Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concrete Construction Report
Concrete Construction Report
A project is always a coordinated and scheduled team effort, but it can never reach
completion without proper guidence and encouragement.
Words are short for expressing our deepest and sincere thanks towards our project
guide S.D. P.V. MANE Bharati Vidya peeth Deemed University College of
Pune.
We are thankfull to the principal Dr. A.R. Bhalerao of Bharati Vidya peeth
Deemed University College of Engineering, Pune for graniting us a wonderful
opportunity.
We are also thankful to our principal Shri. S.V. Andhare & Head of the
Department Prof. (Mrs.) V.S. Sohoni ( Head of Civil Department) for their
support that has being given to us in the form of Infrastructure and Facilities.
Last but not. We must thank all the other teaching and non-teaching staff of civil
department for their assistance.
SR NO.
NAME
SR NO.
NAME
PAWAR
ZULFIKAR
MEMBERSHIP
NO.
OMEAR 84545
COURSE
T.ENGG. CIVIL
PART II
Prof. S.D.
84545
Prof. (Mrs) V.S.Sohoni
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the predominant construction type used in
critical infrastructure in many countries. The deterioration
rate of such structures depends not only on the
construction processes employed and the composition of
the materials used but also on the environment.
Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and
changes in temperature and humidity due to a changing
climate will, especially in the longer term, cause an
acceleration of deterioration processes and consequently
acceleration in the decline of the safety, serviceability
and durability of concrete infrastructure. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth
assessment report (IPCC 2007) indicated a significant
increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere from
280 ppm in 1750 to 380 ppm in 2005 with an increasing
Computational Method
Monte-Carlo simulation is used as a computational
method for the time-dependent reliability analysis. Note
that the CO2 concentration is fully correlated with time. 3
RESULTS 3.1 Durability Design Specifications in Australia
and China Environmental exposure in Australia is
classified by the Australian Concrete Structures Code
AS3600-2009 as three climatic zones (arid, temperate
and tropical), see Figure 4. The selected sites of Sydney
and Canberra represent two very different durability
design requirements with design cover for many locations
in Sydney being 40-50 mm due to its coastal location,
and 30 mm cover for Canberra due to its inland location .
Variables in the Limit State Functions. DuraCrete Probabilistic Performance based Durability Design of
Concrete Structures, EU - Brite EuRam III. Contract BRPRCT95-0132. Project BE95-1347/R9, 130 p. DuraCrete.
2000b. Probabilistic Calculations, DuraCrete - Probabilistic
Performance based Durability Design of Concrete
Structures. EU - Brite EuRam III. Contract BRPR-CT950132. Project BE95- 1347/R12-13, 41 p. El Maaddawy, T.
and Soudki, K.A. 2007. A Model for Prediction of Time froe
Corrosion Initiation to Corrosion Cracking. Cement &
Concrete Composite. 29(3): 168-175. Fib. 2006. Model
Code for Service Life Design. Lausanne: Fib Bulletin 34.
George, K., Ziska, L.H., Bunce, J.A. and Quebedeaux, B.
2007. Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and
Temperature Across an Urban-Rural Transect. Atmospheric
Environment. 41: 7654-7665. IPCC. 2007. Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel in
Climate Change. UK: Cambridge University Press. IPCC.
2000. Emission scenarios. Special report of the
intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. UK:
Cambridge University Press. Kada-Benameur, H., Wirquin,
E. and Duthoit, B. 2000. Determination of Apparent
Activation Energy of Concrete by Isothermal Calorimetry.
Cement and Concrete Research. 30: 301-305. McGee, R.
1999. Modelling of Durability Performance of Tasmanian
Bridges. ICASP8 Applications of Statistics and Probability
in Civil Engineering. R.E. Melchers and M.G. Stewart
(eds.). 1: 297-306. Mirza, S.A., Hatzinikolas, M., and
MacGregor, J.G. 1979. Statistical Descriptions of Strength
of Concrete. Journal of the Structural Division. 105(ST6):
2-2/3
80oF (27oC)
70oF (21oC)
60oF (16oC)
50oF (10oC)
11
40oF (4oC)
14
30oF (-1oC)
19
20oF (-7oC)
temperature is used.
The time of adding the admixture to the batch here is significant and
may affect final results. More retardation may take place if the
admixture is added as the last ingredient and the cement is wet.
Dosage Effect on Retardation of Initial Setting Time
Higher dosage may be used up to a certain level only prior to when any
rapid stiffening and slump loss occurs. This admixture is sensitive to
ambient temperature when introduced to the batch. The lower the
ambient temperatures, the longer time of setting for the concrete will be.
