,2
83.7
9.4
95,2
58.4
61.2
64.2
67.2
69.9
72.7
78.5
84.0
89,6
95.4
58,8
61,9
64,6
67.6
70,2
73.0
78,8
84,3
89,8
95,6
59,2
62,3
64.9
67.9
70.6
73.3
79.1
64,6
90.1
95,8
61.4
64.0
66.7
69.4
72.0
74,9
80.1
85.7
91,2
96.8
63,8
66,0
68,8
71.2
73,6
76.4
81.2
86.8
92.3
97,9
68.5
70,4
72.6
74.7
77.0
79.3
84.3
68.3
94,3
100
70,6 72.8
72,2 74.2
74.6 76.7
76.6 78.5
78.7 80.4
80.8 82.6
85,8 87.4
90,7 92,0
96,4 96,3
101
102
74,4
76,0
77.b
79.8
81,8
83,8
88,6
03.;
97,4
103
7li.6
77,9
79,5
81,4
83,4
750
00
850
900
0B0
I0U0
1100
1200
1300
14(10
50.7
50.8
62.8
65,8
68.7
71,5
77.4
81.0
88,7
94.6
57.2
60,2
63.2
66,0
69,0
71.9
77,7
8'i,3
88,9
9U
57.6
CO, 5
63.6
66.4
69,3
72.2
78,0
83,5
9.2
95.0
103
60.1
68,2
70,6
72,9
75,3
77.9
83,1
88,1
93.4
99,1
ft"). 5
0.8
94,4
08,3
104
>..|0.
T.'K
mtltm tpad)
T.VK,
Jl-10*.
or/i. i tpad}
218
223
228
233
238
243
179
172
163
156
M9
142
248
253
258
263
268
137
131
125
120
IIS
273
278
283
388
293
109
104
Designation:
^A
S'2
86.2
Bf/CriTpafl) = '//(m-deg).
A:nmonia
The thermal conductivity of ammonia at atmospheric pressure has
been studied In a relatively narrow temperature range (200-770oK).
The most widely Investigated range, as follows from Table 36 and
Fig. 3^, is the Interval 300-600oK. There is good correspondence
between the data of various investigators only in the interval
300-il00oK, where the greatest divergence does not exceed 2.5%.
In oroportlon to the rise in temperature (see Pig. 310 the thermal
conductivity curve stratifies into two branches; on the upper are
the data of Keyes [105], Ziebland and Needham [150], and on the
lower are those of Schfer and Qeler [25], I. P. ^olubev, M. V. Kal'^ina
[117], and Prank [22]. The maximum divergence between the extremes
reaches as high as %% at high temperatures.
The averaging curve in the low temperature region passes through
the data of Eucken [83], and in the temperature Interval of 300-^00oK
through the middle of the entire mass of points, and in the region of
higher temperatures a certain preference was given to the more carefully
101
ic
3
0)
CO
M cd
CO A
in
0)
n C
TH
H
ttJH
ON
1
H
ON
in
t*-
rH
rH
^T
1
rH
CO
CO
m
l
P C
O
C-H
OP
m
r^
00
t~-
VD
rH
OJ
CO
QO
CO
CM
00
in
CO
t^CM
CO
ON
(M
CO
CO
O]
CM
O
C
H
H
CM
i
t~- t>-
in
t- c>t-- yo
A
CM
oo
t>-
ro
CM
o
in
^
CVJ
rH
CO
ON
CM
'
CO
ON
CO
1
m
in
CO
(0
<u
S0)
H
CO
H
0)
H
P
0)
>>
o
c
<U
rH
JH
o
o
S0)
0)
>>
QH
T3
0)
rH
}H
a) co g
SH I-HTH
0)
130)
JO
PC
4)
4*
rH
CO
B
0)
>>
rH
T\
<M
o
o
T3
(U
15
0)
""
4)
2
3
la
11
CO
CO
BO
ii .11
CO CO
o CO
H rH
11
lJ
l_J
CO
H
ON
H
^r
-^
0)
H
rH
rH
CO
H
^^^
3
T)
C
u
o
p
1
CO P rH
CO
-a
c
U
0)
P
E
H 0
&0 to
*H
rH
CO
H
EV
a>
>H
CO
ON
CO
ON
H
ii n
CM ON
CM -=r
1 i ii
R
o
rH
n
in
1I
CM
ii
in VO
in in in
rH
U5
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
H
rH
11
11
rH
rH
in
lJ
o
H
=r
VD
ON
rH
CO
ON
CM in
vovo
'
ON ON
H H
II
kO
VX1
ON
rH
o
c
0
H
*i
CO
M
^
p
Pi
O
.C
>
*>
<
c0)
0)
EH
to
H
X
T*
w a
ao
to
rH
H
(
CO
:<0
t*^{
fH
a>
H
H
to
0)
Pt
cO
<
at
CO
>
m
m
>
* 0)
Pi
0
iH
Q)
C5
cO
0
a)
rH
O
CO
0)
0)
i-H
V>
rH
<D
CO
cd
105
>H
N
CO
.p
to
c0
>
4J
CO
w
8
-i
at
J0
7*
r*
-,-5
-; -*
"-J -7
^
tit
SCO
CO
KD
(SB
106
/
/
>
e
ni
s* ^
IIH
ICO
***
V
Fig. 35. Dependence of the excess thermal conductivity of ammonia on
the density according to the data of: 1 - Zlebland, Needham [150];
2 - Oolubev, Kal'slna [117].
V
;..io
TUM
tpatt
r.'K
7.-10.
,T
i.Mtpad)
iI
T. K
i-10,
340
29,3
350
30.4
400
37.0
450
44.0
500
52,5
550
69,4 .
600
67.0
200
.3
270
21.6
210
16.2
sao
22.6
220
17.0
290
23.6
1
1
i
230
17.8
300
M,7
240
18.6
310
26.0
250
19.6
320
27,2
260
20.6
330
28,2
Designation:
ii
ar/CM-rpafl) * W/(m.deg).
107
1
r, K
300
1 '
10
24.7
SO
474
476 |
457 j
458
435
20.0
30,6
454
320
27.2
31.0
434
330
28.2
31,6
36.01 408
32.2
33,1
34 0
36,1 41 0
36.3 40 5
36.5 40 0
36.7 40 2
310
360
370
29.3
30.4
31.6
32.8
34.0
i 35 2
37.0
40,4
43 5
380
390
400
420
440
460
46 3
4S0 | 49.2
500 j 52.5
530
59.4
UOO
67,0
8 1
30.0
310
330
30
34 7
35.4
37 0
38 4
41,2
44,1
47,3
50,1
54,5
63,3
71 2
SO
npa p. tap
60
41.1 43,3
42.9 44 1
43,3 46 2
48.2 49 0
50.9 51 9
55.4' 562
to
469
470
444
445
448
450
420
423
425
427
398
372
400
375
402
346
318
67.4
348
321
293
404
381
354
325
297
63.4
76 3
70 4
262
830
466
437
440
442
416
417
418
61.2
55.9
XI )
x. 10^,
377
352
328
302
273
110
61 2 { 669 75.1
53,8 57 2 1 61 4 65,2
53.3 1 57 4 60 5 63.0
S6.0 582 60 8 62,5
59.4 00 2 61 1 63.3
68.2 67 1 168.9 '69,7
7-'.9 76 6 77,4 |78.2
KEY:
too
1 488
462
56.91 37 8 1 58 6
64,1 64,9
65.8 67 2 67 4
72.1 73 0 | 73.8; 74 4 75 2
so
| 486
464
397
390 393
367 368
370
45.0 340
343
44,4 31 0
3 3
44.0 30 0 38 0
44.4 300 562
.8 j 49 5 54 3
47.0 49 3 52 4
48.4 49 1 308
49.8 51 6 62.6
53.0 34 1 { 552
37.4 40 8
39.0 42 5
70
108
Table 38 (Cont'd. ).
_JLi) > J0\_ _'/!
r, K
I'O
.00
w
00
ro
300
493
500
310 \ 477
484
463
320
456
npH f. Cap
W.
CO
506
490
513
S20
527
334
496
502
470
477
484
509
491
vo 1 roo
00
1
340
546
515
321
527
533
498
503
509
514
479
461
484
493
498
468
474
480
55.1
330
436
444
432
459
466
473
340
423
447
454
402
430
411
438
330
416
391
419
442
449
455
461
367
379
388
398
427
408
435
360
418
424
431
438
445
370
345
357
370
380
388
398
406
414
422
427
380
320
335
348
359
370
380
388
395
403
410
390
296
314
327
340
352
362
370
377
384
391
400
269
292
307
321
334
344
352
360
368
374
420
244
265
282
295
308
319
328
338
345
183
219
240
258
273
286
298
310
320
133
173
199
220
238
256
273
286
296
440
ICO
84.5
480
76,4
97.3
127
162
182
204
228
252
263
273
500
73,2
94.5
123
1S6
179
203
222
240
202
263
5.50
71.6
85.4
105
128
149
166
186
204
216
228
600
79.0
79.8
82.1
91.2
110
134
151
168
178
187
KEY:
(1) X'lO-,
X-IO.
Ti(M-tpad)
300
470
305
457
X. 10,
.K
X-IO,
r. K
.rliMtpad)
330
403
360
335
335
391
365
325
370
315
r/l tpad)
310
445
340
379
315
435
345
369
375
305
320
424
350
356
380
289
413
355
345
325
Desination:
109
110
1 Year
Literature
source
Temperature,
Method
!
oc
|l913
1931
19^6
1950
1951
1952
1953
1953
1954
1955
1955
I960
1961
1962
1963
[153]
[154]
[105]
[105]
[155]
[156]
[25]
[157]
[68]
Senftleben
1964
[158]
Carmlchael, et al.
Mlslc, Thodos
Sokolova, Golubev
1966
1966
1967
[83]
[151]
[85]
[116]
[152]
[24]
[159]
[160]
[161]
1 Heated filament
\
11
11
"
"
I -182.6-0
2-10
-176-110
23-212
41.1; 56.7
100-500
52.7
109.4
50-30C
-152.7-300
"
"
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
11
11
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
Coaxial Cylinder
(regular regime)
Heated filament
variant
Concentric spheres
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinders
(regular regime)
66
50-150
0-700
98-537
-77-235
1
25-200
4.5-171
1.9- '3.6
-16^-34.5
Eucken
'lann, Dlcklns
Lenolr, et al.
Keyes
Vines, Bennett
Lambert, et al.
Geier, Schfer
Leng, Commlngs
1 1913
1935
i 1953
1954
j 1954
1955
1961
1957
[83]
[151]
Heated filament
[153]
I Coaxial cylinder
[105]
[162]
Coaxial cylinder
| Heated filament
"
[155]
11
[25]
[163]
111
II
I Coaxial cylinder
| -70.^- '
2-10
j 41. - 7.2
51.'- ^9
101-149
1 66
|
0-600
67.8
Year
Literature
source
Carraichael, ct al.
