3 Op Amps

Ideal Op-Amp
Inverting Configuration
Non-inverting Configuration
Integrators & Differentiators
Beauty of Millers Theorem ***
Summary
3. Operational Amplifiers
S. S. Dan and S. R. Zinka
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
BITS Pilani, Hyderbad Campus
February 10, 2016
ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
2 Inverting Configuration
3 Non-inverting Configuration
4 Integrators & Differentiators
5 Beauty of Millers Theorem ***
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
An operational amplifier, op-amp, is nothing more than a DC-coupled,
high-gain differential amplifier
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
The name "operational amplifier" stems from the op-amps ability to
perform mathematical operations.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
One of the reasons for the popularity of the op amp is its versatility ...
one can do almost anything with op amps!
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
Op amp is a circuit building block of universal importance
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
Early op amps were constructed from discrete components (vacuum
tubes and then transistors, and resistors), and their cost was
prohibitively high (tens of dollars)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Introduction
Early op amps were constructed from discrete components (vacuum
tubes and then transistors, and resistors), and their cost was
prohibitively high (tens of dollars)
IC op amp has characteristics that closely approach the assumed ideal
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Lets See Internal Circuitry of an Op-Amp
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Lets See Internal Circuitry of an Op-Amp

Current mirror
Q8
Current mirror
Q12
Q9
Q13
Q14
Non-inverting
input
Q1
Inverting
input
Q2
4.5 k
Q16
2
Q3
Q4
30 pF
6
7.5 k
Q6
Q5
50 k
1 k
1 k
Differential amplifier
Q22
5
Offset
null
Q20
Q15
Q10
Output
50
Q7
Offset
null
Output stage
Q17
25
39 k
Voltage level shifter
7
VS+
Q19
Q11
5 k
50 k
50
4
Current mirror
Classs A gain stage
VS
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
A Few Types of Op-Amps
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
A Few Types of Op-Amps
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Ideal Op Amp Terminals
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

1
VCC
4
1
3
5
VCC
3
VEE
VEE
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

1
VCC
4
1
3
5
VCC
3
VEE
VEE
Require dc power to operate
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

1
VCC
4
1
3
5
VCC
3
VEE
VEE

No terminal of the op-amp package is physically connected to ground
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

1
VCC
4
1
3
5
VCC
3
VEE
VEE

No terminal of the op-amp package is physically connected to ground
An op amp may have other terminals for specific purposes
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Ideal Op Amp Characteristics
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
+
_
+
+
v2
A (v2 - v1)
+
_
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Inverting input
v1
Output
+
_
+
+
v2
A (v2 - v1)
+
_
Noninverting input
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Inverting input
v1
+
_
i1 = 0
Output
v2
+
_
i2 = 0
A (v2 - v1)
Noninverting input
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Inverting input
v1
+
_
i1 = 0
Output
v2
+
_
i2 = 0
Noninverting input
A (v2 - v1)
A tends to
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Summary of Ideal Op Amp Characteristics
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

The op amp responds only to the difference signal, v2 v1 , and hence
ignores any signal common to both inputs (i.e., CMRR)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

The ideal op amp is not supposed to draw any input current, i.e., the
input impedance of an ideal op amp is supposed to be infinite
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

The output terminal is supposed to act as the output terminal of an ideal
voltage source, i.e., the output impedance of an ideal op amp is
supposed to be zero
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

supposed to be zero
An important characteristic of op amps is that they are direct-coupled or
dc amplifiers, where dc stands for direct-coupled
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

supposed to be zero
Ideal op amps will amplify signals of any frequency with equal gain,
and are thus said to have infinite bandwidth
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

supposed to be zero
In almost all applications the op amp will not be used alone in a
so-called open-loop configuration
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Inverting Configuration
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
As mentioned in the previous section, op amps are not used alone;

rather, the op amp is connected to passive components in a feedback
circuit
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO

circuit
Here we are using negative feedback. Can you guess how?
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO

circuit
Here we are using negative feedback. Can you guess how?
Why the above configuration is known as the inverting configuration?
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Closed-Loop Gain
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
vI
+
_
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
vI
+
_
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
?
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
vI
+
_
0V
_
0
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
vI
+
_
?
0V
_
0
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
vI/R1
R1
vI
+
_
vI/R1
0V
_
0
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
vI/R1
R1
vI
+
_
vI/R1
0V
_
0
v0 =
+
vO
R2
v
R1 1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Closed-Loop Gain A Few Observations
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The closed-loop gain is independent of the op-amp gain.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

