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Directorate of Wheat Development
Directorate of Wheat Development
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INTRODUCTION
MEASURESTOACHIEVETHETARGETEDPRODUCTIONOFWHEAT
Asdiscussedearlier,thereishardlyanyscopeforexpansionofareaunderWheat.The
main emphasis would be on increasing the productivity of Wheat by adopting the improved
cultivationpracticesasdiscussedhereunder.
WheatProductionTechnology
Climaticrequirement
Wheat is grown in all types of climatic conditions i.e. tropical, subtropical and temperate. In
India, major Wheat area is under subtropical region. The cool and sunny winters are very
conducive for growth of Wheat crop. The following temperature is required for optimum growth
anddevelopment:
Growthstages
Temperaturerequirements
Germination
20to25Cmeandaily
Acceleratedgrowth
20to23Cmeandaily
Acceleratedgrowth
20to23Cmeandaily
Propergrainfilling
23to25Cmeandaily
Soilrequirement
Wheatcanbegrownonallkindsofsoils,exceptthehighlydeterioratedalkalineandwaterlogged
soils. Soils with clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water holding capacity
are ideal for Wheat cultivation. Durum Wheat should preferably be sown on medium to fine
texturedsoils.
CultivationPractices
LandPreparation
The Wheat crop requires a well pulverized but compact seed bed for good uniform
germination. One deep ploughing with soil turning plough followed by two harrowings and
planking is desirable . To protect the crop from Termites and White Ants particularly in
rainfed area, treatment is suggested with Endosulphan 35EC or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @
700 ml per 100 kg of seed by mixing in 5 litres of water and spraying over the seed
followedbyseeddryingovernightbeforesowing.
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SeedandSowing
TimeofSowing,Spacing&SeedRate
Seedrate
(kg/ha)
Timeofsowing
Spacing
(cm)
IrrigatedTimelysown
100
1025November
2022.5
IrrigatedLatesown
125
25Nov.25Dec.
1518
Rainfedtimelysown
100
25Oct.10Nov.
2025
Depthofsowing
Seed should be placed 56 cm deep below the soil where sufficient soil moisture is
availabletoenablegermination.
MethodofSowing
ThebestmethodofsowingiswithaseeddrillordroppingseedwithaChongaattachedto
a deshi plough. Dropping seeds in open furrows behind a deshi plough and broadcasting
arefoundtobeinferiortolinesowingwithseeddrill.
Seedtreatment
For the control of diseases like Bunts and Smuts, seed treatment is suggested with
Vitavex,Bavistin,ThiramorAgrosanGN@2.5gmperkgofseed.
WheatVarieties
The ICAR and State Agriculture Universities has developed many varieties of Wheat
suitablefordifferentzones,regions,statesandsowingconditions.Thedetailedinformation
ofthenewimprovedvarietiesaregivenintheAnnexureIX.
ThepresentSeedReplacementRatio(SRR)isabout10%,whichisproposedtoincreaseupto
20% by the end of X Plan. Accordingly, yearwise requirement of Breeder, Foundation and
CertifiedseedshavebeenworkedoutandgiveninAnnexureX.
WheatBasedCroppingSystem
Wheat is grown mainly in cropping sequences like RiceWheat, JowarWheat, BajraWheat,
MaizeWheat, PulseWheat, CottonWheat, SoybeanWheat etc. in different parts of the country
underirrigatedcondition.Underrainfedcondition,fallowWheatismostcommon,butsometimes
shortdurationpulsecropsmayproceedWheatinassuredrainfallareas.