Senft leben
1063
1964
[164]
[158]
Gilmore, Commings
1956
[148]
Temperature,
0
C
Method
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
variant
Coaxial cylinder
4.4-171
25-200
75
3 o
'lann, Dickins
Vines , Bennett
Lambert, et al.
Leng, Commings
f.mith, ct al.
Cheung, et al.
Senfit leben
1931
1954
1955
1957
I960
1962
1964
[151]
[162]
[155]
[163]
[156]
[157]
[158]
Heated filament
ii
it
ii
it
Coaxial cylinder
i
it
it
it
Heated filament
variant
2-10
101-149
66
50-140
50-150
100-537
25-200
Mann, nickins
Smith, et al.
Lambert, et al.
Vilim
Krammer, Commings
lenftleben
1931
I960
1955
I960
I960
1964
[151]
[156]
[155]
[165]
[166]
[158]
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
II
it
Coaxial cylinder
Heated filament
variant
2-10
50-150
66
24
75.3-60
25-200
'loser
Mann, Dickins
Lambert, et al.
Smith, et al.
1913
1931
1955
1960
[167]
[151]
[155]
[156]
112
Heated filament
II
II
II
II
Coaxial cylinder
0-20
2-10
66
50-150
Table 40 (Cont'd.).
Author
Literature
source
Year
Method
Temperature
,
0
C
[167]
[141]
[154]
[162]
[155]
[69]
Heated filament
'loser
Lambert, et al.
aolubev, Naziyev
1913
1950
1961
[167]
[141]
[69]
Heated filament
Zaytseva
Carmichael, Sage
Tarzlminov,
Mashirov
1961
1966
1967
[168]
[169]
[170]
Moser
Lambert, et al.
Vines
Vines, Bennett
Lambert, et al.
Golubev, .'Jaziyev
it
it
it
ii
it
II
II
II
Coaxial cylinder
(regular regime)
Investifnation of n-heptane C^Hnr
II
II
Coaxial cylinder
(regular regime)
Heated filament
Concentric spheres
Heated filament
0-20
66.85
75-110
126-149
66
22-359.^
100
82
23-361
117-249
37.7; 71
95-419
1950
1961
[141]
[69]
Carmichael, Sage
1966
[169]
Heated filament
Coaxial cylinder
(regular regime)
Concentric spheres
82
23-3^0
37.7; 71
1 1967
[171] I
Concentric spheres
104.5-171
[170]
1967
Heaied filament
224-42"
1967
[170] I
113
Heated fila-ent
276-481
Table ^0 (Cont'd.)
Author
Literature
source
Year
Method
Temperature
,
0
C
I 1967
[170]
Heated filament
Investigation of n-octadecane
^rzlmlnov,
Mashlrov
1967
[170]
311-125
C.QH^Q
Heated filament
334-39H
11H
= 0.6-2.2.
115
(61)
mntrnm
116
["
,( .^,L_.
>
rWivy-r-Vi'&
' 1 .
Fig. 37.
Deviation of experimental data on the thermal conductivity
of vapors of the n-alkanes from data calculated according to equation
(61); designations are the same as in Pig. 36.
Figure 38 shows the dependence of A,
on the molecular
T-0.8
weight, from which it is clear that when T = const in proportion to
the increase in the molecular weight the thermal conductivity of
vapors of the n-alkanes Increases and with M > 160 tends toward a
constant value equal to 2.8 x 1C
W/(m'deg) when x = 0.8. We have
used Pig. 36 to describe the interrelationships of the data within
this series. In this case methane is an exception.
..
1"
t
* 70
<
;5
\f\
V
50
ISO
no
117
X2J.
S)
npoham
180
-ICO
140
-120
-100
-80
-60
- 40
- 20
0
20
40
60
80
ICO
too
10.0
12.2
_
_.
_
_
13.8
15.7
18,0
20.6
23,2
25,9
2*. 8
31.7
34.7
37,8
41.0
.3
47.7
no
160
KsO
200
220
210
260
2*0
300
320
300
400
450
500
550
IM
16,6
18,7
20.9
23,2
25.5
27.9
30,4
ai,2
J6.0
28,9
4i,9
45,0
W.2
51,5
54,9
58,4
62.0
G5.5
69.1
72,7
76,3
80,1 I
83,9
89,5
99,2
51.1
54.7
58.4
62.1
C5.9
12.8
15,0
17,3
19,7
22,2
24,7
27,4
30.1
32,9
35.7
38,7
41.7
44,8
48,0
51.2
54.5
57.9
61,3
66,8
76.0
85.7
95.8
106,4
X5)
CytMt
_
_
13,1
15,3
17,6
19,9
22.4
24,9
27.4
30,1
32,8
35,6
38,4
mm
mm
ntiiTaii
^m V
(9)
mm
mm
15,8
18,0
20,3
22.7
25,1
27.6
30.2
33.8
35.5
_
_.
18.3
20.5
22.8
25,1
27.6
30,0
32,5
35.1
37.8
40.5
43.2
46.1
4
?'9
63.4
61.1
69.1
"
mmm
_
.
mm
mm
a^
mm
_
mm
mm
_
_
mm
OS
mm
mm
18.8
20.9
23.2
25.5
27.8
30.2
32.6
35.1
37.7
40.3
43.0
4S.7
49.9
57.2
mm
mm.
mm
mm
21.4
23.6
25.8
28.0
30.4
8
!2'
35,2
S!
40,2
42,8
46,7
63.6
^
"
KEY: (1) W/(mdeg); (2) methane; (3) ethane; C1*) propane; (5) butane;
(6)pentane; (7) hexane; (8) heptane; (9) octane.
>
/
1:
s*
gt
I1
-#
V
*
"I":
g>
b)
118
U9
^.& a
< no
y
A*
__
-'
p*
-7 '
a) 13
"ijt
.
f
b)
119
sc
o-; o-
^ to
200
a)
S.%
0
4
. 19
9
t.'C
'i 6
.-|.V
b)
Designation:
QT/Ci-iTpafl) =W/(m*deg).
^W
^
^ 20
^
0
*4,
200 tfc
a)
o
ee
o
o
b)
m t:c
b)
80
+-/
l"
W20
i^
^r
s.v.
it a)
iv
-I
0
0
b)
121
I'X
.....:
... .
1. - -,:. .
;,, -. v'i ;W
^IT. '\5.
Thermal conductivity of
n-octane a) and divergences of the
experimental values of various
authors from the recommended ones b):
1 - Lambert, et al. [141] j 2 Golubev, Jazlyev [69]; 3 - Carmlchael,
Sage [169].
Designation: BT/Cn-rpafl) =W/(m-deg).
*'1
<>-2 1
w t;c
".J
0
X
0
e
a
b]
f.%
,lr^*r 'irJ'::.'
V
: ..
\a
1
J)w
,1
tx
'
5 1:0
_^LL. ,
......
I
1
'-;.;. -.W -nil -i-io -ui
-WJ
i;<.
a>
fa
to cd
co x>
to
0)
o
o
L\
H
C
C
I
o
rvi
rH
Vl r^
C O C3
O
O r in O
un vc on in
t-t
rH H
r-l
rH
nH
rH
c~-
rH
oo
on
CM
a-
-3"
on
CT
rH
d
ta
to
a
a
3
*>
(M
2o
ID
-P
0)0
>
o
mo
CV'
r-l
H
rH
on
in
in
CM
mom
in in in
rH
at
En
p
c
to
(D
C
CO
JC
^-
.p
c
0)
O
O
e
>5
O
T3
0)
P
-P
CO
0)
i)
0)
to
(0
C
OJ
E
m
H
H
in
u a)
<D E
<D
TJ -H
C bO
^H a;
rH t.
>,
O b
cd
-O
C
cd 3
0)
o
o
0)
0)
EH
EH
CO
0)
CO
cd b
to
THI
d)
cd
^^
cd
cd
u HH
cd s
x:
&
cd
ll
0)
a> u
<t) P fa
+J 3 3
H 60
K 0)
CO h
CO
3
i
(H
0)
^S
rH
-a
c
o
o
(H
0) E
"O H
C bO
VD
aj on in
in in o
in ii
rH on ^in in in
CT\ o\ ON
o on
vo vo
CT ON
t^ oo
ll
vo
oo
o 0\ ri
rH
J cd co
rH
in vo
t^
0)
cd
p
o
in
c^
c,
o
c
o
a
w
to
>
c
CM
ON
ON
ON
ON
rH
to
-p
H
P
on vo vo t*vo vo vo
VD
M
C
fS
0)
o
^:
3
<
!>
to
ar
H O
> >
> O
O
O
JJ
(
o u
o
tti -o
>> o
rH 0)
O EH
P
CO
CO
0)
h o
C
o
c
<D
to
rH
O
O
x:
o
>
O
rH
>
>
>
c
0)
>
a;
JD
3
rH
O
0)
ed
>
o
rH
H^
C"
o
CO
12^
p. /**
Pig. 48. Dependence of the excess thermal conductivity of methane on
the density according to the data of: 1 - Stolyarov, et al. [116];
2 - Lenoir, Coramings [152]; 3 - Lenoir, et al. [153]; 4 - Xeyes [105];
5 - Golubev [68]; 6 - Ikenberry, Rice [108]; 7 - 'lisle, Thodos [160];
8 - Carmlchael, et al. [159]; 9 - Sokolova, Golubev [161]; 10 Borovik, et al. [174].
Designations: BT/(n.rpafl) = W/(nrdeg); KT/M^ = kg/m .
125
s)W*^af**w$a*
126
i)
c
a
c
31
H
3
to
3
O
<b
I8U 12 2
S*s2S8-.^*lSfe
id
r.
OQ>
o t~ leneeeeeieoennes
OH
O
>5
P
H
>
-P
3
C
O
u
assassss^s as*.*o.N.,/'.w.*.,r.ei<N."'o.0e.
ag22 2 22-25gS;SSSSl8goje
SS2S3SSS8SJ8528S
&
p w
CO
(U 0)
U
JC
-P
0 C
CO
M
01 (U
3 ^
H 3
A
p
H
3
j
2 88&S 52 ,
> cd
(D a
= s|9 H=s
2 58558 =
2ESS
o 6
a s 8 f s * 8 5:5!? 8* i n s
C 0)
O) -P
4H
e R 8 s a s ?? s 3 * af a r: a"
O O
(2 o
U
at w
En 0
m f Me4ro(r0inoh-v3to<o^<o<rtn
2 2" 8 S R * 8 F. i $ P. 5! 9 a S K' 8
o oi
8 S 'A E3 ? 8 S 5? 8 S 2 8
.2 8 8CS8R*1tf3t8$t88
T i
127
0)
h
3 U
m cd
=t \D
o vo vo
o
o
J3-
l
H
23
o
n
N o
0)
a
B
(M
on
I
iH
l
H
on
I
^
sr c>
t
o -( oo
LTi VO
t~rH
1
a-
in
0)
>s
CO
r-l
C
-H
rH
l-l
CO
OJ
0)
EH
(u
-p
CO
>
a)
T3
cd
a
>3
C
C
*J
OJ
(U
CO
CO
TH
rH
CO
o
o
,C
cO
E-
on
in
m on JT
o vo vo
oo
=
a o
eo o
-P
4->
a>
ti 0) o
< u u
P 3 3
"H -P O
c0
0)
on -a- f- m vo
IT in in vo vo
CTN
ON
CTN
CTN
ON
>H
-p
-P
to
O
ta
0)
H
"O
P
to
o
u
&
bO CO
3
Ha
o
o
^3"
<D
b3
o
c
eo
"
>
(D
OJ
o
e
rH
(0
TH
128
a.