The fact that the closed-loop gain depends entirely on external passive
components (resistors R1 and R2 ) is very significant. It means that we
can make the closed-loop gain as accurate as we want by selecting
passive components of appropriate accuracy.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

The fact that the closed-loop gain depends entirely on external passive
components (resistors R1 and R2 ) is very significant. It means that we
can make the closed-loop gain as accurate as we want by selecting
passive components of appropriate accuracy.
Through applying negative feedback we have obtained a closed-loop
gain that is much smaller than A but is stable and predictable. That is,
we are trading gain for accuracy.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
i1 = i2 =
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
_
+
i1 = i2 =
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
i1 = i2 =
_
?
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
- vO/A
i1 = i2 =
_
0
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
?
- vO/A
_
0
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
?
- vO/A
i1 = i2 =
_
0
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
?
- vO/A
i1 = i2 =
_
0
+
vO
vI + vO /A
R1
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Effect of A on Input and Output Resistances
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
?
- vO/A
_
0
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
Ri =
?
- vO/A
_
0
+
vO
vI
vI R1
R
1
=
=
< R1
I1
vI + vO /A
1 + vvOI /A
(1)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
Ri =
?
- vO/A
_
0
+
vO
vI
vI R1
R
1
=
=
< R1
I1
vI + vO /A
1 + vvOI /A
Ro = 0
(1)
(2)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
Ri =
?
- vO/A
_
0
+
vO
vI
vI R1
R
1
=
=
< R1
I1
vI + vO /A
1 + vvOI /A
Ro = 0
(1)
(2)
To make Ri high we should select a high value for R1 . However, if the required
gain is also high, then R2 could become impractically large. We may conclude
that the inverting configuration suffers from a low input resistance.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Now, lets see two applications of op-amp inverting configuration ...
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
1st Application The Weighted Summer
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
vn
R1
Rf
R2
_
Rn
+
vO
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn

Rf
Rf
Rf
v
vn
v1
vO =
+ 2 ++
Rf =
v1 +
v2 + +
vn
R1
R2
Rn
R1
R2
Rn
itot =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
R1
Rf
R2
0V
vn
Rn
_
0
+
vO
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn

Rf
Rf
Rf
v
vn
v1
vO =
+ 2 ++
Rf =
v1 +
v2 + +
vn
R1
R2
Rn
R1
R2
Rn
itot =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
R1
Rf
R2
?
0V
vn
Rn
_
0
+
vO
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn

Rf
Rf
Rf
v
vn
v1
vO =
+ 2 ++
Rf =
v1 +
v2 + +
vn
R1
R2
Rn
R1
R2
Rn
itot =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
i1
R1
i2
R2
Rf
?
0V
vn
in
Rn
_
0
+
vO
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn

Rf
Rf
Rf
v
vn
v1
vO =
+ 2 ++
Rf =
v1 +
v2 + +
vn
R1
R2
Rn
R1
R2
Rn
itot =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
i1
R1
i2
R2
Rf
?
0V
vn
in
Rn
itot =
_
0
+
vO
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
v1
v2
i1
R1
i2
R2
Rf
?
0V
vn
in
vO =
+
vO
Rn
itot =

_
0
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn
v1
v
vn
+ 2 ++
R1
R2
Rn
Rf =
Rf
R1
v1 +
Rf
R2
v2 + +
Rf
Rn
vn
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
2nd Application Generalized Weighted Summer
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vO =
Ra Rc
Ra Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
v ++
vn
v
vm
R1 Rb 1
Rn Rb
Rn+1 n+1 Rn+2 n+2
Rm
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

v1
v2
vn
R1
Ra
R2
_
Rn
Rb
Rc
+
vn+1
vm
vO =
Rn+1
_
Rm
vO
Ra Rc
Ra Rc
Rc
Rc
Rc
v ++
vn
v
vm
R1 Rb 1
Rn Rb
Rn+1 n+1 Rn+2 n+2
Rm
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Non-inverting Configuration
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
As mentioned in the previous sections, op amps are not used alone;

circuit
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_

circuit
Here also we are using negative feedback. Can you guess how?
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_

circuit
Here also we are using negative feedback. Can you guess how?
Why the above configuration is known as the non-inverting
configuration?
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
vI
R1