TheStatewiseWheatbasedcroppingsystemareasfollows:
State
CroppingSystem
1. Assam
MaizeWheat,SugarcaneWheat,PigeonPeaWheat
2. Bihar
RiceWheat,MaizeWheat,SesameWheat
3. Jharkhand
RiceWheat
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4. Gujarat
GroundnutWheat,MaizeWheat,RiceWheat,
CottonWheat,PigeonPeaWheat
5. Haryana
RiceWheat,SorghumWheat,CottonWheat,Bajra
Wheat,MaizeWheat
6. HimachalPradesh
MaizeWheat
7. Jammu&Kashmir
RiceWheat,MaizeWheat
8. Karnataka
GroundnutWheat
9. MadhyaPradesh
RiceWheat,SorghumWheat,SoybeanWheat,
CottonWheat,
10. Chattishgarh
SoybeanWheat,RiceWheat,SorghumWheat,
CottonWheat
11. Maharashtra
SoybeanWheat,BajraWheat,RiceWheat,Cotton
Wheat
12. Orissa
SesameWheat,
13. Punjab
RiceWheat,CottonWheat,MaizeWheat,
14. Rajasthan
SorghumWheat,MaizeWheat,BajraWheat
15. UttarPradesh
RiceWheat,BajraWheat,SorghumWheat,
SugarcaneWheat
16. WestBengal
RiceWheat
FertilizerApplication
The fertilizer application should normally be on the basis of soil test. In case the facility for soil
testingisnotavailable,fertilizermaybeappliedatthefollowingrates:
(i)N:P:K:
ProductionCondition
FertilserRequirement(kg./Ha.)
Nitrogen(N)
Phosphorous(P)
Potash(K)
IrrigatedTimelysown
120150
4060
Basedonsoiltest
IrrigatedLatesown
80100
4060
Basedonsoiltest
60
20
Nil
RainfedTimelysown
Methodandtimeofapplication
Thetimeoffertilizerapplicationdependsuponnatureoffertilizerandtypeofsoil.ThePhosphatic
andPotassicfertilizersshouldbeappliedasbasalwhileNitrogenousfertilizersshouldbeapplied
asbasalandtopdressinginsplitdoses.Inmediumtoheavysoilsapplicationofnitrogenintwo
splits i.e. half at the time of sowing and half after first irrigation. In case of light soils, nitrogen
applied into three splits i.e. onethird at sowing time, onethird after first irrigation and remaining
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onethirdaftersecondirrigation.
(ii)Secondary&Micronutrients
Sulphur
In some Wheat growing areas, particularly where Rice Wheat crop rotation is
continuously taken, the deficiency of Sulphur is being visualised. Recent studies at
PDCSR, Modipuram indicated wide spread deficiency of Sulphur in the soils of Rice
WheatgrowingareasofwesternUttarPraesh.TheSulphurdeficiencycanbemanagedby
applicationofferiliserslikeSuperPhosphateorAmmoniumSulphate.
Zink
Among micronutrients, Zink (Zn) is the most common disorder of Indian soils, particularly
those managed under RiceWheat cropping system. In the most cases, application of 25
Kg Zink Sulphate per ha. is sufficient to meet the Zn demands of Rice as well as
subsequent Wheat, except in saltaffected soils, which need 10 Kg Zn/ha. in Rice crop.
Results of research studies reveal that in RiceWheat system, contribution of Zn to grain
yieldincreasedmarkedlywithcontinuouscropping.
Irrigation
Underlimitedwateravailability
Oneirrigation
InbetweenCRIandtiller
Twoirrigation
AtCRI*andbootstages
Threeirrigation
AtCRI*,bootandmilkstagescompletionstages
Underoptimumwateravailability
Fourirrigation
AtCRI*,tillercompletion,bootandmilkStages
Fiveirrigation
AtCRI*,tillercompletion,latejointfloweringandmilkstages
Sixirrigation
*CRI=crownrootinitiation
PlantProtectionMeasures
Weedcontrol
For an effective control of weeds following chemicals should be sprayed by making a
solutionin400to600litresofwater/ha.
Fornarrowleavedweeds
Pendimethalin(Stomp)@1.0kga.i./ha,23daysaftersowing(preemergence),followed
by Isoproturon (Tolkan/ Graminon/Arelon) @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha, 3035 days after sowing or
Metaxuron (Dosanex/ Hexamar/ Hilnex) @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha 3035 days after sowing or
Leader@33gat35daysaftersowingorTopic@400g/haat35daysaftersowing
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Forbroadleavedweeds
2,4D@0.4kga.i./haat3035daysaftersowing
Formixedpopulationofnarrowandbroadleavedweeds
Mixture of Isoproturon and 2,4D at the recommended doses of each or Isoguardplus
@1.2kga.i./ha3035daysaftersowing.
