Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sample
Sample
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:1258N7734E
Bangalore
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Bangalore/blr/,officiallyknownasBengaluru[8]([beuu]),isthecapitaloftheIndian
stateofKarnataka.Ithasapopulationofabout8.42millionandametropolitanpopulationofabout
8.52million,makingitthethirdmostpopulouscityandfifthmostpopulousurbanagglomerationin
India.[5]LocatedinsouthernIndiaontheDeccanPlateau,ataheightofover900m(3,000ft)abovesea
level,Bangaloreisknownforitspleasantclimatethroughouttheyear.Itselevationisthehighestamong
themajorlargecitiesofIndia.[9]
Bangalore
Megacity
Bengaluru
AsuccessionofSouthIndiandynasties,theWesternGangas,theCholasandtheHoysalas,ruledthe
presentregionofBangaloreuntilin1537CE,KempGowdafeudalrulerundertheVijayanagara
EmpireestablishedamudfortconsideredtobethefoundationofmodernBangalore.In1638,the
MarthsconqueredandruledBangaloreforalmost50years,afterwhichtheMughalscapturedandsold
thecitytotheMysoreKingdomoftheWadiyardynasty.ItwascapturedbytheBritishaftervictoryin
theFourthAngloMysoreWar(1799),whoreturnedadministrativecontrolofthecitytotheMaharajaof
Mysore.TheoldcitydevelopedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysoreandwasmadecapitalof
thePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedasanominallysovereignentityoftheBritishRaj.In1809,
theBritishshiftedtheircantonmenttoBangalore,outsidetheoldcity,andatowngrewuparoundit,
whichwasgovernedaspartofBritishIndia.FollowingIndia'sindependencein1947,Bangalorebecame
thecapitalofMysoreState,andremainedcapitalwhenthenewIndianstateofKarnatakawasformedin
1956.ThetwourbansettlementsofBangalorecityandcantonmentwhichhaddevelopedas
independententitiesmergedintoasingleurbancentrein1949.TheexistingKannadaname,Bengalru,
wasdeclaredtheofficialnameofthecityin2006.
Bangaloreisknownasthe"SiliconValleyofIndia"(or"ITcapitalofIndia")becauseofitsroleasthe
nation'sleadinginformationtechnology(IT)exporter.[10][11][12]Indiantechnologicalorganizations
ISRO,InfosysandWiproareheadquarteredinthecity.Ademographicallydiversecity,Bangaloreisthe
secondfastestgrowingmajormetropolisinIndia.[13]Itishometomanyeducationalandresearch
institutionsinIndia,suchasIndianInstituteofScience(IISc),IndianInstituteofManagement
(Bangalore)(IIMB),NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology,Bangalore,NationalInstituteofDesign,
Bangalore(NIDR&DCampus),NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU)andNational
InstituteofMentalHealthandNeurosciences(NIMHANS).Numerousstateownedaerospaceand
defenceorganisations,suchasBharatElectronics,HindustanAeronauticsandNationalAerospace
Laboratoriesarelocatedinthecity.ThecityalsohousestheKannadafilmindustry.Asagrowing
metropolitancityinadevelopingcountry,Bangaloreconfrontssubstantialpollutionandotherlogistical
andsocioeconomicproblems.[14][15]Withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)of$83billion,Bangaloreis
rankedfourthinIndiabyoverallGDPcontribution,afteronlyMumbai,DelhiandKolkata.[16]
Clockwisefromtop:UBCity,Infosys,Glasshouse
atLalBagh,VidhanaSoudha,Shivastatue,Bagmane
TechParkii
Nickname(s):SiliconValleyofIndia
GardenCity
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Earlyandmedievalhistory
2.2 Foundationandearlymodernhistory
2.3 Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Civicadministration
5.1 Pollutioncontrol
5.2 Slums
5.3 Wastemanagement
6 Economy
7 Transport
7.1 Air
7.2 Rail
7.3 Road
8 Culture
8.1 Artandliterature
8.2 Theatre,music,anddance
9 Education
10 Media
11 Sports
11.1 Citybasedclubs
12 Seealso
13 References
14 Furtherreading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
Bangalore
LocationinKarnataka
Coordinates:1258N7734E
Country
State
Region
District
India
Karnataka
Bayaluseem
BangaloreUrban
Established
Foundedby
1537
KempegowdaI
1/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
15 Externallinks
Government
Type
Body
Mayor
MayorCouncil
BBMP
Commissioner
GKumarNayak[2]
Thename"Bangalore"representsananglicisedversionoftheKannadalanguagename,"Bengalru"
[beuru].Theearliestreferencetothename"Bengalru"wasfoundinaninthcentury
WesternGangaDynastystoneinscriptionona"vragallu"(
)(literally,"herostone",arockedict
extollingthevirtuesofawarrior).InthisinscriptionfoundinBegur,"Bengalr"isreferredtoasa
placeinwhichabattlewasfoughtin890CE.ItstatesthattheplacewaspartoftheGangaKingdom
until1004andwasknownas"Bengavaluru",the"CityofGuards"inHalegannada(Old
Kannada).[17][18]
Area[3]
Urban
709km2(274sqmi)
Elevation[4]
920m(3,020ft)
Anapocryphalorafabricatedstoryrecountsthatthe12thcenturyHoysalakingVeeraBallalaII,while
onahuntingexpedition,losthiswayintheforest.Tiredandhungry,hecameacrossapooroldwoman
whoservedhimboiledbeans.Thegratefulkingnamedtheplace"bendakaaluru"(literally,"townof
boiledbeans"),whicheventuallyevolvedinto"Bengalru".[17][19][20]SuryanathKamathhasputforward
anexplanationofapossiblefloraloriginofthename,beingderivedfrombenga,theKannadatermfor
Pterocarpusmarsupium(alsoknownastheIndianKinoTree),aspeciesofdryandmoistdeciduous
trees,thatgrewabundantlyintheregion.[21]
Metro[6]
Rank
Etymology
ManjunathReddy[1]
Population(2011)[5]
Megacity
Rank
8,443,675
3rd
8,728,906
5th
Demonym(s)
Bangalorean
Timezone
IST(UTC+5:30)
Pincode(s)
Areacode(s)
Vehicle
registration
Officiallanguage
560xxx
+91(0)80
KA01,02,03,04,05,41,50,
51,52,53,57,58,59,60,61
On11December2005,theGovernmentofKarnatakaannouncedthatithadacceptedaproposalby
Kannada[7]
JnanpithAwardwinnerU.R.AnanthamurthytorenameBangaloretoBengalru.[22]On27September
Website
www.bbmp.gov.in
2006,theBruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(BBMP)passedaresolutiontoimplementtheproposed
(http://www.bbmp.gov.in/)
namechange.[23]ThegovernmentofKarnatakaacceptedtheproposal,anditwasdecidedtoofficially
implementthenamechangefrom1November2006.[24][25]TheUniongovernmenthaveapproved(alongwithother12cities)thisrequestinOctober2014
andBangalorewasrenamedto"Bengaluru"onNovember1,2014.[26][27]
History
Earlyandmedievalhistory
AdiscoveryofStoneAgeartifactsduringthe2001censusofIndiaatJalahalli,SidhapuraandJadigenahalli,allofwhich
arelocatedonBangalore'soutskirtstoday,suggestprobablehumansettlementaround4,000BCE.[28]Around1,000BCE
(IronAge),burialgroundswereestablishedatKoramangalaandChikkajalaontheoutskirtsofBangalore.Coinsofthe
RomanemperorsAugustus,Tiberius,andClaudiusfoundatYeswanthpurandHALindicatethatBangalorewasinvolved
intransoceanictradewithancientcivilisationsin27BCE.[29]
TheBegurNageshwaraTemple
wasbuiltinBangalorearoundc.
860,duringthereignofthe
WesternGangaDynasty.
TheregionofmoderndayBangalorewaspartofseveralsuccessiveSouthIndiankingdoms.Betweenthefourthandthe
tenthcenturies,theBangaloreregionwasruledbytheWesternGangaDynastyofKarnataka,thefirstdynastytosetup
effectivecontrolovertheregion.[30]AccordingtoEdgarThurston[31]thereweretwentyeightkingswhoruledGangavadi
fromthestartoftheChristianeratillitsconquestbytheCholas.Thesekingsbelongedtotwodistinctdynasties:the
earlierlineoftheSolarracewhichhadasuccessionofsevenkingsoftheRattiorRedditribe,andthelaterlineofthe
Gangarace.TheWesternGangasruledtheregioninitiallyasasovereignpower(350550),andlaterasfeudatoriesof
theChalukyasofBadami,followedbytheRashtrakutastillthetenthcentury.[21]TheBegurNageshwaraTemplewas
commissionedaround860,duringthereignoftheWesternGangaKingEregangaNitimargaIandextendedbyhis
successorNitimargaII.[32][33]Around1004,duringthereignofRajaRajaCholaI,theCholasdefeatedtheWestern
GangasunderthecommandofthecrownprinceRajendraCholaI,andcapturedBangalore.[32][34]Duringthisperiod,the
Bangaloreregionwitnessedthemigrationofmanygroupswarriors,administrators,traders,artisans,pastorals,
cultivators,andreligiouspersonnelfromTamilNaduandotherKannadaspeakingregions.[30]TheChokkanathaswamy
templeatDomlur,theAigandapuracomplexnearHesaraghatta,MukthiNatheshwaraTempleatBinnamangala,
CholeshwaraTempleatBegur,SomeshwaraTempleatMadiwala,datefromtheCholaera.[32]
In1117,theHoysalakingVishnuvardhanadefeatedtheCholasintheBattleofTalakadinsouthKarnataka,andextended
itsruleovertheregion.[32]VishnuvardhanaexpelledtheCholasfromallpartsofMysorestate.[35]Bytheendofthe13th
century,Bangalorebecameasourceofcontentionbetweentwowarringcousins,theHoysalarulerVeeraBallalaIIIof
SomeshwaraTempledatesfrom
theCholaera
HalebiduandRamanatha,whoadministeredfromtheHoysalaheldterritoryinTamilNadu.[32]VeeraBallalaIIIhad
appointedacivicheadatHudi(nowwithinBangaloreMunicipalCorporationlimits),thuspromotingthevillagetothe
statusofatown.AfterVeeraBallalaIII'sdeathin1343,thenextempiretoruletheregionwastheVijayanagaraEmpire,
whichitselfsawtheriseoffourdynasties,theSangamas(13361485),theSaluvas(14851491),theTuluvas(14911565),andtheAravidu(1565
1646).[36]DuringthereignoftheVijayanagaraEmpire,AchyutaDevaRayaoftheTuluvaDynastyraisedtheShivasamudraDamacrosstheArkavatiriverat
Hesaraghatta,whosereservoiristhepresentcity'ssupplyofregularpipedwater.[37]
Foundationandearlymodernhistory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
2/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ModernBangalorehaditsbeginningin1537byavassaloftheVijayanagaraEmpire,KempeGowdaI,whoalignedwith
theVijayanagaraempiretocampaignagainstGangarajawhohedefeatedandexpelledtoKanchi,andwhobuiltamud
brickfortforthepeopleatthesitethatwouldbecomethecentralpartofmodernBangalore.KempeGowdawasrestricted
byrulesplacedbyAchutaDevaRayawhofearedthepotentialpowerofKempeGowdaanddidnotallowfora
formidablestonefort.KempeGowdareferredtothenewtownashis"gandubhmi"or"LandofHeroes".[20]Withinthe
fort,thetownwasdividedintosmallerdivisionseachcalleda"pete"(IPA:[pete]).Thetownhadtwomainstreets
ChikkapetStreet,whichraneastwest,andDoddapetStreet,whichrannorthsouth.Theirintersectionformedthe
DoddapetSquaretheheartofBangalore.KempeGowdaI'ssuccessor,KempeGowdaII,builtfourtowersthatmarked
Bangalore'sboundary.DuringtheVijayanagararule,manysaintsandpoetsreferredtoBangaloreas"Devaryanagara"
and"Kalynapura"or"Kalynapuri"("AuspiciousCity").[39]
AfterthefalloftheVijayanagaraEmpirein1565intheBattleofTalikota,Bangalore'srulechangedhandsseveraltimes.