*.
K
J
1
50
^
* JO
.--^
*.*&
75
225
J75
SOp.*!/*'
Designations:
kg/m:
129
n)
(2
0. Cap
1
25
50
75
100
135
150
200
250
300
150
EY:
x.io
20,6
24.1
23.2
26.2
33.2
25.9
28.6
31.0
44.4
61.
70.
78.5
67.6
94.0
100
105
28.8
31.4
34.7
40,6
50.0
58,6
68.6
79.8
87.0
94,0
99.0
_
89
93
97
103
IC8
112
116
79
84
80
95
IUI
106
III
(1) A-1D3,
100
150
//(m-deg), with t,
in
*A
45,3
47,7
49.4
5I.J
47.3
49,4
52,2
55.1
!?!
64.8
71.0
76,5
81.
JM
55.5
hl
A
0.5
66.1
ZM
7.
I.I
C; (2) T, bar.
JMO*.
#.
27.
80.6
3.7
112.7
750
1000
2000
3000
x.io*
TUM
iptd\
130.
145.
192.8
22a
130
Propane
The thermal conductivity of propane under pressure was studied
In a single work [163],1 in which the thermal conductivity was
determined in the gaseous and liquid states of propane on five
isotherms in the temperature interval of 50-1^0oC and the pressure
interval 1-286 bar.
The experiments embrace the precritical and
supercritical regions. Just as in the experiments with ethane,
the relative method of two-layered coaxial cylinders was employed.
WO
150
250 p,6ap
131
nMMMMHnBMnMHMMi
132
d(
w
e
v
/
-
C 1.-
,>"
,--'
^
703
SJJf, kg/n
,
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
ISO
200
250
300
t. c
DO
100
21.0
22,3
80
82
84
22.2
23.3
25.4
77
79
24,7
25.7
27.5
30,5
27.4
28,3
29.9
31.7
37.2
30,1
31,0
32,2
33,8
36,4
40,5
32.9
33.7
34.9
36.3
38.0
41,3
45.3
86
88
89
90
92
97
102
106
109
68
71
73
75
76
79
86
92
M
100
80
82
83
85
88
93
98
102
106
133
63
66
69
73
80
86
92
J6
61
67
75
82
87
91
_
71
78
83
87
Butane
studying the thermal conductivity of butane under pressure In
the gaseous and liquid states, Krammer and Commings [166] made
measurements on four isotherms: t 75.3 and 105.50C with pressures
from 1 to 1000 bar, t 140.30C - up to 850 bar and t l640C - up
to 500 bar. The experimental data were obtained both in direct
proximity to the saturation curve, and in the supercritical region
(Isotherm of l640C or T - 1.03) by the relative method of coaxial
cylinders. The apparatus was calibrated at atmospheric pressure and
various temperatures with four gases of known thermal conductivity:
helium, nethane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The purity of the
investigated butane was 99.5%- The error of the results of the
experiments according to the authors is 2%. As a result of the
fact that At Hi was measured with an error of 1.0-1.5$, and the
apparatus was calibrated with four substances, the actual error
must be somewhat greater.
The authors of work [166] note that In the liquid phase close
to the saturation curve on isotherms of 75.3 and 105.50C there are
small "humps," similar to those observed for propane [163]. However,
in this case the divergences from the normal pattern were relatively
small (.1-2%), within the limits of accuracy for the experiment and,
in our opinion, their importance should not be exaggerated. More
important is the rise in thermal conductivity in porportion to the
decrease In pressure on the isotherm of l40.3oC. As is known, v/ith
liquids the opposite is usually observed, i.e., the thermal
conductivity increases with the increase in pressure. Moreover this
effect, as a rule, is small - it amounts to approximately 1-3%
at 100 bar.
With careful consideration of the experimental data of [163]
one may note that a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity
with t 1^0.3C occurs in a relatively narrow pressure range for the
experimental points, occurring in direct proximity to the saturation
curve. Thus, with a change in pressure from 38 to 32 bar the
13^
'
O-f
a-t
A-5
V-4
,/
&a
40
U*:
135
S3
see
ISO
S00 f.HI**
-,''
(1)
r. fop
60
19.9
04
04
95
96
98
99
102
105
108
III
IIS
118
1
10
iO
40
GO
to
100
I0
200
JJO
.<00
400
500
GOO
KEY
last
M
22.4
34.0
90
92
94
95
98
101
104
107
112
115
119
X-10. "
(. tpaO).
100
140
160
IM
27.4
28.7
31.7
30.1
31.3
.13.5
C
77
81
84
88
92
95
98
103
108
112
32.8
34.0
0.8
35.6
36.7
38.3
44.6
73
77
8
88
92
95
100
105
109
24.9
26.4
84
"
85
87
89
91
94
98
101
103
108
112
116
t9
82
85
87
90
94
97
100
105
no
114
npu t. C
TT
76
80
86
89
93
96
101
106
no
Pentane
N-pentane refers to a number of less well studied n-alkanes.
There are no works dedicated to the study of thermal conductivity of
the vapors of n-nentane under pressure. The thermal conductivity
of liquid n-pentane has been very poorly studied.
The first experiments were conducted by the heated filament
method in 1911 by Goldschmldt [l8l]; his measurements were relative
ones. The results of Goldschmidt's experiments were corrected by
us to -4.555 in conformance with the more reliable data for toluene
(see below). In 1955 Sakladis and Coates [182], and in I960 Vlllm
[165], determined the thermal conductivity for liquid n-nentane at
room temperature.
136
137
nMMMnn
^-N
bO
OO
0)
o -o
rH
B
o^
oo\
-< >
%
^-s
/-^
OJ
(M
ro
irv
rvi
C\J
C\J
OJ
r-i
rH
OO
rH
^-^
X^O
v-^
VD
f\J
rH
C\J
CM
H
s
c:
o
JB
rl
*> bb
4J 3 3
-i 4-> O
iJ cd n
ii
.300
H
I i
1
o
rvj
ro
H
H
u
<u
S
cd
>>
>.
IH
cd
t
cd
o
^
.p
E-t
fc
x: M
p
rH (U
cd
H
K
cd
a o
I_|
l_i
c
6
8
0)
cd e
rH
OTH
iH
H
O
OH
c cd
T3
0)
H
rH H
ii n ii 11
irv rvj vo in ii
OO CO co V) CT\
rH rH iH rH VO
1I
H tn
0)
m
r-l
u
tt)
o
o
in
cd
0)
X
11
cco
rH
11
3
eo
eo
h
><
a\
cd
x:
f-
l
o
a>
-o
c
>>
0
O
VO
O
C\J
ro i-t ro cvi
.'http
.
cd
o vo oo o
H
H
TD
C
O
O
oc
vc
1
o
c
o
vo
l
X
0)
er
Temperatu
ro
H
=r
ir\
ON
rH
w\
ir\
ON
rH
a\ o
m vo
o\ a\
H rH
rH
VO
(J\
rH
gD.
CO
vo
o>
rH
0)
0)
c
o
IQ
0)
H
T3
CO
X)
r j
>
:r
o
.c
>
3
<
>
0)
r-(
>
o
S
i
H
P.
O
a
o.
H
ro
0)
P
cd
o
(0
3
o
OT
-H
T3
cd
H
CO
>
<D
C
N
>
tu
-
i
j
.p
C
S g
tt,
"
fc
CQ
p
>
o
cd
>
>
N C
e
H
0)
X)
rH
rH
H
o
> ts
T3 1
a? c
E N
cd t,
C ert
^:EH
rc
138
u
0)
aK
w
*
Li
' If
ft
p.
-iU
20
60
139
'"
(iT/.-io.-> /(.
c
0
."O
200
-'fO
100
.J20
M0
0
112
126
120
IN
IM
20,5
22.
. 25.1
'7.5
.)0,0
2.5
.J5.1
J7.I
10.5
43.8
6.1
49,0
51.9
54.9
Y:
(1) x
in
i.d
Ml
100
1^0
110
100
IM)
JOO
>W
JO
l.ij
127
121
116
110
106
101
'7
'.2
7
81
39.3
41.0
.4
45.6
48.3
U.f
54.0
-16.9
Hap
.<
100
to
.<
luu
1.15
120
124
IIH
111
109
117
112
!
Ill
128
121
118
114
109
105
101
99
96
93
91
89
87
86
85
84
83
Ml
116
130
115
lift
12
IW
125
121
117
lit
112
109
I Of,
104
102
101
99
98
_
.
IM
141
I.i9
111
HO
126
122
119
117
115
112
110
108
107
105
104
__
_
154
149
14
11
134
'.19
15
92
7
3
77
69
62.0
58.8
50.3
60.6
63.6
las
121
115
III
|0(i
102
'Mi
M
92
89
86
80
78
77
76
76
Wit1
120
116
III
108
IDS
103
99
97
95
94
92
01
90
80
88
P,
i.r.
no
126
154
122
120
117
IIS
113
112
111
110
."
bar
1^0
, .c
-80
-60
-40
-20
JL-IO.
/. c
0
20
40
156
151
145
140
Designation:
X-IO*.
r/(. tpai)
GO
80
134
129
123
118
113
BT/Cn.rpafl)
- W/(m-deg)
lUl
HMBR^Mf
m
o
H
bO
aj
T3
vo
<M
o
ro
rvj
cvj
r-CNJ
in
ro H
m m
oo
CO
O V
N.
><
2
cd
fco
OJ
0)0
0)
o a
OS
g-
(t)
CT
\D
III
0)
!->
CO 00
r-t CO
P
<b
o
vo
o
CO
CO
o
CM
0\
II
o
eg
o
CM
vo
CO
to
SU
<\>
T3
C
to
IU
0) e
T3
C bO
-p
rH
H fc
O
P
o
(Ti
1
CO
rH
oo
I
JC
I
C
0)
0)
r-l
3
Tl
C
O
O
n)
Cd
rH
rH
cd
x
cd
P
cd
x
o
fc
cd
cd
cd
4-)
CO
K
cd
O'
t)
i-t
cd
o
o
4-)
O
U
a
>
0)
oa oo
a)
0)
p
cd
0)
fc 0)
0) E P
O^l c
c oo a
Zt I
i-l
Cd
vH
X
cd w
rH
3 TJ
bO 0)
Q> P
cd fc
o-^
cd
0)
0)
h a* o
o fc j
P 3 3
-4 P O
iJ cd n
mojiHvoini
c^
CM
OO
ON
00
<J\
ON
iHHrHi-lrHVO
r-t
CO
VO
00
ON
ON
00
CTN
OO
VO
0)
p
0)
ir ir\ h- ON o
ir ir\ u-\ in VO
vo
0)
ON
CT>
ON
ON
ON
rH
VO
o\
ON
vo
vo
c
o
>
o
>
a
hC
H
P
fc
o
%
c
P
3
3
C3
>
to
2:
>i
*
>
>
o
G
fX
to
H
-o
(
H
CO
0)
>
>
M
0)
P
(0
<
rn
to
hfl
U)
H
t.
