4.

0 RESULTS
2.1 TABLE 1: Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN tank, Heater OFF)

A
B
C
D
E

RUN I
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
700
700
708
29.4
8

SET 2
700

AVERAGE
700
700
708
29.4
8

A
B
C
D
E

RUN II
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
600
600
608
29.5
8

SET 2
600

AVERAGE
600
600
608
29.5
8

A
B
C
D
E

RUN III
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
500
500
492
29.4
8

SET 2
500

AVERAGE
500
500
492
29.4
8

A
B
C
D
E

RUN IV
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
400
400
405
29.4
5

SET 2
400

AVERAGE
400
400
405
29.4
5

A
B
C
D
E

RUN V
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
300
300
305
29.4
5

SET 2
300

AVERAGE
300
300
300
29.4
5

REMARKS:
B: Read from the sight glass with millimetre scale (LG).
C: Read from the level indicator (LI) on the front panel.
D: Read from the temperature gauge (TG) mounted on level tank T1.

2.2 TABLE 2: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater OFF)

A
B
C
D
E

RUN I
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
700
700
711
29.5
11

SET 2
700

AVERAGE
700
700
711
29.5
11

A
B
C
D
E

RUN II
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
600
600
605
29.5
5

SET 2
600

AVERAGE
600
600
605
29.5
5

A
B
C
D
E

RUN III
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
500
500
503
29.5
3

SET 2
500

AVERAGE
500
500
503
29.5
3

A
B
C
D
E

RUN IV
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
400
400
407
29.5
7

SET 2
400

AVERAGE
400
400
407
29.5
7

A
B
C
D
E

RUN V
Suggested Level (mm)
Actual Level (LG) (mm)
Actual Level (LI) (mm)
Temperature (TG) (0C)
Deviation = | B-C | (mm)

SET 1
300
300
306
29.5
6

SET 2
300

AVERAGE
300
300
306
29.5
6

REMARKS:
B: Read from the sight glass with millimetre scale (LG).
C: Read from the level indicator (LI) on the front panel.
D: Read from the temperature gauge (TG) mounted on level tank T1.

DISCUSSION

Level measurement is an integral part of process control and may used in a wide
variety of industries. Level measurement may be divided into two categories , point level
measurement, and continuous level measurement. Point level sensors used to mark a
single discrete liquid height , a preset level condition. Generally , this type of sensor can
provide complete level monitoring of a system. A continuous level sensor , as the name
implies , measured the fluid level within a measurement range rather than at specific,
single point. The continuous level sensor provides an analog output that directly
correlates to the level within the containing vessel. This analog signal from the sensor
may be directly link to a visual indicator or to a process control loop, forming a level
management system.
In this experiment, an open and closed tank of level measuring equipment is used.
The measurement is tested using conditions which are with no heater (low temperature).
Since the objective of this experiment is evaluate and study the measurement of level
using a differential pressure or level transmitter and a sight glass with millimeter scale.
Pressure also has an effect on the level measurement because the system uses differential
pressure as the sensing method although not the same as temperature.To measure level
via differential pressure when at the bottom of the tank relative to that in that atmospheric
pressure; it depends on the density differences between phases. Level measurement based
on pressure measurement is also referred to as hydrostatic tank gaging (HTG). It works
on the principle that the difference between the two pressures (d/p)is equal to the height
of the liquid (h, in inches) multiplied by the specific gravity (SG) of the fluid.

By definition, specific gravity is the liquid's density divided by the density of pure
water at 68 F at atmospheric pressure. A pressure gage or d/p cell can provide an
indication of level (accurate to better than 1%) over wide ranges, as long as the density of
the liquid is constant. When a d/p cell is used, it will cancel out the effects of barometric
pressure variations because both the liquid in the tank and the low pressure side of the d/p
cell are exposed to the pressure of the atmosphere. Therefore, the d/p cell reading will

represent the tank level.

From the experiment, actual level (LI) should be more than actual level(LG).
Sometimes it is not happen because of the parallax error. Based on the result, for Table 1:
Level Measurement (Tank T1 as OPEN Tank, Heater OFF), this experiment is conducted
with Run I until Run IV, with different suggested level. From two different types of level
indicator which are the direct measurement at the front panel (LI) and indirect reading at
the sight glass with millimeter scale (LG).From five runs, the highest difference deviation
between direct and indirect reading is at Run I, Run II and Run III which are 8 and the
lowest deviation is at Run IV and Run V which is 5.
From Table 2: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater OFF), by using
similar procedure. From five runs, the highest difference deviation between direct and
indirect reading is at reading Run I which is 11 and the lowest deviation is at Run III
which is 3. The result is difference between direct and indirect reading because direct
reading require compensation for changes in level caused by changes in temperature.
Direct level measurements show the actual level of the interface meanwhile indirect
involves converting measurements of some other quantity, such as pressure to level by
determining how much pressure is exerted over a given area at a specific measuring
point, the height of the substance above that measuring point can also be determined.
Therefore, the level measurement is affected by many factors. First factor is pressure, for
any given amount of liquid in a container, the liquid pressure exerted at the base of the
container by the liquid will remain constant, but the height will vary inversely with the
process system pressure. Secondly, temperature same principal as pressure when any
amount given of liquid in a container, the pressure exerted at the base will remain
constant, but the height will vary directly with the temperature. Moreover, temperature
can also affect the accuracy of indirect level measurement. By referring the theory,
substances have a tendency to expand when heated and contract when cooled and indirect
level measurement is sensitive to specific gravity and the effects of temperature, it is
necessary to compensate for these factors to ensure accurate measurement. As a
conclusion ,there are small different between reading on the sight glass and the level
indicator. This is because sight glass reading was taken manually by human eye contact
while level indicator was taken by computer sensor. So we can say that the level indicator

is more accurate than the sight glass. The sight glass less accurate because the human
errors.