KempeGowdadeclaredindependence,thenin1638,alargeAdilShahiBijapurarmyledbyRanadullaKhanand
accompaniedbyhissecondincommandShhjiBhnsldefeatedKempeGowdaIII,[39]andBangalorewasgivento
Shhjiasajagir(feudalestate).In1687,theMughalgeneralKasimKhan,underordersfromAurangzeb,defeatedEkoji
I,sonofShhji,andsoldBangaloretoChikkadevarajaWodeyar(16731704),thethenruleroftheKingdomofMysore
forthreelakhrupees.[40]AfterthedeathofKrishnarajaWodeyarIIin1759,HyderAli,CommanderinChiefofthe
MysoreArmy,proclaimedhimselfthedefactoruleroftheKingdomofMysore.HyderAliiscreditedwithbuildingthe
DelhiandMysoregatesatthenorthernandsouthernendsofthecityin1760.[41]ThekingdomlaterpassedtoHyderAli's
sonTipuSultan.HyderandTipucontributedtowardsthebeautificationofthecitybybuildingLalBaghBotanical
Gardensin1760.Underthem,Bangaloredevelopedintoacommercialandmilitarycentreofstrategicimportance.[39]
BangaloreFortin1860showing
fortificationsandbarracks.The
fortwasoriginallybuiltby
KempeGowdaIasamudfortin
1537.
BangalorePalace,builtin1887in
Tudorarchitecturalstylewas
TheBangalorefortwascapturedbytheBritisharmiesunderLordCornwallison21March1791duringtheThirdAnglo
[42]
modelledontheWindsorCastlein
MysoreWarandformedacentreforBritishresistanceagainstTipuSultan. FollowingTipu'sdeathintheFourth
England. [38]
AngloMysoreWar(1799),theBritishreturnedadministrativecontroloftheBangalore"pt"totheMaharajaofMysore
andwasincorporatedintothePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedasanominallysovereignentityoftheBritishRaj.
Theoldcity("pt")developedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysore.TheResidencyofMysoreStatewasfirst
establishedinMysoreCityin1799andlatershiftedtoBangalorein1804.Itwasabolishedin1843onlytoberevivedin1881atBangaloreandtobeclosed
downpermanentlyin1947,withIndianindependence.[43]TheBritishfoundBangaloretobeapleasantandappropriateplacetostationtheirgarrisonand
thereforemovedtheircantonmenttoBangalorefromSeringapatamin1809nearHalsur,about6kilometres(4mi)northeastoftheCity.Atowngrewup
aroundthecantonment,byabsorbingseveralvillagesinthearea.Thenewcentrehaditsownmunicipalandadministrativeapparatus,thoughtechnicallyit
wasaBritishenclavewithintheterritoryoftheWodeyarKingsofthePrincelyStateofMysore.[44]Twoimportantdevelopmentswhichcontributedtothe
rapidgrowthofthecity,includetheintroductionoftelegraphconnectionstoallmajorIndiancitiesin1853andarailconnectiontoMadras,in1864.[45]
Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory
Inthe19thcentury,Bangaloreessentiallybecameatwincity,withthe"pt",whoseresidentswerepredominantly
KannadigasandthecantonmentcreatedbytheBritish.[46]Throughoutthe19thcentury,theCantonmentgradually
expandedandacquiredadistinctculturalandpoliticalsalienceasitwasgoverneddirectlybytheBritishandwasknown
astheCivilandMilitaryStationofBangalore.WhileitremainedintheprincelyterritoryofMysore,Cantonmenthada
largemilitarypresenceandacosmopolitancivilianpopulationthatcamefromoutsidetheprincelystateofMysore,
includingBritishandAngloIndiansarmyofficers.
AviewofBangalorePeteduring
the1890s
AviewofBangaloreCantonment
(c.1895)
Bangalorewashitbyaplagueepidemicin1898thatclaimednearly3,500lives.Thecrisiscausedbytheoutbreak
catalysedthecity'ssanitationprocess.Telephonelineswerelaidtohelpcoordinateantiplagueoperations.Regulationsfor
buildingnewhouseswithpropersanitationfacilitiescameintoeffect.Ahealthofficerwasappointedandthecitydivided
intofourwardsforbettercoordination.VictoriaHospitalwasinauguratedin1900byLordCurzon,thethenGovernor
GeneralofBritishIndia.[47]NewextensionsinMalleswaramandBasavanagudiweredevelopedinthenorthandsouthof
thept.[48]In1903,motorvehiclescametobeintroducedinBangalore.[49]In1906,Bangalorebecameoneofthefirst
citiesinIndiatohaveelectricityfromhydropower,poweredbythehydroelectricplantsituatedinShivanasamudra.[50]
TheIndianInstituteofSciencewasestablishedin1909,whichsubsequentlyplayedamajorroleindevelopingthecityas
ascienceresearchhub.[51]In1912,theBangaloretorpedo,adefensiveexplosiveweaponwidelyusedinWorldWarIand
WorldWarII,wasdevisedinBangalorebyBritisharmyofficerCaptainMcClintockoftheMadrasSappersand
Miners.[52]
Bangalore'sreputationasthe"GardenCityofIndia"beganin1927withtheSilverJubileecelebrationsoftheruleof
KrishnarajaWodeyarIV.Severalprojectssuchastheconstructionofparks,publicbuildingsandhospitalswereinstituted
toimprovethecity.[53]BangaloreplayedanimportantroleduringtheIndianindependencemovement.MahatmaGandhi
visitedthecityin1927and1934andaddressedpublicmeetingshere.[29]In1926,thelabourunrestinBinnyMillsdueto
TheBangaloretorpedowas
demandbytextileworkersforpaymentofbonusresultedinlathichargingandpolicefiring,resultinginthedeathoffour
inventedinBangalorein1922.
workers,andseveralinjuries.[54]InJuly1928,therewerenotablecommunaldisturbancesinBangalore,whenaGanesh
idolwasremovedfromaschoolcompoundintheSultanpetareaofBangalore.[55]In1940,thefirstflightbetween
BangaloreandBombaytookoff,whichplacedthecityonIndia'surbanmap.[51]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
3/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
AfterIndia'sindependenceinAugust1947,BangaloreremainedinthenewlycarvedMysoreStateofwhichtheMaharajaofMysorewastheRajapramukh
(appointedgovernor).[56]The"CityImprovementTrust"wasformedin1945,andin1949,the"City"andthe"Cantonment"mergedtoformtheBangalore
CityCorporation.TheGovernmentofKarnatakalaterconstitutedtheBangaloreDevelopmentAuthorityin1976tocoordinatetheactivitiesofthesetwo
bodies.[57]PublicsectoremploymentandeducationprovidedopportunitiesforKannadigasfromtherestofthestatetomigratetothecity.Bangalore
experiencedrapidgrowthinthedecades194151and197181,whichsawthearrivalofmanyimmigrantsfromnorthernKarnataka.By1961,Bangalorehad
becomethesixthlargestcityinIndia,withapopulationof1,207,000.[39]Inthedecadesthatfollowed,Bangalore'smanufacturingbasecontinuedtoexpand
withtheestablishmentofprivatecompaniessuchasMICO(MotorIndustriesCompany),whichsetupitsmanufacturingplantinthecity.
Bythe1980s,itwasclearthaturbanizationhadspilledoverthecurrentboundaries,andin1986,theBangaloreMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority,
wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentoftheentireregionasasingleunit.[57]On8February1981,amajorfirebrokeoutatVenusCircusin
Bangalore,wheremorethan92liveswerelost,themajorityofthembeingchildren.[58]Bangaloreexperiencedagrowthinitsrealestatemarketinthe1980s
and1990s,spurredbycapitalinvestorsfromotherpartsofthecountrywhoconvertedBangalore'slargeplotsandcolonialbungalowsintomultistoried
apartments.[59]In1985,TexasInstrumentsbecamethefirstmultinationalcorporationtosetupbaseinBangalore.Otherinformationtechnologycompanies
followedsuitandbytheendofthe20thcentury,BangalorehadestablisheditselfastheSiliconValleyofIndia.[39]Today,BangaloreisIndia'sthirdmost
populouscity.Duringthe21stcentury,Bangalorehassufferedterroristattacksin2008,2010,and2013.
Geography
BangaloreliesinthesoutheastoftheSouthIndianstateofKarnataka.ItisintheheartoftheMysorePlateau(aregion
ofthelargerPrecambrianDeccanPlateau)atanaverageelevationof900m(2,953ft).[60]:8Itislocatedat
12.97N77.56Eandcoversanareaof741km2(286sqmi).[61]ThemajorityofthecityofBangaloreliesinthe
BangaloreUrbandistrictofKarnatakaandthesurroundingruralareasareapartoftheBangaloreRuraldistrict.The
GovernmentofKarnatakahascarvedoutthenewdistrictofRamanagarafromtheoldBangaloreRuraldistrict.