OQ
^
+J
E
c ^H
o rH
t* H
fe >
0)
O
3
H
O
O
>
o
>
o
0)
r
3
N
T3
to
p
0)
E
H
m a
N ro
0 E
0) c
ac
cd
E-"
0)
>
o
o c3
E
to
cd
li\2
to
0)
a
x
w
I
0
20
to
M
SO
100
120
MO 1
160
ItO
jOO
220
240
260
2S0
320
340
kiO
JO
100
ISO
200
300
400
500
134
129
123
118
113
18,8
20.9
23.2
25.5
27.8
30.2
12.8
35.1
37.7
40.3
43.0
45.7
48.5
51.4
135
130
135
120
115
110
106
101
97
94
90
85
79
42.4
43.9
136
132
127
122
117
112
108
104
139
134
139
134
119
115
111
107
104
101
98
96
93
90
87
85
83
82
81
141
136
131
126
123
117
114
110
107
105
103
100
98
96
94
93
91
90
89
142
138
134
139
134
120
117
113
110
108
106
104
103
100
98
97
96
95
94
146
143
138
134
139
135
123
119
116
114
112
110
109
107
106
104
150
146
142
138
133
129
137
134
121
119
117
116
115
113
112
110
154
ISO
146
148
138
134
131
128
126
124
123
121
120
119
117
II
48.5
50.0
J,3
too
97
94
91
87
83
77
71
65.6
63.2
03.2
1^3
mm
Octane
The thermal conductivity of liquid n-octane at atmospheric
pressure was measured by the Investigators who conducted the measurements with n-.iexane and n-heptane (Table 52). Practically speaking,
the entire temperature range of the liquid state Is encompassed.
Figure 55 shows the existing experimental material for liquid
n-octane with p - 1 bar. In which the data of Smith [iM] were
corrected for end effects. Just as for n-hexane. Prom Pig. 55 *nc
Table 52 (where the values In parentheses were obtained by
extrapolation). It Is clear that the divergences In the results ol
the experiments of various authors reach Bt. Higher than others are
the data of I. P. Golubev and Ya. M. Nazlyev [69].
* -! --/; -:P o w .n v w m py
-40
-20
0
20
/..JO.
W/dn-deg)
/. "C
60
80
100
120
148
MS
137
132
126
W/ln'dag)
121
116
III
106
<"^
*~* ^^
bO
fO
CrH
Q)
TJ
h(VJ
H
tf\J
iH
=r
rH
rH
rH
on
^^ ^
<^
vo
r--
VD
CO
iH
rH
OO
rH
C\J
rH
CM
H
N-
Ow
mv
<
SB
H
C\J
at
tt
Co
4)0
0)
EH
r ^H
1
O
on
I
oo
C\J
CM
rH
1
OO
Cr,
vo
o
(\)
O
VD
CO
1
CM
in
o
O
rH
rH
1
rH
OO
rH
1
t>rH
2to
O
P
00
=r
I
o1
1
<^.
<-N
3
o*
H
rH
Vi
O
>>
P
H
e
H
iH
H
H
"O
ji
<P
>>
(
H
CO
H
4) H
73 bO
9)
0
>
tu
1
0)
b 0) O
4> S P
pad
H -P o
J rt
TO
co
%
rH
%
x: rH
E-t
n 11 ri
^r in fM
00 oo oo
H
I_I
H
i
rH
1I
>.^
rH
a)
o
O CO
rH
rH 3
a) hO
yH
VD
r*
tu
ao
ri
r-i
CM
(Ti
H
1I
r-i
O
P
cd
OO
rH
ll
i i
c
tt)
TO
nt bO o
ii
T)
0)
ri
VO
OO
rH
I1
cr\
>.^
O CO
H
rH 3
a o
o
11
C
H
H
p
CD
H
i
bO
T\
t-
CO
II
CT\
H
I_I
TJ(1)
P
0)
x:
+>
0)
x:
P
b
cd
d)
O
CO
in
in in
a\ o\ o\
rH
a\ H
in VC
cr\ cr
ro
vc
a\
rH
r-H
vo
vo
00
VO
Oi
H
3
O
C
cn
<M
o
>
>
to
>
c
^
o
CO
4)
P
o
o
CNJ
IT
tt)
H
Ei
se
>
o
b0
H
P
>
15
>
0
a
a
TH
H
H
to
fe
co
H
(d
"H
3
3
o
>>
o
>
>
a>
>.
(0
2
0)
4->
c
o
>
H
O
C5
<u C
Utnt
JC
|rH
ST
0)
>
ij C
CO
!>
tt)
>>
to
H
tO
'J
f-
13
CO
N
1
&
tt)
(9
1r >.
o
>
O E
X CO
fr*
m
1*5
u
a'
w
p
C
tt)
^
tt)
A
X
W
MMMMMMMr w*
. c
0
ao
40
CO
80
100
120
140
160
IM)
20
220
240
2C0
280
.J00
320
340
ICO
'
100
WO
300
MO
137
133
120
121
116
Mi
106
21.4
23.6
20.8
28.0
30.4
32,8
35.2
37.7
10.2
42.8
45,4
48.0
138
133
128
123
118
112
107
104
101
!>8
5
91
87
83
73
44.7
45,9
48,2
JO.
139
134
129
124
119
114
110
107
104
101
98
95
92
89
8
79
73
68
65
141
136
131
126
121 .
116
112
109
107
105
103
100
98
96
93
90
88
85
83
143
138
133
128
124
119
115
113
111
109
106
105
103
101
98
96
95
93
91
145
140
135
130
126
121
118
116
114
112
110
109
107
105
103
101
100
08
96
148
144
139
134
130
196
133
121
119
118
116
US
113
113
109
107
151
147
143
138
134
130
137
125
134
133
131
130
119
117
115
113
155
150
146
143
138
134
131
139
139
187
136
135
134
133
131
119
mm
mm
146
'
:'
'
Toluene
Toluene is one of three stubstances reconunended by us as a
sample substances for the liquid phase. The following reasons
are the basis for this recommendation.
The values of the thermal conductivity of toluene are typical
for the majority of organic liquids. Toluene is suitable for
investigation in a comparatively wide temperature range (from -95 to
+110oC) without elevated pressure. Toluene may be comparatively
easily purified of impurities. Working with toluene is suitable,
since it is nontoxic, nonagressive, and the pressure of its saturated
vapors at room te-nperatures is small. Last but not least, the
thermal conductivity of toluene has been well investigated by very
many methods (three varieties of the flat layer method, stationary
and nonstationary methods of coaxial cylinders , the heated filament
method. Its nonstationary variant, and stationary and nonstationary
methods of a spherical layer). It was not by accident that toluene
long ago came Into use as a substance employed in calibrating
Instruments in relative measurements, particularly, in the works of
L. P. Pllippov [193], and P. ri. El'darov [194], Recommendations
for the use of toluene as a sample substance are found In the works
of Riedel [195], V. P. Prontas'yev and M. Ya. Gusakov [186],
and V. Z. Geller [196, 197].
The authors of this handbook compared the results of 24 works
selected in conformance with the criteria set down in the forward
(a detailed summary of the results of measurements of the thermal
conductivity of toluene may be found in the works of V. Z. Geller
[196, 197]). Processing of these data was conducted by two means
without consideration of corrections for heat transfer by radiation
and with the introduction of calculated corrections. The advisability
of examination of the two variants is determined by the considerations
set down in Chapter I, where attention was given to the significant
indeterminacy of the value of the radiation thermal conductivity.
147
on
o
rH
rvi
bO
0)
T3
k
\
s
r-l
^^
^^
*--^
invo^co on oo
H rH H
o o
coco
o o
B1
^N
in
H
0)0
(U
C
t^
m
am
H
CO
H
^^'
m
on
oo
on
rH
rH
o
^r
rH
-^%
m
-^ ^^
VO
'=r
.=r
oo
oo
rH
rH
CO
rH
c-
c
I
o
ff.
1 ,
CO
I
o
OJ
o
oo
1
o
O
P
C
o
oc cc
; i
I
o o
oo on
CO
v.-
O
VT
1
m
cv
I
o
on
<->
*"%
^-N
CO
PTH
H
H
o
o
>>
>
.S
s
P
H
3
-0
(U
E
H 0)
H >
cti
H
H
<HT\
p
CO
lw
(UH
P 0)
rt tn
0) <**
0)
P
-o
^H tf
H rH
fc >>
4) O
>
r-l
H (
H
iH
J
tH
^
P X 0)
c < ,C
s0)
c >.
tj
CO
a o)
c
J Si
> E
(H
CO
a tn
S E
H
o a
fc O CO
>
(U
<D
>
H
^P
rH a)
rH
P
cd
rH
^-^
CP
-I
IT.
rH
1
o
O
CM
H
cd
H
O
CO
rH
O
fH
rH
IT p p
c
1
oo
C OCK O
on
t
1 CO
oc
1
on
on
H
JT
++
^^
^s
c~on
H
t<u
0)
T)
C
>.
H
CO
H
H
CO
O
O
rH
>
h
0)
>>
J
rH
rH
CO
H
P
(0
SO
r-H
fe
o c
c CO
Q)
0)
TH
(H
&
0)
6
THH
C0"VH
CO
1
rt
(0 *^N
HH TJ
H <D p
P J3
P
<&
a
o
cox:
> -H P
K 0)
t COct
co e
o
o ^
u o
Ql-O
O-H
X! C
bO
v-^ P
o.^
Ur-\
eOH
H H
cO U
o o
P a)
0) o
-H
T3
C
H
H
rH
-p
H
rH
>>
4)
r-H +i P "H
H
3 CO
bOP<M >>
(U (0 o o
<u
-o
c
rH
CO
H
so
H?