Diseasecontrol.
Mostofthevarietiesreleasedtodayareresistanttonearlyallthediseasesbutevenafter
electingsuchvarietiesifthediseasesarenoticed,weshouldapplythefollowingchemicals
fortheircontrol.
DiseasesofWheat(Triticumaestivum)
DiseaseName
Glumeblotch
Causalorganism
Septorianodorum
Loafblotch
Septoriatritici
Symptoms
Small, linear or oblong, to
darkbrown
blotches,
studded with minute black
dots, appear on floral
bracts and nodal tissues
ofthecalms
Controlmeasures
Treat seed with
Ceresan or Agrosan
GNbeforesowing@
2g/kgpractisecrop
rotation and field
sanitation spray the
crop with 4:4:50
Bordeaux mixture or
any other copper
fungicide
Lightgreen to yellow
blotches on leaves, later
turning light brown, and
studdedwithblackdots
Grow
varieties
resistant
Pythiumroot
rot
Pythium
graminicolum
Sclerotial
disease
Pelliculariarolfsii
Practice
crop
rotation and sterilize
thesoil
Dilophospors
Leafspot
Dilophosporarolfsii
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Leafblight
Footrot
Hillbunt
Alternariatriticina
Karnalbunt
Grow
resistant
varieties like Dewa
(K9107),
Ganga
(HD2643), Narendra
Wheat (NW1012),
Narendra
Wheat
(NW1014), Gometic
(K9465), Malviya
468, Atal (K9644),
HP 2733, Prasad
(K8434), Halna (K
7903).Seed soaking
in hotwaters (at
520C)
for
10
minutes spray of
Ziram, Dithane M
45 or Dithane Z78
(0.25%)
Helminthosporium
sativumand
Fusariumspp.
Darkbrown
patches
appear on collar plant
turnsyellowanddriesup
Seeddressing with
Agrosan GN or
Ceresan @ 2 g/kg
delay sowing till the
3rd week of October
apply heavy rauni
(irrigation)toprepare
theseedbed
Tilletiafoetidaand
Tilletiacaries
Neovossiaindica
Grow
resistant
varieties
like
Malavshree
(HI
8381),
Raj3765,
PBW343, Ganga
(HD2643), Narendra
Wheat (NW1012),
Narendra
Wheat
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Flagsmut
Urocystistritici
Grey or greyishblaok,
long Seed streaks on
leaves, leaf sheaths and
sometimes on stalk and
grow glumes stripes
eventually rupture and
expose a black sooty
mass
of
spore
powder affected plants
stunted, with leaves
twisted
no
ear
formation
Seeddressing with
Ceresan or Agrosan
GN @ 1:500 grow
resistant varieties
practise
crop
rotation, rogue out
diseased plants and
destroy them by
burning avoid late
sowing do not sow
deepapplyirrigation
immediately
after
sowing
Ustitago
tritici
Solarheat or hot
water treatment of
seed grow resistant
varieties
e.g.
Narendra
Wheat
(NW1012),
Narendra
Wheat
(NW1014), Gomti
(K9465), Malviya
468,Naina(K9533)
rogue
out
the
smutted plants dry
seed treatment with
Carboxin(0.25)%
Seed treatment with
Oxycarboxin grow
resistant varieties,
e.g. Malvshree (HI
8381), Vidisha (DL
8033), Vidisha (DL
7882),
GW273,
Atal
(K9644),
Malvratna
(HD
11
Loosesmut
12
Stemrust
Pucciniagraminis
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Reddishbrown to dark
brown, oblong, pustules
on culms and leaf
sheaths
later,
the
pustules turn black grains
becomeshrivelled
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4672),etc
13
Striperust
(yellowrust)
Pucciniaglumarum
(P.striiformis)
Tolerant
varieties
Raj3765,
PBW_343, Ganga
(HD2643),
Rajeshwari
(HP
1744), Shresth (HD
2687),
VL804,
Gangotri (K9162),
etc. Seed treatment
(2.6 g/kg) and spray
(3.2 kg/ha) with
Oxycarboxin
14
15
Leafrust
(brownrust)
Pucciniarecondite
Grow
resistant
varieties
like
Malvshree
(HI
8381), vidisha (DL
8033), Raj 3765),
PBW343, Ganga
(HD2643),
Rajeswari
(HP
1744), Vidisha (DL
7882),
GW273,
Narendra
Wheat
(NW1012),
Narendra
Wheat (NW1014),
Shresth (HD2687),
Malavshakti
(HI
8498), Malavratna
(HD4672),HD2733,
VL804,Gangotri(K
9162),
etc.