ThetopologyofBangaloreisgenerallyflat,thoughthewesternpartsofthecityarehilly.Thehighestpointis
VidyaranyapuraDoddabettahalli,whichis962metres(3,156feet)andissituatedtothenorthwestofthecity.[62]No
majorriversrunthroughthecity,althoughtheArkavathiandSouthPennarcrosspathsattheNandiHills,60
TheHesaraghattaLakeinBangalore
kilometres(37miles)tothenorth.RiverVrishabhavathi,aminortributaryoftheArkavathi,ariseswithinthecityat
Basavanagudiandflowsthroughthecity.TheriversArkavathiandVrishabhavathitogethercarrymuchofBangalore's
sewage.Aseweragesystem,constructedin1922,covers215km2(83sqmi)ofthecityandconnectswithfivesewagetreatmentcentreslocatedinthe
peripheryofBangalore.[63]
Inthe16thcentury,KempeGowdaIconstructedmanylakestomeetthetown'swaterrequirements.TheKempambudhiKere,sinceoverrunbymodern
development,wasprominentamongthoselakes.Intheearlierhalfof20thcentury,theNandiHillswaterworkswascommissionedbySirMirzaIsmail(Diwan
ofMysore,192641CE)toprovideawatersupplytothecity.Currently,theriverKaveriprovidesaround80%ofthetotalwatersupplytothecitywiththe
remaining20%beingobtainedfromtheThippagondanahalliandHesaraghattareservoirsoftheArkavathiriver.[64]Bangalorereceives800millionlitres(211
millionUSgallons)ofwateraday,morethananyotherIndiancity.[65]However,Bangaloresometimesdoesfacewatershortages,especiallyduringsummer
moresointheyearsoflowrainfall.ArandomsamplingstudyoftheAirQualityIndex(AQI)oftwentystationswithinthecityindicatedscoresthatranged
from76to314,suggestingheavytosevereairpollutionaroundareasoftrafficconcentration.[66]
Bangalorehasahandfuloffreshwaterlakesandwatertanks,thelargestofwhichareMadivalatank,Hebballake,Ulsoorlake,YediyurLakeandSankey
Tank.Groundwateroccursinsiltytosandylayersofthealluvialsediments.ThePeninsularGneissicComplex(PGC)isthemostdominantrockunitinthe
areaandincludesgranites,gneissesandmigmatites,whilethesoilsofBangaloreconsistofredlateriteandred,fineloamytoclayeysoils.[66]
Vegetationinthecityisprimarilyintheformoflargedeciduouscanopyandminoritycoconuttrees.ThoughBangalorehasbeenclassifiedasapartofthe
seismiczoneII(astablezone),ithasexperiencedquakesofmagnitudeashighas4.5.[67]
Climate
Bangalorehasatropicalsavannaclimate(KppenclimateclassificationAw)withdistinctwetanddryseasons.Duetoitshighelevation,Bangaloreusually
enjoysamoremoderateclimatethroughouttheyear,althoughoccasionalheatwavescanmakesummersomewhatuncomfortable.[68]Thecoolestmonthis
Decemberwithanaveragelowtemperatureof15.4C(59.7F)andthehottestmonthisAprilwithanaveragehightemperatureof35C(95F).[69]The
highesttemperatureeverrecordedinBangaloreis38.9C(102F)(recordedinMarch1931).Thelowesteverrecordedis7.8C(46F)inJanuary
1884.[70][71]Wintertemperaturesrarelydropbelow14C(57F),andsummertemperaturesseldomexceed36C(97F).Bangalorereceivesrainfallfrom
boththenortheastandthesouthwestmonsoonsandthewettestmonthsareSeptember,OctoberandAugust,inthatorder.[69]Thesummerheatismoderatedby
fairlyfrequentthunderstorms,whichoccasionallycausepoweroutagesandlocalflooding.Theheaviestrainfallrecordedina24hourperiodis179
millimetres(7in)recordedon1October1997.[72]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
4/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ClimatedataforBangalore
Month
Jan
Feb
May
Jun
Jul
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
RecordhighC(F)
32.8
(91)
35.9
(96.6)
37.3
38.3
(99.1) (100.9)
38.9
(102)
38.1
(100.6)
33.3
(91.9)
33.3 33.3
(91.9) (91.9)
32.4
(90.3)
31.7
(89.1)
31.1
(88)
38.9
(102)
AveragehighC(F)
27.6
(81.7)
30.2
(86.4)
33.2
(91.8)
35.4
(95.7)
33.8
(92.8)
29.4
(84.9)
28.1
(82.6)
27.5 28.3
(81.5) (82.9)
28.0
(82.4)
27.0
(80.6)
26.2
(79.2)
29.4
(84.9)
AveragelowC(F)
15.3
(59.5)
17.2
(63)
19.6
(67.3)
21.8
(71.2)
21.5
(70.7)
20.2
(68.4)
19.8
(67.6)
19.6 19.7
(67.3) (67.5)
19.4
(66.9)
17.7
(63.9)
16.0
(60.8)
19.0
(66.2)
RecordlowC(F)
7.8
(46)
9.4
(48.9)
11.1
(52)
14.4
(57.9)
16.7
(62.1)
16.7
(62.1)
16.1
(61)
14.4
(57.9)
13.2
(55.8)
9.6
(49.3)
8.9
(48)
7.8
(46)
1.8
7.9
7
(0.071) (0.311) (0.28)
40
(1.57)
110.2
89.1
108.9 142.5 241 154.5
54.1
17.5
(4.339) (3.508) (4.287) (5.61) (9.49) (6.083) (2.13) (0.689)
Averagerainfallmm(inches)
Mar
Apr
Aug
Sep
15.0
(59)
974.5
(38.368)
Averagerainydays
0.2
0.5
0.8
6.9
7.4
10
10.3
7.9
3.9
1.6
Averagerelativehumidity(%)
60
52
45
51
60
72
76
79
76
73
70
68
58.5
65.2
Meanmonthlysunshinehours
262.3
247.6
271.4
257.0
241.1
136.8
111.8
114.3
143.6
173.1
190.2
211.7
2,360.9
Source#1:IndianMeteorologicalDepartment[73][74]
Source#2:NOAA(humidityandsun:19711990) [75]
Demographics
Withanestimatedpopulationof8.5millionin2011,[78]BangaloreisthefifthmostpopulouscityinIndiaandthe18th
mostpopulouscityintheworld.[79]BangalorewasthefastestgrowingIndianmetropolisafterNewDelhibetween
1991and2001,withagrowthrateof38%duringthedecade.ResidentsofBangalorearereferredtoas"Bangaloreans"
inEnglishandBengaloorinavaruinKannada.Thecosmopolitannatureofthecityhasresultedinthemigrationof
peoplefromotherstatestoBangalore.[80]
Accordingtothe2001censusofIndia,79.4%ofBangalore'spopulationisHindu,roughlythesameasthenational
St.FrancisXavierCathedralisthe
average.[81]Muslimscomprise13.4%ofthepopulation.ChristiansandJainsaccountfor5.8%and1.1%ofthe
motherchurchoftheRomanCatholic
population,respectively,doublethatoftheirnationalaverages.Thecityhasaliteracyrateof89%.[82]Roughly10%of
ArchdioceseofBangalore
Bangalore'spopulationlivesinslums.[83]arelativelylowproportionwhencomparedtoothercitiesinthedeveloping
worldsuchasMumbai(50%)andNairobi(60%).[84]The2008NationalCrimeRecordsBureaustatisticsindicatethat
PopulationGrowth
Bangaloreaccountsfor8.5%ofthetotalcrimesreportedfrom35majorcitiesinIndiawhichisacascadingincreaseinthecrime
Census
Pop.
%
[85]
ratewhencomparedtothenumberofcrimesfifteenyearsago.
1941
406,760
Bangaloresuffersfromthesamemajorurbanisationproblemsseeninmanyfastgrowingcitiesindevelopingcountries:rapidly
escalatingsocialinequality,massdisplacementanddispossession,proliferationofslumsettlements,andepidemicpublichealth
crisisduetoseverewatershortageandsewageproblemsinpoorandworkingclassneighbourhoods.[86]
1951
778,977
91.5%
1961
1,207,000 54.9%
1971
1,654,000 37.0%
ThelanguagethatismainlyspokeninBangaloreisitsnativelanguageKannada.OtherlanguagessuchasIndianEnglish,Tamil,
Telugu,MalayalamandHindi/UrduarealsospokeninafewplacesmostlybythemigrantsfromnorthernIndia.[87]TheKannada
languagespokeninBangaloreisaformofKannadacalledas'OldMysuruKannada'whichisalsousedinmostofthesouthernpart
ofKarnatakastate.Avernaculardialectofthis,knownasBangaloreKannadaisspokenamongtheyouthinBangaloreandthe
adjoiningMysoreregions.[88]English,(asanIndiandialect),isextensivelyspokenandistheprincipallanguageoftheprofessional
andbusinessclass.[89]
1981
2,922,000 76.7%
1991
4,130,000 41.3%
2001
5,101,000 23.5%
2011
8,425,970 65.2%
ThemajorcommunitiesofBangalorewhosharealonghistoryinthecityotherthantheKannadigasarethe
Telugus,theTamiliansandtheMalayaleeswhomigratedtoBangaloreinsearchofabetter
livelihood.[90][91][92]Alreadyinthe16thcentury,BangalorehadspeakersofTamilandTelugu,besidesthose
whospokeKannadatocarryoutlowprofilejobs.[93]TeluguspeakingpeopleinitiallycametoBangaloreon
invitationbytheMysoreroyalty(afewofthemhavelineagedatingbacktoKrishnadevaraya.[94]
Source:CensusofIndia[76][77]
ReligioninBangalore
Percent
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Jainism
Others
79.4%
13.4%
5.8%
1.1%
1%
OthercommunitiesincludetheTuluvasandtheKonkanisofcoastalKarnataka,theKodavasoftheKodagu
Distributionofreligions
IncludesSikism(<0.1%),Buddhists(<0.1%).
districtofKarnataka,aswellasMaharashtrians,Punjabis,Rajasthanis,Gujaratis,Sindhis,andBengalis.[90]
BangaloreoncehadalargeAngloIndianpopulation,thesecondlargestafterCalcutta.Today,thereare
around10,000AngloIndiansinBangalore.[95]ChristiansformasizeablesectionofBangaloreansociety,with
migrantTamilChristiansformingthemajorityoftheChristianpopulation,whileKannadaCatholics,MangaloreanCatholics,SyroMalabarNasranisand
othersformtherestofthepopulation.[96][97]Muslimsformaverydiversepopulation,consistingofDakhiniandUrduspeakingMuslims,KutchiMemons,
Labbay,andMappilas.[98]
Civicadministration
TheBruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(BBMP,GreaterBangaloreMunicipalCorporation)isinchargeof
thecivicadministrationofthecity.Itwasformedin2007bymerging100wardsoftheerstwhileBangalore
MahanagaraPalike,withsevenneighbouringCityMunicipalCouncils,oneTownMunicipalCounciland110
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
BangaloreCityImportantofficials
MunicipalCommissioner: GKumarNayak
5/15
4/22/2016
TheKarnatakaHighCourtisthe
supremejudicialbodyin
Karnatakaandislocatedin
Bangalore.
TheVikasaSoudha,situated
adjacenttotheVidhanaSoudha,
housesmanystateministries.
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
villagesaroundBangalore.Thenumberofwardsincreasedto198in
IAS[2]
2009.[101][102]TheBBMPisrunbyacitycouncilcomposedof250
ChiefCommissionerof
KKSatyanarayana
members,including198corporatorsrepresentingeachofthewardsofthe
IncomeTax:
IRS[99]
cityand52otherelectedrepresentatives,consistingofmembersof
Mayor:
Mrs.