(0 to
0)
n
H
cr
o
H
ii
oMnrn
on
ON ON CT\
CNJ
vo H rH rH
m l_il IIJ
ft
H
li
i_i
ri
O
O
CNJ
I I
a- mm
on
m
ON ON ON
rH rH rH
ON
rH
11
m
m
rH H
H 03
H
i^N
-a
4J
CO
0) C<H
P
CO
0)
a ^i
c cO
^-x ^>
oo
o
11
rH
^r
t~-
IJ
11
ii
11
=r
m
\o ; OO
m m
co
in
ON
o\
m
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
NO
ON
rH
O
0)
p
CO
0)
n
to
CVJ
11
1J
cp
COP
r-i
VO
CO
rH
n n
H CNJ
O O
CN1 OJ
c3
i~~!n~im
CO
c
CO
9i
c
co o
'ff
(1
a>
JH 0) o
a> u u
P 3 3
-p o
1
OJ
ft
r
in
o
CNl
Xi
p
IM
b
cj
H
H
a\
H
o
=r
ON
O rH H
CN
rH
in
H
ON
rH
oo
^r
VO
NO
ON
H
a\
rH
>
bC
H
P
M
hi
0)
P
10
u
o
x:
tc
+
d
0)
a
H
<
aITv
(D
H
P
a
H
a
(0
-a
H
0
C3
fl
rH
bC
-o
U
J
^>
(1)
0)
H
K
>
a
a.
H
rH
jH
p
iH
r.
o
00
rH
rH
rH
0)
**
CO
r*
P
0)
fu
<u
c
o
rH
rH
ei
.c
h
0)
c
o
su
o
p
w
J
cr:
ft
(l
0
rH
H
rH
rH
(0
x:
o
>
o
rH
3
o
>
0)
>,
>
&
<
c
o
u
>
fl
<D
cO
P
rH
X3
(U
^H
to
>
ft
co
15
r:
(H
148
0)
u
to si
CO
in m
CO
g3
CM
<-> in in
w vo
in ^r en in JJm on H
on
r-l
in
^r
CO
ON
a)o
I*
0)
(M
CM
oo oo
I
I
o in
CM
+
o
o
o o
o o t>- o
o
o
-P
o
or.
0)
p
0)
CO H
o
o
dI
CM
B5
to
O (0
C o
0)
H J3
CM
to
o
+>
in o c
m CM
co
CO
o
x:
H CV
I I I
e!
o
o
0)
rH
-O
(1)
P
(0
0)
CO
H
H
CO
H
O
0)
0)
fc ta o
TH
0)
P
CO
a)
ca
CO
.=r
f* ft) o
)
/H
4 3 3
-( + O
iJ n n
0)
CO
O
CM
r^i
r-i ii
tM vo
CM
in \D
H iT
in in
vo vo
in
vo
vo
vo
t t- t- OO OO
VO VO VO' VO VO
ON ON ON' ON ON
ON
rH
ON
H
ON
rH
ON
rH
H
CM
ON
rH
p
c
bO
43
P
co
<
H
0)
v>
U >
zi-
0) ft)
>
(JJ^H
H >, O
0)
H
tat $s
c o >
HtTl
EH
n
E-)
CQ
sx:
a) a
3
bo
o -o
>
*
>
4J
3 Ij
> * ^^
0)
u 8 >
0)
a
9>
g
8o
Oi
H
>
0)
o
O
rH
CM
>
II
ON
O
CM
P
rH
O
1o
bO
H
U
a. a
ll9
rH
rH
>S
O E
X m
>
CQ
Z*
II
results of the
[181], the data
a more reliable
substance -
vim'
(62)
150
(63)
A' 0.67
Ssi
A. %
A'. %
>69.s
155
150
145
140
135.
132...
130.,
127.,
124.,
122.,
120
I15.5
III..
106
101, r,
97.
92.,
90
83
Designation:
6'.%
i^l
^6
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
o.r
0.7,
0.7,
0.7
O.Si
0,3,
0.3,
0.3;
0.3,
0.3,
0.4,
0.4,
0,6
0.6,
0,74
0.74
1.0
1
3
3
m__
0,4,
0,1,
0,1,,
0,2,
0.2,
0,2,
o.%
0,2?
0,3?
_
_
_
158.1
153,,
l4D.n
M4
139.
134.7
132.;
129,;
127.,
125.,
122.,
120.,
115.1
111.,
IO6.1
101.,
06
02
87,.
82.,
4
S'
0.5
0,7
0.9
1,1
1,4
1,7
1.9
O |
2.'4
2.6
2,9
3.5
4.4
5,3
6.4
7,6
9,0
II
13
75
-Jfe
.41
__
132.,
129,,
I*-.!.
123,,
ILO.,
II7
114.,
113
106
101.,
97
92.
6.,
84.
79
132
I29.s
12?
124.
122
II'.).:.
117
112
107
102
97
92
87
82
77
iT/(M.nafl) W/(m.deg).
151
c
7*
The values
(64)
(65)
m-fi
152
'
153
'
yK
to
o
m
O
rl
T3
ys
LO
oo
aH
O^^
C\J\
ir^
in
^-s
t-
-=
^3-
rH
r-i
^-^
in
in in in
=r
rH
3-
rH
in
in
^-N
in in t- en
sr ^r ^r *
rH
rH
^-S
N*'
in t^ a-
=r
rH
m
rH
^-s
=r
H
CM
in
.H
vo
^
rH
Sv/
S:
1
4)
0)
<L>
N
r~
4
CO
u
0
O
CM
0)
1
O
i
o
O
CM
(M
.. /
t*
ir>
i^
**
ci
1
r-
in o
in
C\J
rH
CM
H
V,
O
o
o
u
0)
>
H
P
3
-a
c
o
o
H
to
H
rH
rH
<H
CO
iH
rH
CO
^H
-P
CO
0)
fki
CO
T3
0)
r-i
1
4)
U 0) p
<u u h
* 3 3
.-1 4J O
0)
CO
rH
in
C^i
iH
r-\
CO
0)
73
>>
3o
JE_
ii
CO
11
in
a>
as
rH
Il
co
C
0)
E
0)
c a
c
g H
TO H
rH
>
T3
0)
P
CO
a 4)
JB._Eii
on
H
CM
1 1
H
CO
H
9o
ri
O
O
CM
i_j
a>
E
c3
co
a>
co
f-
0)
1
i
in o
CM
rH
P
CO
rH
J. E
K
CO
^H
CM
O
VD
rH
1
o
CM
CO
(0
T\
0) JJ
p CO
COP
0) tr
ii
1i
11
^r
rH
VO
CX)
rH
lJ
1l
ON
rH
<u
4J
CO
(D
ri
li
^r
o
t-
CM
O
CM
1
in
o
<H
o
o
H
P
CO
H
-Es.
K
co
c
j
0)
rH
H
0)
<VH
1w
0)
O
O _fcl_
P
CO
(1)
11
c
ri
00
O
CM
li
-3-
ri
ii
rH
rH
vo
ri
ON
O
CM
li
CM
L_l
ON
rH
11
in
in vc
CN
vo rH
VO
VO
ON
r-\
CO
VD
ON
rH
VO
a1
ii
TT
vo
+j
CM
o
Vi. -B.
CO
in
x:
1
O
H
o o
vr oc
I
in o
u
E
u p 0)
0)
CO
o
T3
D.
c -o
c
a> >
c
O :C
c
c H
^H
H
i
H
H
CO
rH
c3
u >> rH t? rH >> u >>
<u O H CO H 0) O
-. c <M
^ rH
H
o
H
CO a Ti
rH
a CO H CO
ai
(H
O
*
O P
rH
CO
rH
H
O
CO
T"y-s
c
**>
in
t-
,
p
O
(M
o IT.
a- C-11
1
in .cn
CM
i
0)
X
1 rH
o in cr\
JT 0\ sr
rH
rH
^T
=r
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
0>i-)
rH
in
in in
rH
in
ON
in
OO
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
in
CO
VD
ON
rH
in
vo vo
=r
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
_cL
o
c
o
H
(0
Ic
H
P
W
>
c
M
>
EH
0)
^!
in
^
3
CO
H
rH
3
CO
^O
0)
rH
>
o
bC
rH
0)
0)
H
H
P
w
CO
w
rH
0)
hO o
f-. (U
CO
>
o:
p
(0
0)
.c
N
fH
(U
^
s
-o
H
o
IT,
>
o
a
D,
H
rH
H
PE,
>
(U
>>
w
CO
o
A
>
O
M
(0
A:
o
o
ti
t-
rH
Id
JT
rH
CO
>
o
P
0)
CO
>>
N
T)
0)
TO
3
S
rH
u
0)
CO
c
0)
>
N
P
H
eu
rH
rH
<U
<u
n
9>
<
3
H
(U
rH
rH
(
r
>
154
155
the start of convection, the author obtained the number 600, which
Is significantly less than that obtained in the majority of experiments carried out by the heated filament method. In this work there
are no data on the employed temperature drops, and it is
unknown whether calibration of the resistance thermometers on the
assembled apparatus was carried out, nor is it clear how the author
took into account the "partial absorption" of radiation in the
liquid. All this taken together forced us to refrain from considering
the data of Reiter.
Table 57. Recommended values of thermal
conductivity of liquid benzene on the
saturation line.
( c
" 10
20
30
40
SO
60
70
80
Jt-lO.
W/(m.deg)
144
146.,
143.
M0,,
137.
134.,
131.,
ISM
I
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
1
x.io*.
1 c
A. %
i
j
1
^(m.deg)
90
100
(125)
(1221
120
(116)
(113)
(110)
U06.)
IM)
no
llflh
130
140
ISO
160
(66)
156
the data of Mosler1 and Vines there are rather large differences :
at t - 80oC they comprise 6.5%, and at l60oC - they fall to 2.5%.
The data of Reiter [214] for saturated vapors of benzene lie
between the results of Mosler and Vines. However, considering the
aforesaid relative to the experiment of Reiter, /e refrained from
using these data.
As the most reliable values let us set forth the averages from
the results of Vines and Mosler:
r.'K
325
350
375
'
r/|. jpai)
x.io.
r.
12.5
150
17,6
400
425
450
Deslgilatlon:
(their
20.2
22.
25.4
BT/(MTpafl)
W/(m'deg)
157
158
on
to
OJ
o r
H
6
o^
in
o
o
on
o
tt)
u
o
rH
CO
P
QJ
P
in
.
t>- U3 ro V
o o o c
cocMCMCt-a-^^r
ooooooo
o
oo
in
o e
oo oo
in
I
in o o o
m t\J C\J CM
OO
vo
o
oo
o
*
o
o
in
in
o
o
^-N
^N
*~N
in
+
o
IS
o in in o o
in vo c vo vo
t\j
nj
CVJ
o o o o o o o
CVJ
rvj
IT
c
e
o
<u
0)
4->
CO
3
3
in
U
(U
o
fn
rH 4)
>>
H 0) P
4HTH
o
CO
H
p
CO
H
fc
s
O
0)
0)
id
H
-H
K
cd
a o
CO
tu
0)
.c
C
4)
0) rH
rt
CO -H
rH +J
H
H
H
>.
