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but
they are designed in such a way that it allows the steps to often overlap in
practice.
The suggested SIA process is given below.
1. Public involvementAn effective public involvement plan needs to be
developed to include communities that potentially can be affected through a
development.
2. Identification of alternativesAlternatives that are reasonable should be
described together with the proposed action.
3. Baseline conditionsThe relevant human environment or area that might
be
affected and baseline conditions need to be described.
4. ScopingAll probable social impacts need to be identified.
5. Projection of estimated effectsThe probable impacts identified in the
previous step need to be investigated.
6. Predicting responses to impactsThe identified social impacts significance
need to be determined.
7. Indirect and cumulative impactsConsecutive and cumulative impacts
need
to be estimated.
8. Changes in alternativesNew or changed alternatives should be
recommended and their consequences should be projected.
9. MitigationA mitigation plan should be developed.
10.MonitoringA
monitoring
program
should
be
developed
(Interorganizational
Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment,
2004:103111).
Slootweg et al., (2003:56) are of the opinion that SIA and EIA can become
important
project planning instruments if applied in the early stages of the decisionmaking
process. If SIA and EIA are properly applied in a project, it may lead to a
significant
improvement in the quality of project proposals, and it will lead to important
costs
savings on project implementation because of reduced negative impacts and
better
acceptance of the project objectives. SIA should be an integrated, continuous
process and should not be a point in time assessment of the potentially
negative
social impacts of planned interventions (Vanclay, 2005:6). Therefore, for SIA
to
reach its mission of being a process of navigation in the course of project
development and in assisting communities to choose between project
developments
options, SIA must be a socially informed process of adaptive management.
This
view of SIA, therefore, supports the SIA model in Table 2.4. According to
Barbour
(2007:19), one of the key challenges SIA faces is not the physical disruption
of
human populations, but rather for these populations to understand the
meanings and
social significance of changes due to project development. Esteves et al.,
(2012:34)
state that SIA is also conceived as a methodological framework in addition to
being a
research field. There are significantly different guidelines and research in the
history
of SIA, and most respond with unease to SIA (Esteves et al, 2012:35). The SIA
guidelines and principles essentially prescribe best practice in SIA and there
is a
wider purpose for SIA. The guidelines, principles and variables will therefore
assist
practitioners so that the SIA process could be effectively conducted. SIA,
therefore,
needs to become a mechanism that could be effective in the absence of
regulation,
but also needs to be able to deal with multiple regulations and enhance the
outcomes of development projects.
All of these requirements are relevant to SIA in South Africathe theme of
Section
2.3.
2.3. SIA in South Africa
Wood (1999:5259) describes the early history of Environmental Impact
Assessment
(EIA) in South Africa, which is provided in the previous chapter where it also
explained that, because of NEMAs definition of the environment, SIA is an
integral
part of EIA. In South Africa, the EIA process started on a non-mandatory basis
in
the 1970s when EIAs were practiced voluntarily. It only became mandatory
in 1997
with the promulgation of the EIA regulations in terms of the Environment
Conservation Act (ECA) of 1989. These ECA regulations had been effective
for just
over a year when the first environmental management legislation was
promulgated in
1998 in the form of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA).
However,
EIA remained under ECA until the new EIA regulations were promulgated in
terms of
18
NEMA in 2006 which, thereby, initiated the second era of mandatory EIA
(Kidd &
Retief, 2009:9711047; Sandham et al., 2013:2).
This commitment corresponds well with the principles and guidelines of SIA
given
earlier in this chapter. Chapter 3 and 4 will further explore SIA practice in
South
Africa which will contribute to the aim of this dissertation.
SIA, dan yang paling bertindak balas dengan rasa tidak senang kepada SIA
(Esteves et al, 2012: 35). SIA
garis panduan dan prinsip-prinsip dasarnya menetapkan amalan terbaik
dalam SIA dan terdapat
tujuan yang lebih luas untuk SIA. Garis panduan, prinsip dan pembolehubah
itu akan membantu
Pengamal supaya proses SIA itu boleh berkesan dijalankan. SIA, oleh itu,
perlu menjadi satu mekanisme yang boleh berkesan jika tiada peraturan,
tetapi juga perlu mampu untuk berurusan dengan pelbagai peraturan dan
meningkatkan
hasil projek pembangunan.
Semua keperluan ini berkaitan dengan SIA di Afrika Selatan tema Seksyen
2.3.
2.3. SIA di Afrika Selatan
Wood (1999: 52-59) menerangkan sejarah awal Penilaian Kesan Alam Sekitar
(EIA) di Afrika Selatan, yang disediakan dalam bab sebelum ini di mana ia
juga
menjelaskan bahawa, kerana definisi NEMA kepada alam sekitar, SIA adalah
penting
sebahagian daripada EIA. Di Afrika Selatan, proses EIA yang bermula secara
tidak wajib dalam
tahun 1970-an apabila EIA ini telah diamalkan secara sukarela. Ia hanya
menjadi wajib pada tahun 1997
dengan pengisytiharan peraturan EIA dari segi Alam Sekitar
Akta Pemuliharaan (ECA) 1989. Peraturan-peraturan ECA ternyata berkesan
untuk hanya
lebih setahun apabila undang-undang pengurusan alam sekitar yang
pertama telah diisytiharkan pada
1998 dalam bentuk Akta Pengurusan Alam Sekitar Kebangsaan (NEMA).
Walau bagaimanapun,
EIA kekal di bawah ECA sehingga peraturan EIA baru telah diisytiharkan dari
segi
18
NEMA pada tahun 2006, dengan itu, memulakan era kedua wajib EIA (Kidd &
Retief, 2009: 971-1047; . Sandham et al, 2013: 2).
Menurut Bezuidenhout (2009: 6), Penilaian Kesan Sosial dan Alam Sekitar
Penilaian Kesan dua proses yang berbeza yang memberi tumpuan kepada
dua yang berbeza
persekitaran di lokasi tertentu yang berjalan selari antara satu sama lain.
Untuk memahami
peranan SIA, 'kesan sosial' istilah harus jelas. Dalam sebelumnya
bab, ianya dinyatakan bahawa perkataan 'sosial' mempunyai pelbagai
makna dan,
mengikut Du Pisani (2005: 20), istilah 'sosial' sering digunakan dalam yang
agak kabur
Komitmen ini sepadan dengan baik dengan prinsip dan garis panduan SIA
diberikan
pada awal bab ini. Bab 3 dan 4 akan terus meneroka amalan SIA di Selatan
Afrika yang akan menyumbang kepada matlamat untuk disertasi ini.