Parliamentandthestatelegislature.Electionstothecouncilareheldonce
everyfiveyears,withresultsbeingdecidedbypopularvote.Members
S.Shantakumari[100]
contestingelectionstothecouncilusuallyrepresentoneormoreofthe
PoliceCommissioner:
M.N.ReddiIPS
state'spoliticalparties.Amayoranddeputymayorarealsoelectedfrom
amongtheelectedmembersofthecouncil.[103]ElectionstotheBBMPwereheldon28March2010,afteragapofthree
andahalfyearssincetheexpiryofthepreviouselectedbody'sterm,andtheBharatiyaJanataPartywasvotedinto
powerthefirsttimeithadeverwonacivicpollinthecity.[104]
Bangalore'srapidgrowthhascreatedseveralproblemsrelatingtotrafficcongestionandinfrastructuralobsolescencethat
theBangaloreMahanagaraPalikehasfoundchallengingtoaddress.Theunplannednatureofgrowthinthecityresultedin
massivetrafficgridlocksthatthemunicipalityattemptedtoeasebyconstructingaflyoversystemandbyimposingone
waytrafficsystems.Someoftheflyoversandonewaysmitigatedthetrafficsituationmoderatelybutwereunableto
adequatelyaddressthedisproportionategrowthofcitytraffic.[105]A2003BattelleEnvironmentalEvaluationSystem
(BEES)evaluationofBangalore'sphysical,biologicalandsocioeconomicparametersindicatedthatBangalore'swater
qualityandterrestrialandaquaticecosystemswereclosetoideal,whilethecity'ssocioeconomicparameters(traffic,
qualityoflife)airequalityandnoisepollutionscoredpoorly.[106]TheBBMPworksinconjunctionwiththeBangalore
DevelopmentAuthority(BDA)andtheAgendaforBangalore'sInfrastructureandDevelopmentTaskForce(ABIDe)to
designandimplementcivicandinfrastructuralprojects.[107]
TheBangaloreCityPolice(BCP)hassixgeographiczones,includestheTrafficPolice,theCityArmedReserve,the
CentralCrimeBranchandtheCityCrimeRecordBureauandruns86policestations,includingtwoallwomenpolice
stations.[108]AscapitalofthestateofKarnataka,Bangalorehousesimportantstategovernmentfacilitiessuchasthe
KarnatakaHighCourt,theVidhanaSoudha(thehomeoftheKarnatakastatelegislature)andRajBhavan(theresidence
oftheGovernorofKarnataka).BangalorecontributesfourmemberstothelowerhouseoftheIndianParliament,theLok
Sabha,fromitsfourconstituencies:BangaloreRural,BangaloreCentral,BangaloreNorth,andBangaloreSouth,[109]and
28memberstotheKarnatakaLegislativeAssembly.[110]
ElectricityinBangaloreisregulatedthroughtheBangaloreElectricitySupplyCompany(BESCOM),[111]whilewater
supplyandsanitationfacilitiesareprovidedbytheBangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard(BWSSB).[112]
Atypicaltrafficspeedinterceptor
usedbytheBangaloreCity
TrafficPolice
ThecityhasofficesoftheConsulateGeneralofGermany,[113]France,[114]Japan[115]Israel,[116]BritishDeputyHigh
Commission,[117]alongwithhonoraryconsulatesofIreland,[118]Finland,[119]Switzerland,[120]Maldives,[121]Mongolia,
SriLankaandPeru.[122]ItalsohasatradeofficeofCanada[123]andavirtualConsulateoftheUnitedStates.[124]
Pollutioncontrol
Bangaloregeneratesabout3,000tonnesofsolidwasteperday,ofwhichabout1,139tonnesarecollectedandsenttocompostingunitssuchastheKarnataka
CompostingDevelopmentCorporation.Theremainingsolidwastecollectedbythemunicipalityisdumpedinopenspacesoronroadsidesoutsidethecity.[125]
In2008,Bangaloreproducedaround2,500metrictonnesofsolidwaste,andincreasedto5000metrictonnesin2012,whichistransportedfromcollection
unitslocatednearHesaraghattaLake,tothegarbagedumpingsites.[126]Thecitysufferssignificantlywithdustpollution,hazardouswastedisposal,and
disorganized,unscientificwasteretrievals.[127]TheIThub,WhitefieldregionisthemostpollutedareainBangalore.[128]
Slums
Accordingtoa2012reportsubmittedtotheWorldBankbyKarnatakaSlumClearanceBoard,Bangalorehas862slumsfromtotalofaround2000slumsin
Karnataka.Thefamilieslivingintheslumarenotreadytomoveintothetemporaryshelters.[129][130]42%ofthehouseholdsmigratedfromdifferentpartsof
IndialikeChennai,HyderabadandmostofNorthIndia,and43%ofthehouseholdshadremainedintheslumsforover10years.TheKarnatakaMunicipality,
workstoshift300familiesannuallytonewlyconstructedbuildings.[131]Onethirdoftheseslumclearanceprojectslackbasicserviceconnections,60%of
slumdwellerslackcompletewatersupplylinesandshareBWSSBwatersupply.[129][132]
Wastemanagement
n2012Bangaloregenerated2.1milliontonnesofMunicipalSolidWaste(195.4kg/cap/yr).[133]ThewastemanagementscenariointhestateofKarnatakais
regulatedbytheKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB)undertheaegisoftheCentralPollutionControlBoard(CPCB)whichisaCentral
Governmententity.AspartoftheirWasteManagementGuidelinestheGovernmentofKarnatakathroughtheKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard
(KSPCB)hasauthorizedafewwellestablishedcompaniestomanagethebiomedicalwasteandhazardouswasteinthestateofKarnataka.
Economy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
6/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
BangalorecityskylineshowingUBCitytotheleftandRichmondTownareatotheright
Bangalore's523billion(US$7.8billion)economy(200607NetDistrictIncome)makesitoneofthemajor
economiccentresinIndia,[134]withthevalueofcity'sexportstotaling432billion(US$6.4billion)in2004
05.[135]Withaneconomicgrowthof10.3%,Bangaloreisthesecondfastestgrowingmajormetropolisin
India,[136]andisalsothecountry'sfourthlargestfastmovingconsumergoods(FMCG)market.[137]Forbes
considersBangaloreoneof"TheNextDecade'sFastestGrowingCities".[138]Withapercapitaincomeof74709
(US$1,100)in200607,[134]thecityisthethirdlargesthubforhighnetworthindividualsandishometoover
10,000dollarmillionairesandabout60,000superrichpeoplewhohaveaninvestmentsurplusof45million
(US$668,700)and5million(US$74,300)respectively.[139]
TheheadquartersofseveralpublicsectorundertakingssuchasBharatElectronicsLimited(BEL),Hindustan
AeronauticsLimited(HAL),NationalAerospaceLaboratories(NAL),BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited(BHEL),
BharatEarthMoversLimited(BEML),CentralManufacturingTechnologyInstitute(CMTI)andHMT(formerly
HindustanMachineTools)arelocatedinBangalore.InJune1972theIndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)
wasestablishedundertheDepartmentofSpaceandheadquarteredinthecity.Bangalorealsohousesseveral
researchanddevelopmentcentersformanyfirmssuchasABB,Airbus,Bosch,Boeing,GE,GM,Google,
Microsoft,MercedesBenz,Nokia,Oracle,Philips,Shell,ToyotaandTyco.
BangaloreiscalledastheSiliconValleyofIndiabecauseofthelargenumberofinformationtechnology
companieslocatedinthecitywhichcontributed33%ofIndia's1442billion(US$21billion)ITexportsin2006
07.[140]Bangalore'sITindustryisdividedintothreemainclustersSoftwareTechnologyParksofIndia(STPI)
InternationalTechPark,Bangalore(ITPB)andElectronicsCity.UBCity,theheadquartersoftheUnited
BreweriesGroup,isahighendcommercialzone.[141]InfosysandWipro,India'sthirdandfourthlargestsoftware
companiesareheadquarteredinBangalore,asaremanyoftheglobalSEICMMLevel5Companies.
Aerospace:HAL:IJTprototypeinits
hangar.
Wonderlawaterpark,Bangalore
ThegrowthofIThaspresentedthecitywithuniquechallenges.Ideologicalclashessometimesoccurbetweenthe
city'sITmoguls,whodemandanimprovementinthecity'sinfrastructure,andthestategovernment,whose
electoralbaseisprimarilythepeopleinruralKarnataka.[142]Theencouragementofhightechindustryin
Bangalore,forexample,hasnotfavouredlocalemploymentdevelopment,buthasinsteadincreasedlandvalues
andforcedoutsmallenterprise.[143]Thestatehasalsoresistedthemassiveinvestmentsrequiredtoreversethe
rapiddeclineincitytransportwhichhasalreadybeguntodrivenewandexpandingbusinessestoothercentres
acrossIndia.BangaloreisahubforbiotechnologyrelatedindustryinIndiaandintheyear2005,around47%of
the265biotechnologycompaniesinIndiawerelocatedhereincludingBiocon,India'slargestbiotechnology
company.[144][145]
Transport
Air
IT:TheheadquartersofInfosys,India's
secondlargestITcompany,islocatedin
Bangalore
BangaloreisservedbyKempegowdaInternationalAirport(IATA:BLR,ICAO:VOBL),locatedatDevanahalli,about
40kilometres(25miles)fromthecitycentre.ItwasformerlycalledBengaluruInternationalAirport.Theairport
startedoperationsfrom24May2008andisaprivateairportmanagedbyaconsortiumledbytheGVKGroup.The
citywasearlierservedbytheHALAirportatVimanapura,aresidentiallocalityintheeasternpartofthe
city.[146][147][148]TheairportisthirdbusiestinIndiaafterDelhiandMumbaiintermsofpassengertrafficandthe
numberofairtrafficmovements(ATMs).[149]TaxisandairconditionedVolvobusesoperatedbyBMTCconnectthe
airportwiththecity.
Rail
ThenewKempegowdaInternational
AirportislocatedinDevanahalli.
ArapidtransitsystemcalledtheNammaMetroisbuilt.A7kilometre(4mi)stretchfromBayappanahallitoMGRoad
wasopenedtopublicon20October2011,whileanother10kilometres(6miles)stretchfromMalleswaramtoPeenya
wasopenedon1March2014.[150][151]Oncecompleted,thiswillencompassa42.3km(26.3mi)elevatedandundergroundrailnetworkcomprising41
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
7/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
stations.ItisexpectedtoconnectcentrallocationsinBangaloretotheairportnearDevanahalliaswellasthe
Chikballapurregions.[152][153]Thismuchdelayedprojectisthecity'sprimaryresponsetotheworseningcitytransport
infrastructurewhichhasbecomeamajordeterrenttocontinuedbusinessgrowth.
BangaloreisadivisionalheadquartersintheSouthWesternRailwayzoneoftheIndianRailways.Therearefourmajor
railwaystationsinthecity:BangaloreCityjunction,BangaloreCantonmentrailwaystation,Yeshwantapurjunction
andKrishnarajapuramrailwaystation,withrailwaylinestowardsJolarpettaiintheeast,Chikballapurinthenortheast,
Guntakalinthenorth,Tumkurinthenorthwest,Nelamangalainthewest,MysoreinthesouthwestandSaleminthe
south.
AschematicmapofBangalore.
TheRailWheelFactoryisAsia'ssecondlargestmanufacturerofwheelandaxleforrailwaysandisheadquarteredinYelahanka,Bangalore.[154]
Road
BusesoperatedbyBangaloreMetropolitanTransportCorporation(BMTC)areanimportantandreliablemeansof
publictransportavailableinthecity.[156]Whilecommuterscanbuyticketsonboardingthesebuses,BMTCalso
providesanoptionofabuspasstofrequentusers.[156]BMTCrunsairconditionedluxurybusesonmajorroutes,and
alsooperatesshuttleservicesfromvariouspartsofthecitytoKempegowdaInternationalAirport.[157]TheKarnataka
StateRoadTransportCorporationoperates6,918buseson6,352schedules,connectingBangalorewithotherpartsof
Karnatakaaswellasotherneighbouringstates.ThemainbusdepotsthatKSRTCmaintainsaretheKempegowdaBus
Station,locallyknownas"Majesticbusstand",wheremostoftheoutstationbusesplyfrom.SomeoftheKSRTC
busestoTamilNadu,TelanganaandAndhraPradeshplyfromShantinagarBusStation,SatelliteBusStationatMysore
roadandBaiyappanahallisatellitebusstation.[158]BMTCandKSRTCwerethefirstoperatorsinIndiatointroduce
VolvocitybusesandintracitycoachesinIndia.
Threewheeled,yellowandblackoryellowandgreenautorickshaws,referredtoasautos,areapopularformof
transport.Theyaremeteredandcanaccommodateuptothreepassengers.Taxis,commonlycalledCityTaxis,are
usuallyavailabletoo,buttheyareonlyavailableoncallorbyonlinebasedservices.Taxisaremeteredandare
generallymoreexpensivethanautorickshaws.[159]
BMTC'sVolvobusesareapopular
modeofcommutingwithin
Bangalore. [155]
Therearecurrently1,250vehiclesbeingregistereddailyonanaverageinBangaloreRTOs.Thetotalnumberof
vehiclesasondateare44lakhvehicles,witharoadlengthof11,000kilometres(6,835miles).[160]
Culture
TrafficinBangaloreduringpeak
Bangaloreisknownasthe"GardenCityofIndia"becauseofitsgentleclimate,broadstreets,greeneryandthe
hour
presenceofmanypublicparks,suchasLalBaghandCubbonPark.[161]Bangaloreissometimescalledasthe"Pub
CapitalofIndia"andthe"Rock/MetalCapitalofIndia"becauseofitsundergroundmusicsceneanditisoneofthepremierplacestoholdinternationalrock
concerts.[162]InMay2012,LonelyPlanetrankedBangalore3rdamongtheworld'stop10citiestovisit.[163]
BangaloreisalsohometomanyveganfriendlyrestaurantsandveganactivismgroupsdueitwhichithasbeennamedasIndia'smostveganfriendlycityby
PETAIndia.[164][165]
BiannualflowershowsareheldattheLalBaghGardensduringtheweekofRepublicDay(26January)andIndependenceDay(15August).Bangalore
Karagaor"KaragaShaktyotsava"isoneofthemostimportantandoldestfestivalsofBangalorededicatedtotheHinduGoddessDraupadi.Itiscelebrated
annuallybytheThigalacommunity,overaperiodofninedaysinthemonthofMarchorApril.TheSomeshwaraCarfestivalisanannualprocessionofthe
idoloftheHalasuruSomeshwaraTemple(Ulsoor)ledbytheVokkaligas,afarmingcommunityinsouthernKarnataka,occurringinApril.Karnataka
Rajyotsavaiswidelycelebratedon1Novemberandisapublicholidayinthecity,tomarktheformationofKarnatakastateon1November1956.Other
popularfestivalsinBangaloreareUgadi,RamNavami,EidulFitr,GaneshChaturthi,St.Mary'sfeast,Dasara,DeepawaliandChristmas.[166][167]
ThediversityofcuisineisreflectiveofthesocialandeconomicdiversityofBangalore.[168]Bangalorehasawideandvariedmixofrestauranttypesand
cuisinesandBangaloreansdeemeatingoutasanintrinsicpartoftheirculture.Roadsidevendors,teastalls,andSouthIndian,NorthIndian,Chineseand
Westernfastfoodareallverypopularinthecity.[169]Udupirestaurantsareverypopularandservepredominantlyvegetarian,regionalcuisine.[170]
Artandliterature
Bangaloredidnothaveaneffectivecontemporaryartrepresentation,ascomparedtoDelhiandMumbai,untilrecentlyduringthe1990s,severalartgalleries
sprangup,notablebeingthegovernmentestablishedNationalGalleryofModernArt.[171]Bangalore'sinternationalartfestival,ArtBangalore,wasestablished
in2010,andisSouthIndia'sonlyartfestival.[172]
KannadaliteratureappearstohaveflourishedinBangaloreevenbeforeKempeGowdalaidthefoundationsofthecity.Duringthe18thand19thcenturies,
KannadaliteraturewasenrichedbytheVachanas(aformofrhythmicwriting)composedbytheheadsoftheVeerashaivaMathas(monastery)inBangalore.