+i
cO
H
U C
13
Q>
.p
tO
tt)
0)
^H
C_4
H
T3
CO
-H
^
tO
>
0)
T3
to
U
0)
d;
En
-H
^
tO
>
iO
M
CO
o
o
C\J
td
p CO
T) CO
ttJ rH
P tt)
tO (H
0)'
C\J
C\J
tO
H
P
to
H
rH
c0
H
X
tO
O
c
tt)
tt)
tt)
to
to
tt)
tt)
tu
-a
0)
tu
tO
to
rH
oo
-P
3
73
C
O
O
OO
inov in
c- av cr>
o in in r-i vo
rH
OJ
00
I H
O IO
.=r C
0\r-\
^r -^ ^r VO VO
in in in S in
in
O
C\J
H
CVI
OO
rH
in
m
rH
O
CM
VO
CO
H
0O
rH
CM
rH
H
OJ
CT\
rH
OJ
ao
cr\
VO
in vo VO
cr, o\ CT\
VO
VO
CTi
rH
vo **
incr vo
rH H -^
5-p
0)
rH
rH
CTV
rH
in
<y\
CTv
rH
t7\
H
0^
rH
CTv
rH
0\
rH
CTi
in
Tv
rH
r-l
rH
rH
t-VO
C^
rH
t~-
vo
ON
rH
o
c
o
IS
w
a
bO
P
(0
(U
>
c
fn
in
fl)
c
0)
o
o
Pi
o
oo
in
,%
*
e
x:
o
m
o
H
P
rH
tt)
tt)
rH
rH
> C)
o
a o
a I-t
to
CO
rH
H
rH
tO
x:
rH
>
o
a
a.
H
rH
iH
tt)
N
>
a
tf
!2
to
rH
rH
0)
CO
.C
U
fe
to
fl)
s
fH
c
CO
3r
rH
rH
C) H
J c
p
fn
tO
c
tt)
u
fc >
d)
<M
EH
o
rH
0)
^i
to
0)
>>
<D
C
T3
C
>
u
H
n K & o
159
tO
>
>>
tt)
>
o
1-3
tt) >
fl)
C
tt)
C?
cs
II
>
tt)
>,
-i
t.
fa
*
3
(.0
p
to
to
K
N
P
rH
Oi
mmmmmm
(67)
90
SO
70
BO
-SO
50
i i n .- m. - m AM g
100
ISO
tfl
). 10.
ITHM
traut
113
iSO.
I08.:
106,:.
104..
101.,
99,;
97.!
95,,
93!!
90..
88.
Designation:
V%
ft'. %
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2,2
2,5
2,7
3,1
3,4
3.8
4,2
1,8
1
1
0,4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.9
1
!'
!
]
i
il
i
'M
no
120
130
140
150
160
3 170
' 180
1 190
3 200
BT/CMrpafl)
)..I0.
A. %
', %
86,,
84.,
82..
79.,
77.,
75.,
73,!
71.,
68,.
66,.
64,,
1
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
M
5,3
6,0
6,7
7,3
BTHM-taOt
= J/Cm.deg).
161
M
8.9
2'!
10.7
n
'l
12.
r. 'ic
ritM ipai)
X-IO.
T, *
/(* tpo)
31.10.
r. K
nlin epai)
300
325
350
375
400
6.9
7,7
8.5
9.3
10,1
425
450
475
500
10,9
11,6
13,3
13,0
535
550
575
13,7
14,4
15,1
15,0
Designation:
BT/Cn-rpaa) =W/(m.deg).
(68)
(69)
163
ro
ii
"C
in
o^
r*-
o
vo
-H
rH
ON
VD
H
oo
vo
rH
ir\
L-^
oi
m
vo
VD
r-"
in
rH
aVO
H
1H
ON
VO
rH
^T
VO
rH
in
fr-i
tH
f^N
><
?"
A
o
.c
o
o
29
(d
JH O
0
CO
u:
1
iH
on
B>
e
rH
ed
on
O
4->
^T
(M
4->
in
+
o
t--
OS
1
vr-
O
t^
ir\
r-l
CM
rH
a-
in
in
O
VO
+
o
O
U3
O
t
o
vo
+
a
in
1
in
,^r
1
O
CM
CM
in
i
C
0)
JC
o
**
-0
4->
t)
3
T3
C
O
c
C
>J
o
rH
CO
H
X
CO
0)
P
c3
CO
0)
a)
.c
EH
P 9 a
-J +> 0
J (0 n
CD
ON
h
(0
<D
ON
rH
I
^a-
ON
rH
|*
CM
CM
CM
Ii
O
LO
ON
rH
EH
R
oo
on
1)
g
cO
11
u
>>
0)
o fi
as
-p
H
rH
0)
P
rt
)
P
CO
rH
fc
rH
fNI
(M
oo ir\ oo
CM
oo
rH
CM
00
rH
I1
rH
in
ON
iH
rH
CO
H
||
cd
H
H
H
0
0)
P
CO
0)
tl
it
0) P
P CO
CO P
0)
X
(0
O
O
ao
P
CO
P
CO
rH
fe o fe
1
1
1
1
ii
rH
in
O
CM
in
CM
lP
rH
1 l
rH
LTN
ON
iH
-=r
-srvo ITN vo vo oo
in ON in in in in
ii
'
vo
oo
rH
1I
in
CM
CM
1 1
I O
ONrH
rH
ON
H
ON
^ 0)
a c CO -o
a 0) > c
c %/
H
H
rH
rH
t. >> ^ rH
>
o 0) nH CO O
0)
<H c
>?
& rH (0
o rH
rH
CO
rH
o H CO
o
CM
Ii
LA
ON
H
H
P
0)
r""i
*T
CM
CM
l-J
CO
o;
T3
c
in
^ T"
C ***
rH
O P
c
CO
rH
H
H
-3-
co
oo
ON
rH
ON
rH
ON
in
ON
rH
CM
v.0
ON
H
co
CO
oo
o
CM
1 i
in
vo
o\
rH
ft
G
c0
0)
x:
EH
1 1
rH
rH
CM
11
VO
VO
ON
rH
o
C
O
H
P
a
w
>
O
<H
(->
W
0)
>
r
CO
0)
-P
CO
O
P
<
>
CO
Ji
H
P
^-.
rt
i-H
chD
CO
>
4)
0,
bO
0)
> 03
<U
P
> c
<U
0)
c x:
tn
^3
U
0)
rH
CO
rH
0)
TJ
0
H
c
o
CO
CO
rH
rH
0)
#1
t.
>
4)
H
O
CO
H
Xi
e
o
0)
rH
rH
r->
a
H
rH
H
fe
0)
v H
V 01
^ n fi
c
C
to
161
o
e
3n
3
*
>
<u
>>
to
CO
p
c
o
u
Tr.
H
CO
rH
CO
(0
m
CO
P
(U
t
e0
c
0)
>
3
CD
4H
3
F-
X-IO.
tTKM tpad)
186.
184
182
179.J
177
175
172.
170
Des ig nation:
A, %
i.i
i
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7
0,7
WI0 \t.c
aTHa-ttad)[
194
191
189
186
184
182
180
178
; 20
30
40
80
60
; 70
80
jj
BT/^(n.rpafl)
X-IO*.
r/(. tpad)
168
165.
163.
161
158.
156
154
A, S
0,6
0.6
0,6
0.6
0.7
0,9
1
W10*
TUM
ipai)
176
174
172
170
168
166
164
W/(m.deis).
165
166
t
2
. 1
.,
'5.
LJ
II
f ..' ,7 . t.r\\
80
90
100
110
120
140
160
X.IO.
I/Ul .-pod)
23,5
23,1
23.4
23.S
24.8
27.0
29,5
Designation:
i #c
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
>.-10.
MHM
( c
pad)
32.0
34.7
37.4
40.5
43.4
46.4
49.4
320
340
360
i
1
380
400
30
X10.
r/U pad)
52,6
55.8
89.1
62.4
65,8
69.2
BT/CfiTpaA) =W/(m.deg).
Water
Ordinary Water HgO
The basic experimental works on the study on the thermal
conductivity of water are enumerated in Table Sk. Until 1930 the
thermal conductivity of water had been measured at atmospheric
pressure and temperatures from 2k to 90C. There was only the single
work of Bridgman [230], in which the effect of pressure up to
12,000 atm on the thermal conductivity of water at t 30 and 70C
was studied. A review of all these Investigations was done in the
works of Barratt, Nettleton [236] and Powell [237].
167
r '
sn
tfh
o
o
o
co
o
o
CJ
H
1
r-^
ir
t-i
iH
it
1
H
rH
""""
i-H
rH
1
rH
C-rH
CM
1
rH
o
r
in
rH
1
H
in
O
t^
00
1
t^
""
tih
tt
H
IT.
&
S
a>
on
C^
c- vo
1
CM
I
I
00
CM
o
ro a\
1
CM
t>1
CM
OO
O
OO
1
o
CM
<*
..
O
M
rH
oc
II
CM
1
a-
on
rH
V
p
(t)
s
tt-i
>)
p
H
>
a
o
J3
+>
4J
H
rH
E
cd
<H
rH
H
H
M
HH
H
>H
CO
JH^
H
CO
T\
d)
iH
ti
<U
9o
H
P
O
3
|
a>
0)
t-t 9) o
0) f-i
^
+ 3 3
< +J o
4 a) 09
<M
11
o
on
CM
ii
oo
0)
CO
U
0
>.
H CO
H 0)
0)
x: 0)
s
P
H 0
fc
ii
rH
PO
CM
1i
co
l
rH
CM
C\J
on
>>
c ^
(0
c
<u
-d
c
<P
73
>.
rH H
rH +>
H CO
p
TJ CO
0)
c
o
IS
c
^-^
o 0)
o
TH
rH
>,
h
<U
>,
H
CO
H
CO
H
0)
10)a)
H
H
rH
h
0)
>>
O
(U
H
CO
H
-o
fe
IS 15
4)
K
o
o
11
it
ri
ll
P
CO
""
r-i
CM
rin
cy\co
on o\m
CM
1
HCM
i_i _J
11
ii
H
O
CM
li
t^-
"m
II
ti
in
in
a\
in
in
r
oo
rH
rH
rH
in
on ^r
on on
ri
CM
U-1
CM
ii
J
i
ON
ON
rH
rH
C\J
M3
ON
H
in
m on
CM
ii
^^^^
JB
P
x:
>.
c cd
^s
0) 0)
"""
c
rH
CO
t u <uE
0)
-o
c
in
on
*
to
cd
41
CM
CT\
i-t
CM
on
ON
rH
3ON
H
l -aO If
sr r\
CTi rH
H
in
ON'
in in
ON o.