v
R
vO = vI + I R2 = vI 1 + 2
R1
R1
i1 = i2 =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
vO
+
_
vI
R1

v
R
vO = vI + I R2 = vI 1 + 2
R1
R1
i1 = i2 =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
vI
+
vO
+
_
vI
R1

v
R
vO = vI + I R2 = vI 1 + 2
R1
R1
i1 = i2 =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI
vI
+
vO
+
_
vI
R1

v
R
vO = vI + I R2 = vI 1 + 2
R1
R1
i1 = i2 =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
vI/R1
R1
vI
vI/R1
vI
_
+
+
vO
+
_
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
vI/R1
R1
vI
vI/R1
vI
+
_
i1 = i2 =
+
vO
vI
R1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
vI/R1
R1
vI
vI/R1
vI
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vO = vI +
+
vO
vI
R1

vI
R
R2 = vI 1 + 2
R1
R1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vI vO /A
R1
vO
1 + R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vI vO /A
R1
vO
1 + R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vI vO /A
R1
vO
1 + R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vI vO /A
R1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
i1 = i2 =
vI vO /A
R1
vO
1 + R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
Ri
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
?
R1
vI - vO/A
_
0
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
Ri
Ro = 0
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Now, lets see an application of op-amp non-inverting configuration ...
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
An ApplicationThe Voltage Follower
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The property of high input impedance is a very desirable feature of the

non-inverting configuration
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

_
+
vI
+
vO
vI
vI
vO
+
_

Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

_
+
vI
+
vO
vI
vI
vO
+
_

Also known as unity-gain amplifier
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

_
+
vI
+
vO
vI
vI
vO
+
_

The circuit is said to have 100% negative feedback
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

_
+
vI
+
vO
vI
vI
vO
+
_

The circuit is said to have 100% negative feedback
Since the non-inverting configuration has a gain greater than or equal to
unity, depending on the choice of gain, some prefer to call it a follower
with gain
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Inverting Configuration with General Impedances
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Z2
Z1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Z2
Z1
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
vO
Z
= 2
vI
Z1
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Op-Amp Integrator
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
+
_
0
1 t vI
1
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt = VC
1
RC
Z t
0
vI dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
_
?
+
_
0
1 t vI
1
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt = VC
1
RC
Z t
0
vI dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
0V
0
+
_
0
1 t vI
1
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt = VC
1
RC
Z t
0
vI dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
+
_
0V
0
0
1 t vI
1
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt = VC
1
RC
Z t
0
vI dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
+
_
vI/R
0V
0
vI/R
_
+
+
vO
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
+
_
vI/R
0V
0
vI/R
_
+
+
vO
vO =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
+
_
vI/R
0V
0
vI/R
_
+
+
vO
1 t vI
dt =
C R
Z
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
+
_
vI/R
0V
0
vI/R
0
1
1 t vI
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt =
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
vI
vO =
+
_
vI/R
0V
0
vI/R
0
1
1 t vI
1
dt =
v dt
C R
RC I
RC
+
vO
Z t
0
vI dt = VC
1
RC
Z t
0
vI dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Op-Amp Integrator in Frequency Domain
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Vo
(dB)
Vi
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
- 6 dB/octave
1
CR
(log scale)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Vo
(dB)
Vi
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
- 6 dB/octave
1
CR
(log scale)
vO
Z
1/jC
1
1
= 2 =
=
=
90
vI
Z1
R
jRC
RC
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Vo
(dB)
Vi
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
- 6 dB/octave
1
CR
(log scale)
vO
Z
1/jC
1
1
= 2 =
=
=
90
vI
Z1
R
jRC
RC
We can observe that at = 0, the above circuit is operating with an open
loop.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Vo
(dB)
Vi
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
- 6 dB/octave
1
CR
(log scale)
vO
Z
1/jC
1
1
= 2 =
=
=
90
vI
Z1
R
jRC
RC
loop.
So, it is clear that the integrator circuit will suffer deleterious effects from the
presence of the op-amp input dc offset voltage.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Miller Integrator
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

RF
C
R
+
vI (t)
+
vO (t)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

RF
C
R
+
vI (t)
+
vO (t)
vO
Z
= 2 =
vI
Z1
RF
1+jRF C
RF /R
1 + jRF C
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