Asacosmopolitancity,BangalorehasalsoencouragedthegrowthofTelugu,Urdu,andEnglishliteratures.TheheadquartersoftheKannadaSahityaParishat,
anonprofitorganisationthatpromotestheKannadalanguage,islocatedinBangalore.[173]Thecityhasitsownliteraryfestival,knownasthe"Bangalore
LiteratureFestival",whichwasinauguratedin2012.[174]
Theatre,music,anddance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
8/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
BangaloreishometotheKannadafilmindustry,whichchurnsoutabout80Kannadamovieseachyear.[175]Bangalore
alsohasaveryactiveandvibranttheatreculturewithpopulartheatresbeingRavindraKalakshetra[176]andthemore
recentlyopenedRangaShankara[177]ThecityhasavibrantEnglishandforeignlanguagetheatrescenewithplaceslike
RangaShankaraandChowdiahMemorialHallleadingthewayinhostingperformancesleadingtotheestablishmentof
theAmateurfilmindustry.[177]KannadatheatreisverypopularinBangalore,andconsistsmostlyofpoliticalsatireand
lightcomedy.Playsareorganizedmostlybycommunityorganizations,buttherearesomeamateurgroupswhichstage
playsinKannada.DramacompaniestouringIndiaundertheauspiciesoftheBritishCouncilandMaxMllerBhavanalso
stageperformancesinthecityfrequently.[178]TheAllianceFranaisedeBangalorealsohostsnumerousplaysthroughthe
year.
BangaloreisalsoamajorcentreofIndianclassicalmusicanddance.[179]Theculturalsceneisverydiversedueto
Bangalore'smixedethnicgroups,whichisreflectedinitsmusicconcerts,danceperformancesandplays.Performancesof
Carnatic(SouthIndian)andHindustani(NorthIndian)classicalmusic,anddanceformslikeBharatNatyam,Kuchipudi,
Kathakali,Kathak,andOdissiareverypopular.[180]Yakshagana,atheatreartindigenoustocoastalKarnatakaisoften
playedintownhalls.[181]ThetwomainmusicseasonsinBangaloreareinAprilMayduringtheRamNavamifestival,
andinSeptemberOctoberduringtheDussherafestival,whenmusicactivitiesbyculturalorganizationsareattheir
peak.[180]ThoughbothclassicalandcontemporarymusicareplayedinBangalore,thedominantmusicgenreinurban
Bangaloreisrockmusic.Bangalorehasitsownsubgenreofmusic,"BangaloreRock",whichisanamalgamationof
classicrock,hardrockandheavymetal,withabitofjazzandbluesinit.[182]NotablebandsfromBangaloreinclude
RaghuDixitProject,Kryptos,InnerSanctum,Agam,Allthefatchildren,andSwaratma.
BangaloreKaraga,oneofthe
oldestandmostimportant
festivalsinBangalore
Education
Untiltheearly19thcentury,educationinBangalorewasmainlyrunbyreligious
leadersandrestrictedtostudentsofthatreligion.[183]Thewesternsystemof
educationwasintroducedduringtheruleofMummadiKrishnarajaWodeyar.
Subsequently,theBritishWesleyanMissionestablishedthefirstEnglishschoolin
1842,St.Joseph'sIndianInstitutions.[184]TheBangaloreHighSchoolwasstartedby
theMysoreGovernmentin1858andBishopCottonBoys'Schoolwasstartedin
1865.In1945whenWorldWarIIcametoanend,KingGeorgeRoyalIndian
MilitaryCollegeswasstartedatBangalorebyKingGeorgeVItheschoolis
popularlyknownasBangaloreMilitarySchool[185][186]
IndianInstituteofScienceone
ofthepremierinstitutesofscience
inIndia
IndianInstituteofManagement
Bangalore,oneofthepremier
managementinstitutesinIndia
InpostindependentIndia,schoolsforyoungchildren(16months5years)arecalled
Yakshaganaatheatreartof
nursery,kindergartenorplayschoolwhicharebroadlybasedonMontessorior
coastalKarnatakaisoftenplayed
intownhall
multipleintelligence[187]methodologyofeducation.[188]Primaryandsecondary
educationinBangaloreisofferedbyvariousschoolswhichareaffiliatedtooneofthe
boardsofeducation,suchastheSecondarySchoolLeavingCertificate(SSLC),
IndianCertificateofSecondaryEducation(ICSE),CentralBoardforSecondaryEducation(CBSE),International
Baccalaureate(IB),InternationalGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(IGCSE)andNationalInstituteofOpen
Schooling(NIOS).[189]SchoolsinBangaloreareeithergovernmentrunorareprivate(bothaidedandunaidedbythe
government).[190][191]BangalorehasasignificantnumberofinternationalschoolsduetoexpatsandITcrowd.[192]After
completingtheirsecondaryeducation,studentseitherattendPreUniversity(PUC)orcontinueHighSchoolinoneof
threestreamsArts,CommerceorScience.[193]Alternatively,studentsmayalsoenrollinDiplomacourses.Upon
completingtherequiredcoursework,studentsenrollingeneralorprofessionaldegreesinuniversitiesthroughlateral
entry.[194][195]
BangaloreUniversity,establishedin1886,providesaffiliationtoover500colleges,withatotalstudentenrollment
exceeding300,000.TheuniversityhastwocampuseswithinBangaloreJnanabharathiandCentralCollege.[196]
UniversityVisvesvarayaCollegeofEngineeringwasestablishedintheyear1917,byBharatRatnaSirM.Visvesvaraya,
Atpresent,theUVCEistheonlyengineeringcollegeundertheBangaloreUniversity.Bangalorealsohasmanyprivate
EngineeringCollegesaffiliatedtoVisvesvarayaTechnologicalUniversity.
ChristUniversityisaprivate'DeemedtobeUniversity'inBangalorefoundedin1969bytheSyroMalabarpriestsof
CarmelitesofMaryImmaculatecongregation.ItisoneofIndia'sbestprivatecollegeforarts,commerceandlaw.
NotableamongthemparticularlyforundergraduatedegreesareR.V.CollegeofEngineering,PESUniversity,BMSCollegeofEngineering,M.S.Ramaiah
InstituteofTechnologyandBangaloreInstituteofTechnology.IndianInstituteofScience,whichwasestablishedin1909inBangalore,NationalCentrefor
BiologicalSciences(NCBS),JawaharlalNehruCentreforAdvancedScientificResearch(JNCASR)andtheRamanResearchInstitutearethepremier
institutesforscientificresearchandstudyinIndia.NationallyrenownedprofessionalinstitutessuchastheUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Bangalore
(UASB),NationalInstituteofDesign(NID),NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology(NIFT),NationalLawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU)
,theIndianInstituteofManagement,Bangalore(IIMB),theICARNationalInstituteofAnimalNutritionandPhysiology(NIANP),theIndianStatistical
InstituteandInternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology,Bangalore(IIITB)arelocatedinBangalore.Thecityisalsohometothepremiermentalhealth
institutioninIndiaNationalInstituteofMentalHealthandNeuroSciences(NIMHANS).Bangalorealsohassomeofthebestmedicalcollegesinthecountry,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
9/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
likeSt.John'sMedicalCollege(SJMC)andBangaloreMedicalCollegeandResearchInstitute(BMCRI).[197][198]The
M.P.BirlaInstituteofFundamentalResearchresearchinstitutehasabranchlocatedinBangalore.,[199]
Media
ThefirstprintingpressinBangalorewasestablishedin1840inKannadabytheWesleyanChristianMission.In1859,
BangaloreHeraldbecamethefirstEnglishbiweeklynewspapertobepublishedinBangaloreandin1860,Mysore
VrittantaBodhinibecamethefirstKannadanewspapertobecirculatedinBangalore.[200][201]Currently,Vijaya
KarnatakaandTheTimesofIndiaarethemostwidelycirculatedKannadaandEnglishnewspapersinBangalore
respectively,closelyfollowedbythePrajavaniandDeccanHeraldbothownedbythePrinters(Mysore)Limitedthe
largestprintmediahouseinKarnataka.[202][203]Othernewspaperslike,BangaloreMirror,andUdayavaniprovide
localisednewsupdates.Ontheweb,ExplocityprovideslistingsinformationinBangalore.[204]
ChristUniversity
BangaloregotitsfirstradiostationwhenAllIndiaRadio,theofficialbroadcasterfortheIndianGovernment,started
broadcastingfromitsBangalorestationon2November1955.[205]TheradiotransmissionwasAM,untilin2001,RadioCity
becamethefirstprivatechannelinIndiatostarttransmittingFMradiofromBangalore.[206]Inrecentyears,anumberofFM
channelshavestartedbroadcastingfromBangalore.[207]ThecityprobablyhasIndia'soldestAmateur(Ham)RadioClub
BangaloreAmateurRadioClub(VU2ARC),whichwasestablishedin1959.[208][209]
BangaloregotitsfirstlookattelevisionwhenDoordarshanestablishedarelaycentrehereandstartedrelayingprogramsfrom
1November1981.AproductioncentrewasestablishedintheDoordarshan'sBangaloreofficein1983,therebyallowingthe
introductionofanewsprograminKannadaon19November1983.[210]DoordarshanalsolaunchedaKannadasatellitechannel
on15August1991whichisnownamedDDChandana.[210]TheadventofprivatesatellitechannelsinBangalorestartedin
September1991whenStarTVstartedtobroadcastitschannels.[211]ThoughthenumberofsatelliteTVchannelsavailablefor
viewinginBangalorehasgrownovertheyears,[212]thecableoperatorsplayamajorroleintheavailabilityofthesechannels,
whichhasledtooccasionalconflicts.[213]DirectToHome(DTH)servicesarealsoavailableinBangalorenow.[214]
NLSIU,apremierlaw
universityknownas'Harvard
oftheEast'
ThefirstInternetserviceproviderinBangalorewasSTPI,Bangalorewhichstartedofferinginternetservicesinearly1990s.[215]ThisInternetservicewas,
however,restrictedtocorporatesuntilVSNLstartedofferingdialupinternetservicestothegeneralpublicattheendof1995.[216]Currently,Bangalorehas
thelargestnumberofbroadbandInternetconnectionsinIndia.[217]
NammaWifiisafreemunicipalwirelessnetworkinBangalore,thefirstfreeWifiinIndia.Itbeganoperationon24January2014.ServiceisavailableatM.G.