1 CO
jq-vc
vor>
ONH
H
c
o
H
P
(0
bC
H
P
CO
^>
a
a
o
JC
h
O
o
to
*4
.=r
v*;
(U
r-t
1
(6
4*
3
H
0)
CO
<
c
0)
T3
H
o
to
H
EH
cd
-1
>
tH
+>
f\
rH
d)
T3
>
H
TH
e rH
2 rH
CO
C
g
iH
M
H
i n
hO H
"
P
CO
H
r-
rH
H
(U
3
.C
co
3
J3
O
IN
0)
<H
c
o
rH
rH
CO
rH
0)
o
CD
rt
tL
u
CO
>
O
IX,
f
N
P
rH
E
^S
tDTJ
TJ
F1 0
1 >
168
169
'
0)
c
n
3
n cd
2
OK
o
on
rH
tr
g3
<d
so
in en
in s- oo
ir.
o
in
i
fv.i
1
O
EH
""""
D,
tmmm
i-t
I
o
in nj
ru in
t
rH
Ol
h-
1
o
C\J
O
CO
1 H
in 1
i
rH
t-
rH
vr
r-
in r-l
I
o o
t>- o
m rH
H
1
O
1
o
o
r-
-1
rH
rH
i-1
nj
rH
o c
t- Vf
00 vr
1
I
ON o
on in
H in
o
in
<r
cr
(TN
OJ
1
o
l
o
1
o
rH
rH
AJ
=r
I
o
00
f\j
in
CO
oo
oo
in
on
rH
OO
O
VO
t^
_."'"^"
"^~"'""
o
^n-
CM
C
C
V.
O
O
-3"
10
IT.
o
o
in
W J3
..
r "
m,
~ ""*"""
tO
>
P
m
h
(U
TO
H
H
CO
?H
0)
-P
CC
E
co
3
<M
p
H
>
t^-H
tn
rH -O
cd Qi
(U
p
(
H
-P
rH rH
rt
<
o
>.
3
-C
C
o
o
t, p
0) c
O 0)
C E
rH cd
H p
X cd
cd 0)
O
o
0>
^
0)
+>
"*"" WS^H
0)
0) o
t4
11
H
CM
1I
3 3
cd 9
fl
C\
<u
^4
t
4)
X
rH
H
<M
H
cd
H
3o
cd
(l>
ac
c
8
CO
t-
o
a-
ii
C\J
11
11
CM
in <T> VO vo
m rr, -=r in
CT\ a\ ON ON
H H rH rH
T3
9)
P
cd
(U
11
ri
tC\J
11
in
nj
ii
1 o
o
in ON VO
cr\>-i o\
rH
rH
VO
0\
rH
ii
rH
aC\J
i i
to
o 0)
o -o
c c &
H td
H
H c
rH
> >> o
H
cd
u SC
^^"**
ONVT
rH
H
H
<H
ii
11
1l
>>
<l)
^^m
a\
en m
T3
mm
+J
x:
C
4)
CO
P
I1
CNJ
-r
H
P
cd
cd +i
<H to
H
9o
ON
rH
r;
rH
cd
fc
ri
ll
on
11
CM. on on
vo; vo vo
ON
rH
cd
rH
c
o
ON
H
to
p
tu
c -o
0)
c
E H
co rH
t-, rH >>
H
0)
>. <
CNJ
L_]
-p
o
(U
-P
cd
a)
X
ii
rH
cd
X
cd
0)
E
TO
co
0)
o
o
EH
ii
ii
-=r
^r
in vo
.=r =r
=r
CM
ii
CNJ
1
l
1l
t
CNJ
ii
,
;
oo -=r in CO
vo VD vo vo
c^ ON ON ON
rH
rH
rH
rH
<<,
C
o
H
4J
to
>
r
M
in
vo
"
^
o
^!
EH
p
0
a Ha
bO
FH
^
>
P
0)
rH
CO
>
O
in
r-<
X
H
eat
fat
x:
0)
rH
i:
H
t:cd
h0
cd
>
o
>
0)
cd
E
H
>
rl
a)
C
0)
0
h
U
0)
in
rt
cd
EH
.*
bO
t*
cd
E u ^
H a cd
EH > >
>
0)
C
td
A
Ji
ecd
O
CO
A
cd
hD
t*
cd
>
10
(U
C
H
>
^
0)
0)
O
<
10
>
o
i-l
E
H
N
cd
r-)
to
S)
o
o
H
a)
>,
|
OJ
>
171
>
o
4?
c
E
^H
IS3
^i
H
4->
^
^
H
-P
CO
bO
J-,
cd
>
td
ai
c
H
cd
U
CO
,..
.,
..-.
172
173
wamumm
8 " . 'St.V
(i)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
M0
150
160
170
1*0
(1)
WM.IKOcni
3G9
602
617
630
643
653
662
669
675
680
6S3
685
687
687
686
G84
681
676
(M
ipad)
(2)mpa
17,6
18.2
18.8
19,4
20.1
20.9
21.6
22.3
23.1
23.9
24.8
25.8
26.7
27.8
28,8
30,0
31,3
32.6
34.1
X-io. n*-mto
1
i
1
,
|
|
t.'C
(1)
xiiuKocra
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
671
664
657
648
639
629
617
604
589
573
557
540
522
503
482
460
435
401
338
17^
(2)nap
35.7
37. S
39.4
41,5
43.9
46.5
49.5
52.8
56,6
60.9
66.0
71.9
79,1
87.8
98.9
113
130
150
183
0
10
20
.10
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
HO
l.r)0
1C0
170
160
100
200
210
220
230
240
MO
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
3;:o
340
350
300
370
380
390
400
410
420
4J0
440
4.-)0
400
470
480
490
500
520
540
SCO
WO
G00
C20
C40
CCO
680
700
r/.o
588
C03
C17
630
043
653
662
669
675
24.5
25,2
26.0
26,9
27.7
28.6
2f'.5
30,4
31,3
32,2
33,1
34,1
35,1
36.1
37.1
38,1
30,1
40,1
41,2
43,3
43,3
41.4
45,5
46,7
47,8
49,0
50,1
51,3
52,5
53,6
54.8
56,0
57,3
PM
59,7
61,0
02,2
03,5
64,8
66,0
07,3
69,9
72.5
75,2
77,8
M),5
83,2
85,9
88,7
91,4
94.2
CO
(0
570
589
003
020
633
615
655
664
671
677
682
086
688
080
689
688
685
682
677
672
665
657
40,0
40,3
40,8
<l.4
42,1
42,9
43.8
44,7
45.7
46,7
47.7
48,8
49,9
51,0
52,1
53,2
54.4
55.5
56,7
57,9
59.1
00,3
61.5
02.8
01,0
05.3
06,5
67.8
09.1
71.7
74.3
70.9
79.6
82,3
85,0
87,7
90,4
03,1
05,9
572
500
007
622
635
047
257
065
073
670
684
687
6S9
690
690
69
687
683
679
673
607
659
650
640
629
616
48,9
48,7
48.8
4, I
49,6
1,3
51.0
51,8
52,7
53,7
54,7
55,7
50,7
57,8
58,9
00,1
61.2
02,4
63,6
04.8
00.0
07,2
68,3
09,7
71,0
73,5
70.1
78,7
81.4
84,1
86,7
89,5
92.2
94,9
97.7
574
592
6'M
623
637
648
658
667
674
680
685
688
601
692
692
690
688
685
680
673
668
661
652
643
632
619
606
e590
575
594
610
625
638
650
660
668
676
682
680
690
092
693
693
692
690
086
682
677
670
663
654
643
634
622
609
694
578
660
60.9
64,7
63,3
62.5
62,1
62,1
62,3
62.7
63,3
64,0
04,7
05,6
00,5
07,5
08,5
09.5
70.0
71.7
72,9
71,0
75,2
77,6
80,1
82.7
85,2
87,8
90,5
93,2
95.8
98,5
101
fe.i
fie,8
50,1
55,8
55,9
56,2
50,7
57,3
58,0
58.8
59,7
60,6
61,6
62.6
63,7
64,8
65,9
67,0
08,2
69,4
70.0
71,8
73,0
75,5
78,1
80,6
83,3
85,9
88,6
91,3
94.0
96,7
99,5
S81
599
016
631
644
055
665
674
681
687
691
694
697
698
698
696
604
091
687
682
676
670
662
653
643
632
620
607
593
677
659
539
516
491
462
104
94,8
89,3 .
85,9
83,6
82,2
81,2
80,8
80,6
80,6
81,0
81,5
82,0
82,7
83.8
84,3
80,2
88,2
90,4
92,7
95,1
97,6
100
103
105
108
585
603
620
634
048
659
609
677
684
690
694
698
700
701
701
700
698
695
691
686
681
674
667
658
649
639
628
616
602
687
571
553
532
509
483
454
420
163
129
115
107
102
98,3
95,7
94,1
93,3
92,4
02,1
92.1
92.2
92,0
93,7
05,2
<J6,9
98,8
101
103
105
108
110
113
586
604
620
633
648
660
670
678
085
691
695
698
700
702
701
700
608
696
692
687
681
675
608
660
650
640
630
617
604
690
673
553
535
513
488
458
425
206
147
12C
115
108
103
99,8
97,6
96,0
96,0
94,5
94,2
94,2
04.4
95,3
96,0
98.3
100
102
104
106
109
111
114
NOT REPRODUCIBLE
175
R86
605
621
63C
640
600
670
67')
080
691
000
69'
701
702
702
701
609
696
692
6H8
en
C70
G9
6C1
652
642
631
619
606
692
576
558
538
516
401
403
430
302
170
140
124
114
108
104
101
90,2
97,0
07,0
00,5
00.4
0O.4
97,1
98,2
90,7
101
103
103
108
no
112
IIS
587
606
022
037
650
001
671
679
686
692
696
700
702
703
703
702
700
697
693
668
683
677
670
062
653
643
632
621
608
604
578
561
541
520
495
467
435
385
183
150
134
124
116
109
105
103
101
99.7
99,0
98,7
98,5
98,9
90,8
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
116
210
588
606
623
637
650
602
C72
680
687
693
697
700
702
703
703
702
700
698
694
689
084
678
671
663
654
644
634
622
609
696
580
563
544
523
493
472
440
396
269
165
144
132
123
116
110
106
104
103
102
101
101
101
102
103
104
106
108
110
112
115
117
210
689
607
C23
638
651
602
672
681
688
693
698
701
703
704
704
7
701
698
693
690
685
678
672
664
665
645
635
624
611
697
582
566
647
526
503
476
445
406
322
188
156
141
130
122
116
111
108
106
104
103
103
103
103
104
106
107
109
111
113
116
118
MO
100
(00
592
611
627
642
654
666
676
684
691
696
701
704
706
707
707
700
705
702
698
694
689
683
676
669
660
651
643
631
619
606
592
577
560
641
520
496
468
437
398
333
202
200
177
160
148
139
131
125
120
118
110
113
112
112
113
114
116
117
119
121
134
699
017
C34
648
061
672
682
690
097
702
707
710
712
714
711
713
711
709
706
702
697
691
685
678
670
602
653
613
633
622
609
596
582
566
548
629
501
479
453
4^3
388
.?48
307
271
211
217
606
624
640
654
606
078
087
003
702
70S
713
716
718
720
720
720
718
710
7|3
709
704
099
603
686
679
671
663
C53
613
633
I OS
Ittt
172
103
155
152
I !fl
133
111
1 iO
HO
HI
138
Io3
135
622
610
697
583
568
552
537
514
490
405
439
411
382
3.02
323
297
274
253
230
220
207
180
170
150
153
HO
H7
147
HO
147
148
(1)
fa
3 fa
M cd
^r
c^
oc
M .O
aj
o
O
-^
in
aj
I
r-t
-3(\j
.-1
t
1
r-H
rH
rH
a0
G
p
rH
o o
o o o
vo in in
ry
i
i
I IA h
in -sr o
in
in
ry
I
in
ry
0)
fa
tt)
Oi
>>
r-l
H
>; S
0)
-o
o
in o
rv
i 00
co
I
o o
3-
sc
H
rH
r-l
H
<M
<M
CO
rH
0
H
p
p
(
0)
3
-O
c
o
o
rH
at
0)
fa o o
0) fa fa
.-i -P O
nj r-i on
in in in
rvj in rg
j- in vo i^- in
in in in ^r on
CM oj cv H ry
m vo <r\
u-\ m in
9^ Cv CT\
o (M
VD VO
I
on JT ^j-00.