RF
C
R
+
vI (t)
+
vO (t)
vO
Z
= 2 =
vI
Z1
RF
1+jRF C
RF /R
1 + jRF C
So, dc problem of the integrator circuit can be alleviated by connecting a

resistor RF across the integrator capacitor C.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
The Op-Amp Differentiator
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

i
i
+
_
+
vI (t)
_
0V
+
vO (t)
_
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

i
i
+
_
+
vI (t)
_
0V
vO = iR = C
+
vO (t)
_
dvI
dv
R = RC I
dt
dt
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

i
i
+
R
_
+
vI (t)
_
0V
vO = iR = C
+
vO (t)
_
dvI
dv
R = RC I
dt
dt
vO
Z
R
= 2 =
= jRC = RC 90
vI
Z1
1/jRC
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

i
i
+
R
_
+
vI (t)
_
0V
vO = iR = C
+
vO (t)
_
dvI
dv
R = RC I
dt
dt
vO
Z
R
= 2 =
= jRC = RC 90
vI
Z1
1/jRC
Differentiator circuits behaves like noise magnifiers and also sufferer from
stability problems. So, they are generally avoided in practice.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
R2
R1
v1
+
_
_
+
+
v2
R2
R1
v1
+
_
vi
-Avi
-Avi
vo
+
v2
R1
v1
+
_
R2/(1+A)
vi
R2/(1+A-1)
+
v2
v2
AR2
=
v1
R1 (1 + A) + R2
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Non-inverting Configuration (Wrong!)

R2
R1
_
+
v1
+
v2
+
_
R2
R1
+
vi
-Avi
-Avi
vo
+
v2
v1
R1
+
R2/(1+A)
v1
vi
R2/(1+A-1)
+
v2
v2
AR2
=
v1
R1 (1 + A) + R2
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Millers Theorem
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Millers Theorem
1
V1
V2 = KV1
V1
I1 = I
I2 = I
2
+
Z1
Z2
V2 = KV1
Z1 = Z/ (1 K)
Z2 = Z/(1 1/K)
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Millers Theorem
1
V1
V2 = KV1
V1
I1 = I
I2 = I
2
+
Z1
Z2
V2 = KV1
Z1 = Z/ (1 K)
Z2 = Z/(1 1/K)
Millers theorem needs a common ground (or reference voltage) on both
sides ...
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary
Outline
1 Ideal Op-Amp
6 Summary
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

supposed to be zero
In almost all applications the op amp will not be used alone in a
so-called open-loop configuration
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
vI
+
_
+
vO
vO
R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ri =
1+
R
1
vO
vI
/A
Ro = 0
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

R2
R1
_
+
vI
+
vO
+
_
vO
1 + R2 /R1
=
vI
1 + (1 + R2 /R1 ) /A
Ri
Ro = 0
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

Vo
(dB)
Vi
vI
+
_
_
+
+
vO
- 6 dB/octave
1
CR
(log scale)
vO
Z
1/jC
1
1
= 2 =
=
=
90
vI
Z1
R
jRC
RC
loop.
So, it is clear that the integrator circuit will suffer deleterious effects from the
presence of the op-amp input dc offset voltage.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

RF
C
R
+
vI (t)
+
vO (t)
Z
vO
= 2 =
vI
Z1
RF
1+jRF C
RF /R
1 + jRF C
So,the dc problem of the integrator circuit can be alleviated by connecting a

resistor RF across the integrator capacitor C.
Ideal Op-Amp
Summary

i
i
+
R
_
+
vI (t)
_
0V
vO = iR = C
+
vO (t)
_
dvI
dv
R = RC I
dt
dt
vO
Z
R
= 2 =
= jRC = RC 90
vI
Z1
1/jRC
Differentiator circuits behaves like noise magnifiers and also sufferer from
stability problems. So, they are generally avoided in practice.

3 Op Amps

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3 Op Amps

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Ideal Op-Amp

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

February 10, 2016

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

Lets See Internal Circuitry of an Op-Amp

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

Lets See Internal Circuitry of an Op-Amp

Classs A gain stage

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

A Few Types of Op-Amps

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

A Few Types of Op-Amps

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

The Ideal Op Amp Terminals

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

The Ideal Op Amp Terminals

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators

Beauty of Millers Theorem ***

The Ideal Op Amp Terminals

Require dc power to operate

ECE/EEE/INSTR F244, Dept. of EEE, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Integrators & Differentiators