Road,BrigadeRoad,andotherlocations.TheserviceisoperatedbyDVoiSandispaidforbytheStateGovernment.[218]BangalorewasthefirstcityinIndia
tohavethe4thGenerationNetwork(4G)forMobile.[219]
Sports
Bangalore'spleasantclimatemakesitasuitableplaceforavarietyofoutdoorsports.
Cricketisbyfarthemostpopularsport.Bangalorehasmanyparksandgardensthatprovideexcellentpitchesfor
impromptugames.[220]AsignificantnumberofnationalcricketershavecomefromBangalore,includingformer
captainsRahulDravidandAnilKumble.SomeoftheothernotableplayersfromthecitywhohaverepresentedIndia
includeGundappaVishwanath,SyedKirmani,E.A.S.Prasanna,B.S.Chandrasekhar,RogerBinny,JavagalSrinath,
VenkateshPrasad,SunilJoshi,RobinUthappaandVinayKumar.Bangalore'sinternationalcricketstadiumistheM.
ChinnaswamyStadium,whichhasaseatingcapacityof55,000[221]andhashostedmatchesduringthe1987Cricket
WorldCup,1996CricketWorldCupandthe2011CricketWorldCup.TheChinnaswamyStadiumisthehomeof
India'sNationalCricketAcademy.[222]
M.ChinnaswamyStadium,Bangalore
TheIndianPremierLeaguefranchiseRoyalChallengersBangaloreandtheILeagueclubBengaluruFCarebasedin
thecity.ThecityhoststheWomen'sTennisAssociation(WTA)BangaloreOpentournamentannually.BeginningSeptember2008,Bangalorehasalsobeen
hostingtheKingfisherAirlinesTennisOpenATPtournamentannually.[223]
ThecityishometotheBangalorerugbyfootballclub(BRFC).[224]Bangalorehasanumberofeliteclubs,likeCenturyClub,TheBangaloreGolfClub,the
BowringInstituteandtheexclusiveBangaloreClub,whichcountsamongitspreviousmembersWinstonChurchillandtheMaharajaofMysore.[225]The
HindustanAeronauticsLimitedSCisbasedinBangalore.
India'sDavisCupteammembers,MaheshBhupathi[226]andRohanBopanna[227]resideinBangalore.OthersportspersonalitiesfromBangaloreinclude
nationalswimmingchampionNishaMillet,worldsnookerchampionPankajAdvaniandformerAllEnglandOpenbadmintonchampionPrakash
Padukone.[228]
Citybasedclubs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
10/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Club
Sport
RoyalChallengersBangalore Cricket
League
IPL
Stadium
M.ChinnaswamyStadium
Span
2008
BangaloreHifliers
Fieldhockey PHL
BangaloreHockeyStadium 20052008
KarnatakaLions
Fieldhockey WSH
BangaloreHockeyStadium 2011
KarnatakaBulls
Volleyball
IVL
KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2011
HALBangalore
Football
BengaluruFC
Football
ILeague SreeKanteeravaStadium
BangaBeats
Badminton
IBL
KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2013
BengaluruBulls
Kabaddi
PKL
KanteeravaIndoorStadium 2014
KarnatakaBulldozers
Cricket
CCL
M.ChinnaswamyStadium
2011
ProvidentBangalore
Cricket
KPL
M.ChinnaswamyStadium
20092011
BangaloreBrigadiers
Cricket
KPL
M.ChinnaswamyStadium
20092011
2013
Seealso
BannerghattaNationalPark
InstituteofWoodScienceandTechnology
LalBagh
ListofCholaTemplesinBangalore
ListofpeoplefromBangalore
ListoftallestbuildingsinBangalore
ListoftouristattractionsinBangalore
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndia
NandiHills,India
NationalMilitaryMemorial
OutlineofIndia
UBCity
References
1."ManjunathReddyisthenewMayorofITCityBengaluru".TheTimesof
India.
2."Commissioner".BruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike.Retrieved3May
2015.
3.K.V.AdityaBharadwaj(28July2015)."Bengaluruisgrowingfast,but
governedlikeavillage".TheHindu(Bengaluru).Retrieved20August2015.
4.H.S.SudhiraT.V.RamachandraM.H.BalaSubrahmanya(2007)."City
ProfileBangalore"(PDF).Cities(Bangalore:EnvironmentalInformation
System(CentreofEcologicalSciences),IndianInstituteofScience)24(5):382.
doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003.
5."Karnataka(India):Districts,Cities,TownsandOutgrowthWardsPopulation
StatisticsinMapsandCharts".
6."INDIASTATS:MillionpluscitiesinIndiaasperCensus2011".Press
InformationBureau,Mumbai.NationalInformaticsCentre.Retrieved20August
2015.
7.http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf
8."Itisofficial:BangalorebecomesBengaluru".TheTimesofIndia.
9.Swaminathan,JayashankarM.(2009).IndianEconomicSuperpower:Fiction
OrFuture?.Volume2ofWorldScientificserieson21stcenturybusiness,
ISSN17935660.WorldScientific.p.20.ISBN9789812814661.
10.Canton,Naomi(6December2012)."Howthe'SiliconValleyofIndia'is
bridgingthedigitaldivide".CNN.Retrieved6December2012.
11.RAI,SARITHA(20March2006)."IstheNextSiliconValleyTakingRootin
Bangalore?".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved20March2006.
12.Vaidyanathan,Rajini(5November2012)."Canthe'AmericanDream'be
reversedinIndia?".BBCWorldNews.Retrieved5November2012.
13."India's10fastestgrowingcities".RediffNews.6February2008.Archived
fromtheoriginalon24March2009.Retrieved7April2009.
14."Airpollution?Transportsectortoblame".TheTimesofIndia.3July2012.
Retrieved22October2012.
15."StudytolookintolifeinslumsBangalore".DailyNewsandAnalysis.13
August2012.Retrieved22October2012.
16."India'stop15citieswiththehighestGDPPhotosYahoo!IndiaFinance".
Yahoo!Finance.28September2012.Retrieved3November2012.
17.Chandramouli,K(25July2002)."Thecityofboiledbeans".TheHindu
(Chennai,India).Retrieved10June2012.
18."InscriptionrevealsBangaloreisover1,000yearsold".TheHindu(Chennai,
India).20August2004.Retrieved10June2012.
19.VijeshKamath(30October2006)."ManymilestogofromBangaloreto
Bengalru".DeccanHerald.Retrieved10June2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
20.Misra,HemantJayaraman,Pavitra(22May2010)."Bangalorebhath:firstcity
edifices".Mint.Retrieved11June2012.
21.Aditi2008,p.6
22."BangaloretoberenamedBengaluru".TheTimesofIndia.11December2005.
Retrieved19April2009.
23."Itwillbe'Bengaluru',resolvesBMP".TheHindu(Chennai,India).28
September2006.Retrieved16May2007.
24."It'llbe'Bengaluru'fromNovember1".DeccanHerald.8October2006.
Retrieved10June2012.
25."Fromtoday,BangalorebecomesBengalooru".TheTimesofIndia.1November
2006.Retrieved19April2009.
26.Renaming,Cities(18Oct2014)."Bangalore,Mysore,OtherKarnatakaCitiesto
beRenamedon1November"(ibtimes.co.in).ibtimes.co.in.
27.Renaming,Cities(18Oct2014)."CentrenodforKarnataka'sproposalon
renamingcities".TheHindu.
28."Bangaloredatesfrom4,000BC".TheTimesofIndia.11October2001.
Retrieved7September2013.
29.Ranganna,T.S.(27October2001)."Bangalorehadhumanhabitationin4000
B.C.".TheHindu.Retrieved7September2013.
30.Srinivas2004,p.69
31.EdgarThurstonandK.Rangachari(1909).CastesandTribesofSouthern
India.GovernmentPress,Madras.
32.Aditi2008,p.7
33.Sarma(1992),p.78
34.Mysore:AGazetteerCompiledforGovernmentbyB.L.Ricep.224
35."TheDigitalSouthAsiaLibraryImperialgazetteerofIndia".uchicago.edu.
36.Aditi2008,p.8
37.Aditi2008,p.9
38.Pinto&Srivastava2008,p.8
39.Vagale,UdayKumar(2004)."5:Bangalore:mudforttosprawlingmetropolis".
Bangalorefuturetrendsinpublicopenspaceusage.Casestudy:Mahatma
GandhiRoad,Bangalore(PDF)(Thesis).VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState
University.p.3435.Retrieved11June2012.
40.Srinivas,S(22February2005)."Thebeancity".TheHindu(Chennai,India).
Retrieved2July2007.
41.Pinto&Srivastava2008,p.6
42.Sandes,LtColE.W.C.(1933).ThemilitaryengineerinIndia,volI.Chatham:
TheInstitutionofRoyalEngineers.pp.163165.ISBN9781847340719.
43."RajBhavan,Karnataka".TheHomepageofRajBhavan,Governmentof
Karnataka.Retrieved24August2012.
44.Srinivas2004,p.3
11/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
45.Ghosh,Jyotirmoy(2012).Entrepreneurshipintourismandalliedactivities:a
studyofBangalorecityinthepostliberalizationperiod(PDF).Pondicherry
University.p.86.
46.Vagale,UdayKumar(2004)."8:Publicdomaincontestedspacesandlackof
imageability".Bangalorefuturetrendsinpublicopenspaceusage.Case
study:MahatmaGandhiRoad,Bangalore(PDF)(Thesis).VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity.p.49.Retrieved11June2012.
47."1898plaguerevisited".TheTimesofIndia.17November2012.Retrieved
8September2013.
48.Jaypal,Maya."Malleswaram,Basavanagudi,thenewextensions".Deccan
Herald.Retrieved8September2013.
49.KarnatakaStateGazetteer:BangaloreDistrict,p.91
50.Srinivasaraju,Sugata(10April2006)."ElectriCity".OutlookIndia.Retrieved
15November2011.
51.Pinto&Srivastava2008,p.10
52.Mudur,NiradHemanthCS(7June2013)."Bangaloretorpedogavethemtheir
DDay,69yearsago".DailyNewsandAnalysis.Retrieved1October2013.
53.Basavaraja,KadatiReddera(1984).HistoryandCultureofKarnataka:Early
TimestoUnification.ChalukyaPublications.p.332.
54.Nair2005,p.70
55.S.,Chandrasekhar(1985).DimensionsofSocioPoliticalChangeinMysore,
191840.APHPublishing.p.135.ISBN9780836414714.
56.BolandCrewe,TaraLea,David(2004).TheTerritoriesandStatesofIndia.
PsychologyPress.p.135.ISBN9780203402900."Whenthenew,extended
Mysorewascreatedon1November1956(bytheadditionofcoastal,centraland
northernterritories),WodeyarbecameGovernorofthewholestate,whichwas
renamedKarnatakain1973."
57.Srinivas2004,p.4
58."DeathTollRaisedto66inFireatCircusinIndia".TheNewYorkTimes.9
February1981.
59.Benjamin,Solomon(April2000)."Governance,economicsettingsandpoverty
inBangalore"(PDF).Environment&Urbanization12(1):3536.
doi:10.1177/095624780001200104.Retrieved11June2012.
60."Groundwaterinformationbooklet"(PDF).CentralGroundWaterBoard,
MinistryofWaterResources,GovernmentofIndia.December2008.Retrieved
16June2012.
61."Financebudgetfor200708"(PDF).GovernmentofKarnataka.Archived(PDF)
fromtheoriginalon28June2007.Retrieved28June2007.
62."Studyarea:Bangalore".CentreforEcologicalSciences,IndianInstituteof
Science.Retrieved11June2012.