The following figure is used to estimate initial setting time according to
the dosage of retarder and concrete ambient temperature.
(click on to enlarge)
Per NOAA, the U.S. warming pause (aka the 'Hiatus') has
now achieved a 19-year stall (see adjacent chart). In
fact, a slight cooling has been the trend over this period.
Remember the predicted global warming by experts? The
same "experts" who predicted that hurricanes would
become stronger and more frequent as a result of the
global warming - which also did not happen.
As the empirical climate datasets reveal, the predicted
global warming has amounted to about nil for close to
two decades. And because of this, the global warming
scientists recently resorted to exceptional fabrications of
temperature datasets to produce "warming" that
disappears the 'Pause'.
Ginning up climate change fears in anticipation of
the Paris 2015 COP21 climate travesty show seems to be
the driving force behind the most recent wholesale fakewarming production.
Back to the included chart. As depicted, the 19-year
pause includes not only the continental U.S. (at -0.4F
per century cooling) but also the states of Virginia and
Maryland, both at -0.5F per century cooling.
Why depict those two state's temperature trends?
Because those states surround the metropolitan District
of Columbia where federal bureaucrats, U.S. elected
representatives and administration officials pontificate
about the rapid and dangerous "global warming". These
elites live and work in the D.C. micro-climate warming
bubble that is a direct result of federal taxpayer asphalt,
steel, concrete and airports with very hot jet exhausts,
which in combination have produced a rapidly
warmingurban heat island (UHI).
Water
Fresh Water . Under usual conditions, fresh water freezes at a
temperature of 32F., forming solid ice and expanding about 9% in
volume. It takes 80 calories to raise a cubic centimeter of ice across the
freezing point and more to bring it to a temperature at which it is
potable. Water weighs 62.5 lb. per cubic foot and ice at 32F. weighs
57.5 lb. per cubic foot. The strength
of ice is dependent on its structure (see Strength and Uses of Fresh-and
Salt-Water Ice.) Trautwin d e states that the expansive force of ice is
probably
not less than 30,000 per square inch. This force exceeds the yield
strength
of cast iron (25,000 + p.s.i.). Fresh-water ice is 2 to 3 times stronger
than
sea (salt) water ice. Pressure applied to ice causes momentary melting at
the point of pressure, producing a film of moisture. This is especially
true
at temperatures near 32F. At progressively lower temperatures, melting
Antifreeze Solutions
Approximately two-thirds of the energy in the gasoline used in
operating
an automobile engine is converted into heat. It is, therefore, necessary to
provide special cooling facilities to prevent the metal parts from
reaching
excessive temperatures. The method generally used is an indirect one in
requiring
antifreeze are protected with ethylene glycol (glycol) base products and
most of the remaining two-thirds employ methyl
Methyl
Ethyl
Ethylene
to, F.
alcohol
alcohol
glycol
+ 10
2 1/4
2 3/4
10
3 3/4
3 1/4
20
3 1/2
30
4 1/2
40
5 1/4
4 1/4
50
5 3/4
4 1/2
20
The smooth drum is slippery when wet or covered with ice or snow and
it is difficult to rope and attach to a parachute.
The recommendations of the manufacturer of any equipment should
be consulted regarding lubrication under cold conditions. Many
excellent lubricants
have been developed and used successfully in northern operations.
However, it must be realized that at extreme temperatures oils and
greases become stiff.
If an engine has been shut down for any period of time the lubricant may
have become so stiff that a fully charged battery will not turn the engine
over.
This situation may be further aggravated because at such temperature
batteries lose much of their energy.
Rubber-like Material
The general effect of reduced temperatures is the same for all
rubber-like materials. As the temperature is decreased the rubber passes
from a soft (easily deformed) and elastic state to a more rigid state and
finally to a brittle glasslike condition. The various commercial rubbers
differ appreciably as to the temperature ranges in which they pass
through these various states.
