Pha Sors

10: Sine waves and phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
Summary (Irwin/Nelms Ch
8)
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)
Phasors: 10 1 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
di
For inductors and capacitors i = C dv
dt and v = L dt so we need to
differentiate i(t) and v(t) when analysing circuits containing them.
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
di
Usually differentiation changes the

shape of a waveform.
Admittance
8)
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

For bounded waveforms there is
only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
= cos t
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
= cos t
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
1
0
-1
0
10
15
10
15
t
1
0
-1
0
5
t
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
= cos t
same shape but with a time shift.
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
1
0
-1
0
10
15
10
15
t
1
0
-1
0
5
t
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
= cos t
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
1
0
-1
0
10
15
10
15
sin t completes one full period

every time t increases by 2 .
1
0
-1
0
5
t
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
= cos t
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
1
0
-1
0
10
15
10
15

1
0
-1
0
5
t
sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

gives a frequency of f cycles per second, or f Hz.
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Sine Waves
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
di

only one exception:
v(t) = sin t
dv
dt
= cos t
1
0
-1
0
2
t
2
t
5
0
-5
0
1
0
-1
0
10
15
10
15

1
0
-1
0
5
t
sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

gives a frequency of f cycles per second, or f Hz.
We often use the angular frequency, = 2f instead.
is measured in radians per second. E.g. 50 Hz ' 314 rad
s .
Phasors: 10 2 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

projection of a rotating rod onto the horizontal axis.
For a unit-length rod, the projection has length cos .
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

If the rod is rotating at a speed of f revolutions per
second, then increases uniformly with time:
= 2f t.
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

= 2f t.
The only difference between cos and sin is the starting position of the rod:
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

= 2f t.
1
0
-1
0
10
15
v = cos 2f t
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

= 2f t.
1
-1
0
10
-1
0
15
v = cos 2f t
10
15
v = sin 2f t
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

= 2f t.
1
-1
0
10
t
v = cos 2f t
15
-1
0
10
15
v = sin 2f t = cos 2f t
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Rotating Rod
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

= 2f t.
1
-1
0
10
t
v = cos 2f t
15
-1
0
10
v = sin 2f t = cos 2f t
sin 2f t lags cos 2f t by 90 (or 2 radians) because its peaks occurs

of a cycle later (equivalently cos leads sin) .
15
1
4
Phasors: 10 3 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
If the rod has length A and starts at an angle then the projection onto the
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
= A cos cos 2f t A sin sin 2f t
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
= X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
At time t = 0, the tip of the rod has coordinates
(X, Y ).
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
(X, Y ).
If we think of the plane as an Argand Diagram (or complex plane), then the
complex number X + jY corresponding to the tip of the rod at t = 0 is
called a phasor .
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
(X, Y ).
called a phasor .
The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

value) of the sine wave.
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasors
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
horizontal axis is
A cos (2f t + )
(X, Y ).
called a phasor .
The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

value) of the sine wave.
Y
The argument of the phasor, = arctan X
, gives the phase shift relative
to cos 2f t.
If > 0, it is leading and if < 0, it is lagging relative to cos 2f t.
Phasors: 10 4 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
V = j
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = 1 0.5j
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = 1 0.5j
v(t) = cos 2f t + 0.5 sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = X + jY
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos 2f t Y sin 2f t
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = X + jY
Beware minus sign.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A
Beware minus sign.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )
Beware minus sign.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )
Beware minus sign.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )
Beware minus sign.
A phasor represents an entire waveform (encompassing all time) as a

single complex number. We assume the frequency, f , is known.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )
Beware minus sign.

A phasor is not time-varying, so we use a capital letter: V .
A waveform is time-varying, so we use a small letter: v(t).
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor Examples
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
V = 1, f = 50 Hz
v(t) = cos 2f t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
V = j
v(t) = sin 2f t
1
0
-1
0
V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

= 1.12 cos (2f t 2.68)
V = X + jY
0.02
t
1
0
-1
0
0.02
t
V = A = Aej
v(t) = A cos (2f t + )
Beware minus sign.

A phasor is not time-varying, so we use a capital letter: V .
A waveform is time-varying, so we use a small letter: v(t).
Casio: Pol(X, Y ) A, , Rec(A, ) X, Y . Saved X & Y mems.
Phasors: 10 5 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY
v(t) = X cos t Y sin t

where = 2f .
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
a v(t)
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
a v(t) = aX cos t aY sin t
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
Admittance
8)
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
Adding or scaling is the same for waveforms and phasors.
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)

dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)

dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
= (Y ) cos t (X) sin t
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t
Differentiating waveforms corresponds to multiplying

phasors by j .
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t

phasors by j .
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Phasor arithmetic
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Phasors
Waveforms
V = X + jY

where = 2f .
aV
V1 + V2
v1 (t) + v2 (t)
V = (Y ) + j (X)
= j (X + jY )
= jV
dv
dt
= X sin t Y cos t

phasors by j .
Rotate anti-clockwise 90 and scale by = 2f .
Phasors: 10 6 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t)
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
V
I
Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV
1
jC
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
V
I
Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV
1
jC
For all three components, phasors obey Ohms law if we use the complex
1
impedances jL and jC
as the resistance of an inductor or capacitor.
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Complex Impedances
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
Resistor:
v(t) = Ri(t) V = RI
V
I
=R
Inductor:
di
v(t) = L dt
V = jLI
V
I
= jL
V
I
Capacitor:
i(t) = C dv
dt I = jCV
1
jC
For all three components, phasors obey Ohms law if we use the complex
1
impedances jL and jC
as the resistance of an inductor or capacitor.
If all sources in a circuit are sine waves having the same frequency, we can
do circuit analysis exactly as before by using complex impedances.
Phasors: 10 7 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Given v = 10 sin t where = 2 1000,