63.Tekur,Suma(11March2004)."Eachdropofwatercounts".DeccanHerald.
Archivedfromtheoriginalon11March2007.
64."Help/FAQ".BangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard.Archivedfromthe
originalon6February2006.Retrieved2July2007.
65."ThirstyBangaloreinvokesgod".HindustanTimes.9June2003.Retrieved
11June2012.
66."Environmentalimpactanalysis"(PDF).BangaloreMetropolitanRapid
TransportCorporationLimited,GovernmentofKarnataka.2006.Archivedfrom
theoriginal(PDF)on20March2006.Retrieved11June2012.
67.Singh,Onkar(30January2000)."TheRediffinterview.DrSKSrivastav,
additionaldirectorgeneral,IndianMeteorologicalDepartment".Rediff.com.
Retrieved2July2007.
68."Riseintemperature'unusual'forBangalore".TheHindu(Chennai,India).18
May2005.Retrieved2July2007.
69."Bangalore".IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment,GovernmentofIndia.Archived
fromtheoriginalon8July2007.Retrieved7February2007.
70.Amaresh,Vidyashree(10May2006)."Setupraingaugesinareasproneto
flooding".TheHindu(Chennai,India).Archivedfromtheoriginalon16
December2007.Retrieved22December2007.
71.AshwiniY.S.(17December2006)."Bangaloreweatherbackagain".Deccan
Herald.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2007.Retrieved22December
2007.
72.Sharma,Ravi(5November2005)."Bangalore'swoes".TheFrontline.Archived
fromtheoriginalon20February2008.Retrieved5February2008.
73."BangaloreClimatologicalTable19712000".IndianMeteorological
Department.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3December2013.Retrieved
30September2012.
74."ExtremesofIndia"(PDF).IndianMeteorologicalDepartment.Retrieved
January20,2015.
75."BangaloreClimateNormals19711990".NationalOceanicandAtmospheric
Administration.Retrieved24December2012.
76."Censuspopulation"(PDF).CensusofIndia.p.21.Retrieved7June2008.
77."Provisionalpopulationtotals,CensusofIndia2011"(PDF).Retrieved
29November2011.
78."UrbanAgglomerations/Citieshavingpopulation1lakhandabove"(PDF).
Censusindia.TheRegistrarGeneral&CensusCommissioner,India.Retrieved
17October2011.
79."Citieshavingpopulation1lakhandabove"(PDF).censusindia.gov.in.
Retrieved24July2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
80."Kannadigasassuredofallsupport".TheHindu(Chennai,India).23July2004.
Retrieved10May2010.
81."CensusGISHousehold"
(http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm).
censusindiamaps.net.2006.
82."ProvisionalPopulationTotals,CensusofIndia2011"(PDF).Governmentof
India.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon13November2011.Retrieved
28December2011.
83."TotalPopulation,SlumPopulation...".Archivedfromtheoriginalon6August
2007.CensusofIndia,2001.2006.GovernmentofIndia
84.Warah,Rasna."SlumsAretheHeartbeatofCities"
(http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/2003/1006slums.htm).The
EastAfrican.2006.NationalMediaGroupLtd.6October2003
85."Snaphhots2008"(PDF).NationalCrimeRecordsBureau.Retrieved
21October2010.
86.Roy,AnanyaOng,Aihwa(2011)."SpeculatingontheNextWorldCity".
WorldingCities:AsianExperimentsandtheArtofBeingGlobal42(illustrated
ed.).JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN9781444346787.
87.Kaminsky,ArnoldP.Long,RogerD.(2011).IndiaToday:AnEncyclopediaof
LifeintheRepublic:AnEncyclopediaofLifeintheRepublic1(reprinted.).
ABCCLIO.p.75.ISBN9780313374630.
88.Brown,KeithOgilvie,Sarah(2010).ConciseEncyclopediaofLanguagesofthe
World(reviseded.).Elsevier.p.577.ISBN9780080877754.
89.Lindsay,Jennifer(2006).BetweenTongues:TranslationAnd/of/inPerformance
inAsia(illustrated,reprint,annotateded.).NUSPress.p.52.
ISBN9789971693398.
90.Prashanth,GN."Ameltingpotthatwelcomesall".TheTimesofIndia.
Retrieved9September2013.
91.Sarma,Deepika(4October2012)."Buildingblocksofoneofthecity'slargest
communities".TheHindu.Retrieved9September2013.
92.Srinivas2004,pp.100102,TheSettlementofTamilSpeakingGroupsin
Bangalore
93.Srinivas2004,p.5
94.Srivatsa,SharathS.(31October2007)."Bangalorecalling:itallgoesway
back...".TheHindu.Retrieved9September2013.
95.M.V.ChandrasekharSahanaCharan(23December2006)."Theyarenowpart
ofcity'suniquesocialmix".TheHindu.Retrieved9September2013.
96."BangaloreincludedinMandyanewbishopnamed".
97.Christopher,Joseph(31March2014)."IntheIndianrector'smurder,the'why'
mattersasmuchasthe'who' ".UCANews.Retrieved1May2014.
98.Gayer,LaurentJaffrelot,Christophe(2012).MuslimsinIndianCities:
TrajectoriesofMarginalisation(illustrateded.).HurstPublishers.p.290.
ISBN9781849041768.
99."LawandordertopsnewchiefMirji'slist".TheTimesofIndia,Bangalore.3
May2011.Retrieved9May2011.
100."Mayor".BruhatBengaluruMahanagaraPalike.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9
May2012.Retrieved4June2012.
101.Prashanth,G.N."HowBMPbecameBruhat".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved
14September2013.
102.AfshanYasmeen(18January2007)."GreaterBangalore,buthighertax?".The
Hindu(Chennai,India).Retrieved17October2007.
103."BBMPelectionresultby2pm".DeccanHerald.India.4April2010.Archived
fromtheoriginalon9April2010.Retrieved5May2010.
104."BJPwinsBangaloremunicipalelectionsforthefirsttime".DailyNewsand
Analysis.India.5April2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8April2010.
Retrieved5May2010.
105.Ramachandra,T.V.PradeepP.Mujumdar."UrbanFloods:CaseStudyof
Bangalore".IndianInstituteofScience.Retrieved14September2013.
106.EnvironmentalImpactAnalysis
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF)
attheWaybackMachine(archived20March2006)PDF(362KB).Bangalore
MetropolitanRapidTransportCorporationLimited.2006.Governmentof
Karnataka.2005.(pp.3032)
107."TheBruhatJourney".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved14September2013.
108."BangaloreCityPolice"(http://www.bcp.gov.in/english/index.htm).Bangalore
CityPolice.2006.KarnatakaStatePolice.
109."ConstituencyWiseDetailedResults"(PDF).ElectionCommissionofIndia.
Retrieved14September2013.
110.Rajendran,S.(19April2013)."Powerofthecity".TheHindu.Retrieved
14September2013.
111."AboutUs".OfficialwebpageofBESCOM.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31
July2008.Retrieved5May2010.
112."BESCOMMissionStatement".Retrieved13October2012.
113."GermanconsulateinBangaloreformallyinaugurated".DeccanHerald.21
November2008.Retrieved25June2012.
114."Noscoordonnes".ConsulatgnraldeFranceBangalore.Retrieved25June
2012.
115."ConsulateofJapan,Bangalore".EmbassyofJapan,NewDelhi.Retrieved
25June2012.
12/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
116.Bose,Praveen(27June2012)."IsraeltoopenconsulateinBangalore".
BusinessStandard.Retrieved27June2012.
117."BangaloreLocationandAccess".Retrieved7May2013.
118."DepartmentofForeignAffairs".EmbassyofIreland,NewDelhi.Retrieved
25June2012.
119."ContactInformation:FinlandsHonoraryConsulate,Bangalore(India)
MinistryforForeignAffairsofFinland:Diplomaticmissions:Bangalore
(HonoraryConsulate)".Formin.fi.3March2010.Retrieved25November2010.
120."MissionsList".Meaprotocol.nic.in.Retrieved25November2010.
121."MaldivesHonoraryConsulsinIndia".MaldivesHighCommission,New
Delhi.Retrieved25June2012.
122."EmbassyofPeruinIndiaandHonoraryConsulates".GovernmentofPeru.
Retrieved22August2012.
123."TradeOfficeofCanadainBangalore".GovernmentofCanada.Retrieved
25June2012.
124."UnitedStatesVirtualConsulateBangalore,India".ConsulateGeneralofthe
UnitedStates,Chennai.Retrieved25June2012.
125.vanBeukering,Sehker,etal.AnalysingUrbanSolidWaste...
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060304102415/http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/
8113IIED.pdf)attheWaybackMachine(archived4March2006)International
InstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,2006.March1999.
126."Bangalore:Pollutionlevelsatalltimehigh".Rediff.com.Retrieved
6September2012.
127."Exclusive!50%ofBangalore'sairpollutioncausedduetodustBangalore".
DailyNewsandAnalysis.28November2011.Retrieved6September2012.
128."WhitefieldismostpollutedareainBangalore".TheTimesofIndia.23
February2012.
129.Teja,Bhanu."SlumdwellersrehousedBangaloreTheSoftCopy".Iijnm.org.
Retrieved22October2012.
130."WaterIndiaSlums".IndiaSanitationPortal.Retrieved22October2012.
131."By2020,Bangalorewillbeafullfledgedconcretejungle".UdupiNews,
ManipalNews,MangaloreNews.
132."SlumDwellersIllegallyTapBoardofWaterSupplyBangalore'sSupply".
Youthkiawaaz.com.19February2011.Retrieved22October2012.
133.WasteAtlas(http://www.atlas.dwaste.com/)(2012).CityData:LAHORE
134."AllIndiafiguresataglance"(PDF).DepartmentofEconomicsandStatistics,
GovernmentofKarnataka.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on9April2011.
Retrieved1November2010.http://www.webcitation.org/5hhoB0jVy
135.M.R.Narayana(July2010)."ICTSector,GlobalisationandUrbanEconomic
Growth:EvidencefromBangalore(India)"(PDF).WorkingPaperNo.2010/80.
WIDER.Retrieved1November2010.
136.Surat,fastestgrowingcity(http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/29gdp.htm).
Rediff.com.29January2008.
137."Bangaloremostaffluentmarket"
(http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm).2006.
Rediff.com.23August2006.
138.Kotkin,Joel(10July2010)."TheWorld'sFastestGrowingCities".Forbes.
Retrieved21February2012.
139."Bangalorethirdrichestcityincountry"
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Del
hi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms).2007.TheTimesof
India.TimesofIndia.1April2007
140.JairamRamesh(30September2007)."ITinIndia:Bigsuccesses,largegapsto
befilled".BusinessStandard.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2007.
Retrieved4October2007.
141.John,Sujit(22June2006)."UBCityisfinallyhere".TheTimesofIndia.
Retrieved6April2009.
142.SurendraMunshi(10November2005)."PovertyofPoliticsIfpoliticianslack
vision,therateofchangewillremainslow".TheTelegraph(Calcutta,India).
Archivedfromtheoriginalon23November2007.Retrieved25October2007.
143."Opportunityandexploitationinurbanlabourmarkets"(PDF).Overseas
DevelopmentInstitute.November2008.
144."BangaloreHelixtobearealitysoon".TheHindu(Chennai,India).23April
2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12October2007.Retrieved4October
2007.
145.Chatterjee,Sumeet(4October2007)."Bioconindrugdevelopmenttalkswith
Bayer".Reuters.Retrieved4October2007.
146."AirportsAuthorityofIndia:TrafficstatisticsPassengers(Intl+Domestic),
AnnexureIIIC".April2006.Retrieved25January2012.
147."AirportsAuthorityofIndia:TrafficstatisticsAircraftmovements
(Intl+Domestic),AnnexureIIC".April2006.Retrieved25January2012.
148.R.Krishnakumar."Expresswayforairportdrive".DeccanHerald.India.