None of the available commercial rubbers are truly elastic at extremely
low temperatures (below 40F.). New rubber products stand up better
under cold conditions than old rubber. The effect of temperature on
Trade
names
Forms
Uses
availa
ble
subgroup
Acrylics:
Lucite
Methyl
methacryla
te
Plexigla
s
M, R,
S, T
Windshields,
goggles,
dentures,
M, R, S
artificial eyes,
drafting in
resin
struments,
automotive
parts,
aircraft
enclosures
Celluloses:
Celluloid
Cellulose
nitrate
Nitron
Nixon
C/N
R, S, T,
F
Fountain pens
and pencils,
R, S, T
drawing
instruments,
spectacle
R, S, T
frames, bottle
Pyralin
R, S, T
caps, toilet
seats,
tool handles,
shoelace tips,
film
Cellulose
acetate
Fibestos
R, S, T
Lumarit
h
R, S, T,
M
Containers,
luggage, food
cases,
truck curtains
Nixon
C/A
R, S, T,
M
Plastoce
le
R, S, T
Chemac
o
M
M
Knobs, goggle
frames,
combs,
Hercules
M
Koppers
M
brushes, tool
handles,
safety
Tenite I
goggles, eye
shields,
automotive
parts and
housings
Cellulose
acetate
Tenite II
Telephones,
steering
wheels,
butyrate
film spools,
radio
housings,
knobs
and pulls, light
supports, coil
spools, brush
backs
Ethyl
Cellulose
Celcon
Chemac
o
Radio
housings,
toothbrushes,
pen
M, S
Ethocel
M
Hercules
and pencil
barrels, tool
handles,
M
Koppers
knobs and
M, S
pulls,
flashlight
cases
Textile fiber,
ropes, lines,
hose,
Nixon
E/C
Nylon:
Textile
filament
tents,
stockings,
clothing,
types
bristles,
surgical
sutures
Injection,
extrusion
and
alcoholsoluble
M, S
Injection and
compressed
molding,
covering for
wire and
sheets,
types
solution
castings, small
bearings,
specialty
containers,
electrical
coil forms and
insulators,
small
gears, cams,
coatings
Trade
names
Forms
subgroup
availa
ble
Ethylene
plymers:
F, M, S,
T
Polyethylene
F, M, S,
T
Polythene
Uses
Films, liners,
closures,
wrappings
for frozen
food,
primary
cable,
insulating
material,
coating for
weatherpro
of wire
Polytetrafluor
o
Teflon
M, R, S,
T
Films,
tubes, tapes
and special
ethylene
applications
made by
rolling,
drawing, or
machining
Polyvinyl
acetals:
Formvar
Polyvinyl
formal
Polyvinyl
butyral
Insulating
enamel,
base for
electric
wires,
phonograph
records
Butacite
M, S
Saflex
Plastic
interlayer,
laminated
Vinylite
M, S
for safety
glass,
sheeting,
and
coatings for
dustproof
and
waterproofi
ng fabrics
Vinyl ester
polymers:
Polyvinyl
chloride
Geon
M, S
Marvinol
Pliovic
M, S
Ultron
M, S
Vinylite
M, S
Jacketing
material on
electric
wires and
cables,
waterrepellent
garments,
shower
curtains,
garment
bags,
upholstery,
belts, floor
coverings,
overlays for
maps,
phonograph
records
Polyvinyliden
e resins:
Saran
F, M, T
Finylidene
chloride
Hoses,
flexible
tubing, rigid
pipe,
lined steel
pipe,
moistureresistant
films and
fabrics for
upholstery
and
transportati
on seating
Polystyrene
Bakelite
Cerex
Standoff
insulators,
antenna in
Chemac
o
M
M
sulators,
radio coil
forms,
Koppers
M
Loalex
M
telephone
equipment,
fluorescent
Loalin
M
Lustrex
M
Styron
light
fixtures,
wall til s e ,
combs,
knobs and
pulls,
shaver
housings,
camera
cases,
refrigerator
parts,
bottle caps
Polystrene
expanded
Styrofoa
m
Insulating
material in
refrigera
tion
construction
, buoyancy
agent
for life rafts
and small
metal
boats
Trade
names
Forms
Uses
availa
ble
subgroup
Phenolics:
Bakelite
Phenolformaldehyde
Durez
Durite
resin
Resinox
Camera
cases,
photographic
film
spools,
handles,
instruments,
boxes, radio
cabinets,
ignition
parts,
instrument
panels,
pulleys,
housings,
terminal
blocks,
telephone
parts, goggle
frames,
wheels
Melamine
resin:
Melamineformalde
Melmac
Plaskon
Resime
ne
fittings,
sockets, food
containers
Beetle
Buttons,
tableware,
hyde
Urea resins:
Compression
moldings,
electrical
Ureaformaldehyde
Plaskon
boxes,
electrical
parts and
lighting
reflectors
Synthetic
rubber:
Chlorobutadie
ne
Neopre
ne
M, S, T
Hose,
molded
parts,
weather
strip
ping, wire
and cable
jacketing
adhesive,
coated
fabric,
electrical
cable
construction,
inflatable
gear, sealing
strips