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GD&T
GD&T
Form Tolerances
Form tolerances include flatness, straightness, circularity, and cylindricity. These tolerances
relate to individual features only.
The flatness tolerance is symbolized by a parallelogram and specifies a tolerance zone confined
by two parallel planes within which the entire surface must lie. Figure 1a demonstrates how the
flatness symbol is applied, and interpreted.
lines instead of two parallel planes.Straightness is symbolized by a short horizontal line as shown
in figure 2a.
3b Circular interpretation.
Circularity is the third form tolerance and is defined as all points constrained to lie within two
concentric circles of specific diameter. See table 2 for diameter and radius symbology. Any
points lying outside the larger circle or inside the smaller circle are unacceptable. See figure 3b.
Circularity is symbolized by a circle as shown in figure 3a. In figure 3, the tolerance is .04
inches.
Fig. 14 Symmetry.
The area between bells establishes the acceptable tolerance zone for symmetrical part features.
The centerline or axis of the bell establishes the reference line from which symmetry is
measured. Symmetry tolerance is only applied on a regardless of feature size (RFS).
The all around symbol is the small circle on the elbow of the leader line for the GD&T feature
control frame. This means that there is a profile zone imposed around the entire perimeter of the
part, but only in the left-hand view. It doesnt cover the two large faces of the part (this is why
the 30 mm dimension still has a tolerance on it). Here is the same all around profile zone
shown in yellow:
OK, but now lets look at the new one, which is called all over:
Notice that there are two circles around the elbow of the leader line this is a new addition in
the 2009 standard (to get the same effect previously, we could have used a text note ALL
OVER). This means that the profile tolerance extends everywhere! Notice that the depth
dimension of 30 must now be a basic dimension. Here is this new tolerance shown in yellow:
So as I said, its not a difficult concept. But be careful all over literally means all over! If
there were any holes in this block, the profile tolerance would also cover the walls of the hole
(which means the diameter of the hole would have to be given as a basic dimension). So use this
new one with caution.