Archivedfromtheoriginalon29September2007.Retrieved2July2007.
149."Passengertraffictops9.3matBangaloreairport".TheTimesofIndia(India).
14December2009.
150."Nammametroopenedforpublic".TheEconomicTimes(India).20October
2011.Retrieved20October2011.
151.KeithBarrow."BangaloreinauguratesmetroGreenLine".railjournal.com.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
152."KarnatakaNews:MetrorailwillextendtoChickaballapur:Moily".TheHindu
(Chennai,India).3January2010.Retrieved29March2010.
153."BMRCnewsletter,datedApril2009"(PDF).OfficialwebpageofBangalore
MetroRailCorporation.Retrieved6April2009.
154."RailWheelFactory".
155.SharmadaShastry(28April2010)."Bangaloreansbegintobondwiththesleek
Swedishbehemoths".DeccanHerald.India.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2
May2010.Retrieved30April2010.
156.SPraveenDhaneshkar(20June2007)."LoyaltymaypayforVolvo
commuters!".DeccanHerald.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19August2007.
Retrieved10April2007.
157."Bangalorecity.com,BangaloreBusInformation,CityBuses,VolvoBuses,
TataMarcopoloBuses,LongDistanceBuses".Bangalorecity.com.Retrieved
29March2010.
158."KSRTC'sTamilNaduboundbusestoplyfromShantinagar".
Cityplus.jagran.com.17March2011.Retrieved10June2013.
159."Stirleaveshundredsstranded".TheHindu(Chennai,India).15December
2006.Retrieved17June2012.
160."VehiclesinBangalore".
161.Abram,DavidEdwards,Nick(2003).SouthIndia(illustrateded.).Rough
Guides.p.204.ISBN9781843531036.
162.RichardPlunkett(2001),p.124.
163.RichardI'Anson."LonelyPlanet'sBestinTravel:top10citiesfor2012travel
tipsandarticles".LonelyPlanet.Retrieved6September2012.
164."Bangaloremost'veganfriendly'city".TheHindu.Retrieved30September
2014.
165."BangaloremostveganfriendlycityinIndia".TimesofIndia.Retrieved
30September2014.
166.BangaloreMysore,pp.4245
167."BangaloreKaraga".TheHindu,datedMonday,2April2007(Chennai,India).
2April2007.
168."Explorethecontinent".TheHindu(Chennai,India).11June2007.Retrieved
16June2012.
169.Anand,Swati(8January2008)."Internationalcuisinepushesretailers'
margins".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved16June2012.
170.Malhotra,Samil(16June2012)."BreakfastinBangalore".BusinessStandard.
Retrieved16June2012.
171.Narayan,Shobha(14May2012)."Bangalorerebooted".TheEconomicTimes.
Retrieved12September2013.
172."Bangalorehasaheartforart".TheTimesofIndia.17August2013.Retrieved
12September2013.
173.Chandramouli,K.(26September2002)."Lyricalland".TheHindu.Retrieved
13September2013.
174."History,theywroteatBangaloreLiteraturefest".DeccanChronicle.12August
2012.Retrieved7September2013.
175.RaviSharma(17December2004)."Achauvinisticturn".TheFrontline,Volume
21Issue25.Retrieved25January2012.
176."RavindraKalakshetra".BangaloreOrbit.Retrieved16June2012.
177.Murali,Janaki(10September2007)."Anexperiencecalled'RangaShankara' ".
DeccanHerald.Retrieved16June2012.
178.BangaloreMysore,p.37
179.Ravindran,Nirmala(27August2008)."DanceandMusicispartofour
culture".IndiaToday.Retrieved17June2012.
180.BangaloreMysore,pp.3435
181.Sharma,SharathM.(22August2010)."It'sYakshaganaseason".TheHindu.
Retrieved13September2013.
182."YouknowmusicisinBangalore'sDNA,bandstellwhy".DNA.24December
2011.Retrieved21September2013.
183.Rao1929,p.494
184."History".stjosephsindianinstitutions.com.
185.Rao1929,p.497
186.Punekar,VijayaBhaskar(1974).Assimilation:AStudyofNorthIndiansin
Bangalore.PopularPrakashan.p.54.ISBN9788171540129.
187.Gopalakrishnan,Karthika(November13,2009)."Preschoolsworkon
developingmultipleintelligence".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved20151201.
188."Bangaloreahotdestinationforforeignstudents".TheTimesofIndia.9August
2003.Retrieved16October2007.
189."BroadchoiceofClassXboards".DeccanHerald.1July2004.Archivedfrom
theoriginalon6November2007.Retrieved16October2007.
190."TrimestersysteminallKarnatakaschoolsfrom1June".TheTimesofIndia.
18May2004.Retrieved16October2007.
191.Bageshree,S.(9May2012)."Whatwillhappentogovernmentschoolsnow?".
TheHindu.Retrieved14September2013.
192.Ullas,SruthySusan(July2,2013)."ITcrowd,elitepreferinternational
schools".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved20151201.
193."Students,parentsthrongPUcollegesincity".TheHindu(Chennai,India:
2006,TheHindu).16May2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21September
2007.Retrieved16October2007.
13/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
194."Diplomastudentshaveachanceingovernmentengineeringcolleges".The
IndianExpress.29August2013.Retrieved14September2013.
195.Khongwir,Darinia(6May2009)."PUCisnottheonlyoption".TheTimesof
India.Retrieved14September2013.
196."BUoverloaded,wantstosplit".TheTimesofIndia.9January2007.Retrieved
16October2007.
197.ParvathiMenonandRaviSharma(8September2006)."Hubofresearch".the
Hindu,Volume23Issue17.Retrieved25January2012.
198."Bangalore,theeducationhub".TheTimesofIndia.27June2011.Retrieved
14September2013.
199."AboutUs".M.P.BirlaInstituteofFundamentalResearch.Retrieved6May
2012.
200.M.FazlulHasan(1970).BangaloreThroughtheCenturies.Historical
Publications.pp.165166.
201.VijayaB.Punekar(1974).Assimilation:AStudyofNorthIndiansinBangalore.
ISBN9788171540129.Retrieved4October2007.
202.PreitiSharma(18October2006)."Doubledhamaka".TheEconomicTimes.
Retrieved7October2007.
203.ShumaRaha(19November2006)."BattlegroundBangalore".TheTelegraph
(Calcutta,India).Archivedfromtheoriginalon11October2007.Retrieved
7October2007.
204.Satyamurty,K.(22November2000)."ExploringBangalore,amouseclick
away".TheHindu.Retrieved17September2013.
205."IdhuAkashvani,Bengalooru!".DeccanHerald.23January2006.Archived
fromtheoriginalon4December2007.Retrieved7October2007.
206."RadioCitygoesonairinMumbai".BusinessLine.23May2002.Archived
fromtheoriginalon11October2007.Retrieved7October2007.
207."Radiogaga:6moreFMstations".DeccanHerald.8January2006.Archived
fromtheoriginalon4December2007.Retrieved7October2007.
208."BangaloreAmateurRadioClub|FiftyGoldenYears19592009".Barc.in.
Retrieved29March2010.
209."VU2ARC".QRZ,CallsignDatabase.Retrieved17September2013.
210."Doordarshan,Bangalore".thePressInformationBureau.Archivedfromthe
originalon11October2007.Retrieved7October2007.
211.SevantiNinan(29July2001)."Tuneintoquality".TheHindu.Archivedfrom
theoriginalon12October2007.Retrieved8October2007.
212."ConsolidatedlistofchannelsallowedtobecarriedbyCableoperators/Multi
systemoperators/DTHlicenseesinIndia".theMinistryofInformationand
Broadcasting,GovernmentofIndia.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12October
2007.Retrieved4October2007.
213."Rageagainstcableoperators".TheTimesofIndia.17July2004.Retrieved
8October2007.
214."Goingfortheaction".BusinessLine.8May2007.Retrieved25January2012.
215.RakeshBasant."BangaloreCluster:Evolution,GrowthandChallengers"(PDF).
Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon25October2007.Retrieved8October
2007.
216."AshortrecaponInternetdevelopmentsinIndia".Archivedfromtheoriginal
on16October2007.Retrieved8October2007.
217."Ahighlynetsavvycity".TheHindu(Chennai,India).29December2006.
Archivedfromtheoriginalon12October2007.Retrieved8October2007.
218."FreewifionM.G.RoadandBrigadeRoadfromFriday".TheHindu.23
January2014.Retrieved6October2014.
219."First4GNetworkforMobileinIndia".Aitel4G.29January2014.Retrieved
31October2014.
220.BangaloreMysore,pp.29
221."CricinfoPageonChinnaswamyStadium".Contentusa.cricinfo.com.Retrieved
29March2010.
222."AddressfromNCAWebsite".ncabcci.com.Retrieved9October2012.
223.BangalorereplacesMumbaionATPTourcircuit
(http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314).CBSSportsline.com.
224."Kickingupastorm".TheHindu(Chennai,India).25May2009.
225."DetailedAccountonBangaloreClub".Oxford2oxford.co.uk.Retrieved
29March2010.
226.Profile(http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909).
CBSSports.com.CBSInteractive
227."DavisCupPlayerprofileRohanBOPANNA(IND)".daviscup.com.
InternationalTennisFederation.
228."TouchPlay:ThePrakashPadukoneStory|BadmintonMania".
Badmintonmania.wordpress.com.Retrieved10June2013.
Bibliographyandsources
De,Aditi(2008).Multiplecity:writingsonBangalore.PenguinBooksIndia.ISBN9780143100256.
Sarma,I.K.(1992).TemplesoftheGangasofKarnataka.ArchaeologicalSurveyofIndia.ISBN0195606868.
Srinivas,Smriti(2004).LandscapesofUrbanMemory:TheSacredandtheCivicinIndia'sHightechCity(reviseded.).OrientBlackswan.
ISBN9788125022541.
GovernmentofKarnataka(1990).KarnatakaStateGazetteer:BangaloreDistrict.
Raman,A.(1994).BangaloreMysore(illustrateded.).OrientBlackswan.ISBN9780863114311.
C.HayavadanaRao(1929).TheMysoreStateGazetteer.
Nair,Janaki(2005).ThePromiseoftheMetropolis:Bangalore'sTwentiethCentury(illustrateded.).OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780195667257.
Pinto,JerrySrivastava,Rahul(2008).TalkoftheTown.PenguinBooksIndia.ISBN9780143330134.
Rangachari,EdgarThurston,K.(1993).CastesandtribesofsouthernIndia.NewDelhi:AsianEducationalServices.ISBN9788120602885.
Rice,B.Lewis(2001).Mysore:agazetteercompiledforgovernment.NewDelhi:AsianEducationalServices.ISBN8120609778.
Stein,Burton(1989).TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIndia.Cambridge:CambridgeUniv.Press.ISBN9780521266932.
Furtherreading
Hasan,Fazlul.BangaloreThroughTheCenturies.Bangalore:HistoricalPublications,1970.
Plunkett,Richard.SouthIndia.LonelyPlanet,2001.ISBN1864501618
Vagale,UdayKumar."PublicSpaceinBangalore:PresentandFutureProjections"(http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd05172004
231956/unrestricted/4.pdf)PDF(773KB).DigitalLibrariesandArchives.2006.VirginiaTech.27April2004.
Hunter,Cotton,Burn,Meyer."TheImperialGazetteerofIndia"(http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/),2006.Oxford,ClarendonPress.1909.
"Bangalore."EncyclopdiaBritannica(http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bangalore).1911ed.
Externallinks
BruhatBangaloreMahanagaraPalike(Municipalgovernment)(http://www.bbmp.gov.in/)
OfficialwebsiteofBangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(http://www.bdabangalore.org/)
Bangalore(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore/)atDMOZ
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore&oldid=716415348"
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoBangalore.
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforBangalore.
14/15
4/22/2016
BangaloreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsof
UseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore
15/15