VO VO VOV0
CTi
CT\ ON
<D
+->
0)
x:
fa
-p
CTN
(JSO^
H
-P
CO
bO
H
-P
<D
>
l-l
rH
0)
fa
o
o
Pr
x:
o
x;
c
o
CO
ai
rH
S-.
3
0 m
** >
fa O n
' 0)
c
o
fa rH CO H .-
V
b
H
OC
0)
St s
l-l
EH
i 6
_i:
rH
crt
a>
far
CO
JD
0)
H
M
>
CO
p
0)
rH
C.
cO
N
#
j:
H
P
CO
hC
>
A
c
c
3
CO
X
c
(H
n
TH
CcO
U)
(^ fa
01
CO
> >
a;
Jx!
Js;
n)
CD
CO
.C
h)
*
a)
I
-o
H CO
0) T)
KO
!>
0)
ij
176
wo m m m t;i
Pig. 61. Dependence of the relationship of the thermal conductivity
of D20 to the thermal conductivity of HpO (XD 0/AH 0) on.the
temperature.
KEY: (1) Gas phase; (2) Liquid phase.
The first investigations of the thermal conductivity of heavy
water in the gas phase were conducted at atmospheric pressure in
the temperature range from 100 to 500oC [256] and at t 108-r?60oC
in work [147]. The results of these works are in complete agreement
177
WXll.O
I. C
WSM
. c
WH*
10
20
30
40
50
GO
70
80
90
100
110
120
0,988
0.975
0.P69
0.961
0.954
0.952
0.947
0,944
0.938
0.033
0.930
0.927
130
140
ISO
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
0.925
0.922
0.919
0.916
0.911
0.906
0.905
0.904
0.900
0.896
0.891
0,887
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
"
0.881
0,878
0,870
0.865
0.863
0.850
0.856
0.851
0,848
0.844
0.852
1. 'C
100
150
200
250
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
4S0
500
1
0.97
0.985
1.000
1,010
1.020
1.024
1.028
1.032
1.036
1.010
1.044
1.047
1,050
1.053
1.055
with f ,
bar
100
IN
_
_
^^
mm
0.997
1,012
1,023
1.026
1,027
1,035
1.037
1,039
1.041
mm
0,998
1,008
1,010
1,016
1,024
1,028
1,030
1.034
0.972
1.002
1,008
1.013
1.019
1,025
1,027
0.981
1,001
1,007
1.014
1.018
1,023
350
mtm
mm
.
mm
0,971
0,994
0,99
1.008
1.016
1.021
The results obtained showed that in the liquid phase the thermal
conductivity of DpO is less than the thermal conductivity of H^O,
wherein the difference increases in proportion to the rise in
temperature. For the gas phase the ratio XD
temperature and pressure.
178
0Au
ls
function
,1f
179
ilbllography
I. T-.v.-mal conducUvilv of Scitcted Material* Wstbinzlon. NBS. P. I. ISCS;
P. 2, 1368.
2. H a y w o o d R. W. cj Eng. Power... 1066. v. 8. p. 20i
3. B a p r a (j) T ii K H. B., B y K a .1 o B ii 'i M. n. Tcn.io>iicprenixa>. 196S, M 12.
4. O it Ji ii n it o a Jl. n, UccrniiK .MFV, cap. Ill, 1860, M 3, CTP. 61.
5. Jatnirson D. T, Tu dhope J. S. Tie Ihornil conductivily of liquid:
a tLrvey to 1?G3. NT.L. Report N 137, Etjt Kilbrida Glatgow; National Englncfring
Laboratory. 1064.
,
6. yopcimr A., rortxjmcp UM. (MCTCJM oCpaSoTKii .icncpiiMCuia.ikiiwx
jamiijx. M., Ulm, 1K53.
7. n p e j D o A ii T e .1 e a A. C. CSnpnnK, nocDiweiiiiuA naMRTH axajL 11.11 Uaapcun. :\.. un-ao AH CCCP. IVS6.
8. B a p r a A T ii K H. C. IIJB. Bcee. Tcnjorcx. iia-Ta, 1951, M 7.
9 V a r c 111 i k N. B. Proc. Joint Conference Tliermodynamic and Tranaport
propcrtic olFluidt. London, 1957. p. 149.
.
10. UcAcpfiepr H. BYTcn.ion^oDOAiiocTk raaoa n WIUKOCTCAJM, 3iieproi'Mar. 1063.
il. Krausiold N. ForKhune Uijicte lueen., 1934, v. 5, N 4, p. 186.
12. Lit I, Sheriff N^Orlgttll V, Haul W. Third InWa Heat
Transfer conference. N 712, 1906.
IT DcpKeiircfiM A. .V '-"WK, I9C6, .\i4.
.
14. Ill it n rape a P. B. (Aitopo; cpar Kam. Alice.,) 1930; cTpyau IfaaiiOuCKoro
TCKCT.i.i!.;!oro imci.irjT.it, 19.o. M 7, ctp. 108.
li. PacropryealO. ./I., rc.i.iopB.3. I1<WK. (<157. T. 8, M I, crp. 16.
IC. Pa crop rye a 10. Jt., Hotiacp A. A. Ten.ioicpmiiica>, IXi. M IS.
17. K o n n a r d. Kinetic Theory of g^sc. N-Y., 1938.
18. .lea n en M. I Tcvii.in Tcn.iM.6Meii pa.poKciiicjx raaoaJM.. IIII.T, 1902.
19. K.i<pK A*;', MaXHCCHii M.r,1iiiia:4iii.'a pca.r.iik;x raioaJM, <Miip>.
1067.
'
^
SO. Cl regory II. S. PhiL Mas.. 1836, v. 32. p. 257.
21. TiiMpor X Jl., Bapra^TMK H. 6. lun. Bere. Tonnorexiiinecxor
MH-ra. 1933. Si 9.
22. Trank E. U. <Z. Elcklrorhrm.. 1951, v. 55, S. 636.
?3 .V n 11 a i I K. L., 01 n n i 8 D. G. ,!. Ri i. NBS, 1957. V. 5*. p. 271.
24. Schottky W. cZ. Elektrochcm.. 1052. v. 56. Nr9, S. 889.
23 Ocier If., Schaler K. L, <A1!|[. Wi'rmotcehnik., 1961. v. 10, St*.
S. 70.
?(,. Ciaii N. C, .Minn I. B. J. Chcm Phyi.., 1900, No 32. p. 1419.
27. Vi net R.. Tran. AS.ME. Nr. C 1900. v. 1. p. 48.
28. S top pa O. W. .Natur. 1949. v. 164. No 4179. p. 966.
20 Ziebland H.. Burton J. Biit J. Apll. Phyt.. 1955, v.6, p. 12:
1938, v. 9. p. 52.
30. DaprailiTMxH. B., 3MMiinaH. X. TBT, 1064. r. 3. M 6. crp. 869.
180
t
-O*
VV
VC>
^O
oJO
^
V
C^
&
W
*
v
V
NOT REPRODUCIBLE
181
t
-O'
>%
V*
^^O
>>?
-.^
>
c^
^J
t?
PTD-'IT-24-133-71
182
NOT REPRODUCIBLE
PTD-MT-2i|-133-71
183
r...?
AM
m
p
i9,Rc5,
B**on
W
- Slrtununn W, Wldmer F, Jobil W. Proif.
Tllc TI0 , n
" < >' "11 nJ Traniiorl Prupurlic. AS.ME N. Y., 1062,
226 IIJIiinno Jl. n. DCCIMIIK Mfy, ttp. $*., I960, M 2, crp. 43,
227 IU y u n a n o o 11. lt. )K3T, 1939, ,. M 7, cVp. 87.
22$ Mc.ikiiiiKODa B. H. Tpyiu MAI!, 19JS, uun. 51, crp. M.'
22?. r-oz O. R. Band J.F.C., M*la A. P. Zt. (. Elcklrochim, 19%
v. 56. No o. S. 569.
230. B r i <1 g m a n P. W. Proc. Amer. Acid. Arli. Scl.>, 1933. v. , p. IM1.
C p K A M M c n n. D/O.ijiiKa lueoxiix aaa.ieiiiiftJOHTII. 1935.
231. Schmidt E-, SclUchopp W. Forschuns Ing. Weis, 1932, Not,
p. 277.
233 TiiMpoT J. ^.. BapraijiTiixH. 6. )KT*. 19, T. IQ, ^ 13, crp. 1061
233. Lawton A. W.. Lowell R., Ja In A. J. Chem. Pbylicf, I9S9.
v. 30, p. 6*3.
234. BaprayTiiK H. B. O.icmyK 0. M. Tcn.iojiicprcuiKa, 1959, .S> 10.
335. Lc Neindre B.. Bury P, Tulcu R.. Johannin P.. Vodar B.'
Labbr^tone riet liauln Prosfions. C.N. R.S. Belicvue 03 Franc. Paper VII
Intcrrulion.il Confi-r.-n cl Stcan. Tokyo, 1966.
R.iLe Ccncrale de Ihormigus. April, 1968.
33, B a r r a 11 T.. N e (11 e I o n II. clhtrrnatlonil Critical Table*, 1929. v. i,
,,
vti-'3?
v
,.tf>
<$
^
FTD--lT-2iJ-133-7i
181
UNCLASSIFIED
iUi
i emaiNATiN SimiTvjmvBBiHH}
UNCLASSIFIED
ISTSle
1. niPOMT TITkl
Translation
I IS TMOMIIt fPBR MMM, UM* MIIMI, IMI MMM)
"~
o
M.
eoNTHACT en
184
RANT NO.
2^
t. KOJCCT NO.
FTD-MT-24-133-
SJ;
rir **'
DD
rORM
I MOV tl
1473
UNCLASSIFIED
Security Clactiricaiion
UNCLASSIFIED
IT
blNH
M*bl
biMN
k
Liquid Helium
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Hydrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Thermal Conductivity
UNCLASSIFIED
Ecwity Oainciiofi
(.INK C
kB