compound RH124
is specific for this
disease Zineb and
Dithane M45 spray
(3kg/ha)
Powdery
mildew
Erysiphegraminis
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16
Mosaicstreak
Virus
Chlorotic
leaves
streaks
on
17
Yellowdwarf
Virus
18
Earcockle
Anguinatritici
19
Tandu(Yellow
earrot)
Corynebacterium
tritici
andnematodes
Anguina
triticicomplex
20
Molyaor
cerealroot
eelworm
Heteroderaavenue
Benomyl
(600
1000g/100kg)
Sow
resistant
varieties,
e.g.
Ridley, N.P803,
N. P. 809, E
4647,
E0003E6831
Resistant varieties
Sun,RedRussian
Usecleanseed,free
from
galls
for
sewing
remove
galls by sieving or
by floatation in 20%
salt solution rogue
outdiseasedplants
Stunting,
paleyellow
sparsely
growing
seedlings roots showing
knots
containing
nematodecysts
Usecleanseed,free
from
galls
for
sewing
remove
galls by sieving or
by floatation in 20%
salt solution rogue
outdiseasedplants
PestsofWheat(TriticumaestivumLinnaeus)
NameofthePest
Termites:
Odontotermee
Rambur
Microtermes
Holmgren
Stemborer,
obesus
obesi
Descriptionanddamage
Controlmeasures
Social
insects
that
live
underground in colonies attack
youngseedlingsaswellasgrown
up plants the attacked plants
witherandultimatelydie
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inference
Gujhia weevil,
Tanymecus
indious
Faust
Cutworms
AgrotisipsilonHufner
A. flammatra Schiffer
Mueller
Armyworm
Mythimna
unipuncta
Haworth
Thrip,
Anaphothrips flavicinctus
Karny
lacerate
causing
streaks
to rapid
Wheat aphids:
Schizaphie (Taxoptera)
graminum
Rondani
Rhopalosiphum maidis
Fitch
Sitobion
avenace
Fabricius
Surface
grasshopper,
Chrotogonus
trachypterusBlanchard
Dust510%BHC
Shootfly,
Sesamia
Walker
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Atherigona
Steyskal
naqvii
Harvesting&Threshing
The crop is harvested when the grains become hard and the straw becomes yellow, dry and
brittle. Most of the harvesting in India is done with sickle. However, in recent years in some
states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh etc. harvesting & threshing is done by combine
harvesteratalargescale.Thematuritytimeofthecropdiffersfromzonetozoneandsoisthe
harvesting.Thetimeofharvestingfordifferentzonesisindicatedasunder:
Wheatgrowingzones
Timeofharvestingthecrop
N.E.P.Zone
ItstartsfromlatterpartofMarchandcontinuesuntilmidApril.
N.W.P.Zone
SecondfortnightofApril
CentralZone
EndofFebruarytoMarch
PeninsularZone
SecondfortnightofFebruarytobeginningofMarch
Hillyzone
MayJune
Threshingisgenerallydonebyvarioustypesofthresherswhicharecommonindifferentpartsof
thecountry.
Storage
The grain should be thoroughly dried before storage. Grains with less than 10% moisture
store well. The storage pits, bins or godowns should be moisture proof and should be
fumigatedtokeepdowntheattackofstoredgrainpests.
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