find vC (t).
Admittance
8)
10
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and

find vC (t).
(1) Find capacitor complex impedance
Z=
Admittance
8)
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j
10
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j
(2) Solve circuit with phasors
VC = V
10
-10
0
Z
R+Z
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
10
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122
10
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122

vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )
10
vC
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122

vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )
10
vC
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
(3) Draw a phasor diagram:
V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122

vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )
10
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
vR
vC
0
C
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
Phasor Analysis
Admittance
8)

find vC (t).
Z=
1
jC
1
6.28j104
= 1592j

Z
VC = V R+Z
1592j
= 10j 10001592j
= 4.5 7.2j = 8.47 122

vC = 8.47 cos (t 122 )
10
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
vR
vC
0
C
-10
0
0.5
1
t (ms)
1.5
V = 10j
VC = 4.5 7.2j
VR = V VC = 4.5 2.8j = 5.3 32
Phasors add like vectors
Phasors: 10 8 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
I leads V
Capacitors: i = C dv
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
Mnemonic: CIVIL = In a capacitor I lead V but V leads I in an inductor.
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
COMPLEX ARITHMETIC TRICKS:
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
j
(3) a + jb = r = re
(180 if a < 0)
where r = a2 + b2 and = arctan ab
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
j
(3) a + jb = r = re
(180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
j
(3) a + jb = r = re
(180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and a
=
b
b ( ).
Multiplication and division are much easier in polar form.
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
j
(3) a + jb = r = re
(180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and a
=
b
b ( ).
(6) All scientific calculators will convert rectangular to/from polar form.
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
CIVIL
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
I leads V
dt
di
V leads I
Inductors: v = L dt
(1) j j = j j = 1
(2) 1j = j
j
(3) a + jb = r = re
(180 if a < 0)
(4) r = rej = (r cos ) + j (r sin )
a
(5) a b = ab ( + ) and a
=
b
b ( ).
(6) All scientific calculators will convert rectangular to/from polar form.
Casio fx-991 (available in all exams except Maths) will do complex
arithmetic (+, , , , x2 , x1 , |x|, x ) in CMPLX mode.
Learn how to use this: it will save lots of time and errors.
Phasors: 10 9 / 11
Impedance and Admittance

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
For any network:
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
For any network:

(1) Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Z = R + jX ()
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R
Admittance
8)
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R
(2) Admittance = 1 / Impedance = Conductance + j Susceptance

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
2
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Note:
Y = G + jB =
1
Z
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
2
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Note:
Y = G + jB =
1
1
=
Z
R+jX
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
2
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Note:
Y = G + jB =
1
1
R
=
=
2
Z
R+jX
R +X 2
+ j R2X
+X 2
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
2
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Note:
X
1
R
Y = G + jB = Z1 = R+jX
= R2 +X
2 + j R2 +X 2
R
X
So G = R2 +X
2 and B = R2 +X 2
Phasors: 10 10 / 11

Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Admittance
8)
For any network:

Z = R + jX ()
|Z|2 = R2 + X 2
Z = arctan X
R

Y = Z1 = G + jB (S)
2
|Y | =
1
|Z|2
= G2 + B 2
Y = Z = arctan B
G
Note:
X
1
R
Y = G + jB = Z1 = R+jX
= R2 +X
2 + j R2 +X 2
R
X
So G = R2 +X
2 and B = R2 +X 2
1
Beware: G 6= R
unless X = 0.
Phasors: 10 10 / 11
Summary (Irwin/Nelms Ch 8)
Sine Waves
Rotating Rod
Phasors
Phasor Examples
Phasor arithmetic
Complex Impedances
Phasor Analysis
CIVIL
Impedance and
Sine waves are the only bounded signals whose shape is unchanged by
differentiation.
Think of a sine wave as the projection of a rotating rod onto the
horizontal (or real) axis.
A phasor is a complex number representing the length and position
of the rod at time t = 0.
The angular frequency = 2f is assumed known.
If V = a + jb = r = rej , then
Admittance
8)
v(t) = a cos t b sin t = r cos (t + ) = < V ejt
If all sources in a linear circuit are sine waves having the same
frequency, we can use phasors for circuit analysis
1
Use complex impedances: jL and jC
Mnemonic: CIVIL tells you whether I leads V or vice versa (leads
means reaches its peak before).
Phasors: 10 11 / 11

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10: Sine waves and phasors

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

10: Sine waves and phasors

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

same shape but with a time shift.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

same shape but with a time shift.

sin t completes one full period

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

same shape but with a time shift.

sin t completes one full period

sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

Usually differentiation changes the

same shape but with a time shift.

sin t completes one full period

sin 2f t makes f complete repetitions every time t increases by 1; this

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

A useful way to think of a cosine wave is as the

sin 2f t lags cos 2f t by 90 (or 2 radians) because its peaks occurs

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

The magnitude of the phasor, A = X 2 + Y 2 , gives the amplitude (peak

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2011)

V = 1 0.5j = 1.12 153