Role of Contemporary Forestry in National Economy

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
National Workshop on
Role of Contemporary Forestry in
National Economy Changing Roles
of Foresters and Resultant Training Needs
1st 3rd February, 2016

Directorate of Forest Education, Dehradun
Edited by
M P SINGH
K S JAYACHANDRAN
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ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY, CHANGING ROLES OF FORESTERS AND RESULTANT TRAINING NEEDS
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................................................................1
WORKING SCHEDULE...........................................................................................................................................................3
INAUGURAL SESSION...........................................................................................................................................................5
SESSION 1: ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY

Role of contemporary forestry in national economy: K D Singh..............................................................................8
SESSION 2: CHANGING ROLES OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

Role of contemporary forestry in national economy, changing roles of foresters and resultant training
needs: Irshad A Khan....................................................................................................................................................19
Frameworks and tools for ecosystem based forest management: Christopher Kernan......................................22
Valuation of forest resources: Rajesh Kumar.............................................................................................................25
Forests and economy: Dr Raman Nautiyal................................................................................................................27
SESSION 3: EMERGING TRAINING NEEDS OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

Reorienting the forestry training curriculum to meet the challenge of

climate change: some thoughts: R D Jakati................................................................................................................30
Increasing role of forest sector to national economy: some thoughts

on present day training needs: Dr Mohit Gera.........................................................................................................32
Role of contemporary forestry in national economy, changing roles of foresters

and resultant training needs: B K Singh.....................................................................................................................33
Emerging training needs in the Indian forestry sector: Dr Sushil Saigal..............................................................35
CONCLUDING SESSION

Summary and recommendations................................................................................................................................38
Concluding remarks......................................................................................................................................................40

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS......................................................................................................................................................41
ABBREVIATIONS
ACF: Assistant Conservator of Forests
BAP: Bali Action Plan
CASFOS: Central Academy for State Forest Service
CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity
CCF: Chief Conservator of Forests
CDM: Clean Development Mechanism
CF: Conservator of Forests
DCF: Deputy Conservator of Forests
DES: Directorates of Economics and Statistics
DFO: Divisional Forest Officer
FCA: Forest (Conservation) Act
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GIS: Geographical Information Systems
HDI: Human Development Index
HEP: Hydro Electric Projects
ICFRE: Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
IFS: Indian Forest Service
IUFRO: International Union of Forest Research Organisations
JFM: Joint Forest Management
JICA: Japan International Corporation Agency
MFP: Minor Forest Produce
MPCE: Monthly Per-Capita Consumption Expenditure
NAV: Net Asset Value
NFC: National Forest Commission
NFP: National Forest Policy
NGO: Non Governmental Organisation
NIC: National Industrial Classification
NTFP: Non Timber Forest Produce
NWFP: Non Wood Forest Produce
PCCF: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
PES: Payment for Environmental Services
REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SFD: State Forest Department
SFM: Sustainable Forest Management
SFS: State Forest Service
SMF: Sustainable Management of Forests
TNA: Training Needs Analysis
TOF: Trees outside Forests
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Background
Forests play an important role in providing ecological
security and resilience to the living conditions of millions
of people in the country. However the vital contribution
is not adequately reflected in the low contribution to
the GDP. Forestland is scarce and requires judicious
scientific and efficient use to fulfill the requirements
of food, settlement, industries and environment for
sustainable development. Competing and conflicting
land uses are a major concern and hence are dealt with
greater caution now.
During last few decades, there has been a paradigm
change in forestry sector. Inclusive growth is being
propagated as a measure to prevent over-exploitation
of forests. A transition to green economy is visualized
to provide the right way of measuring growth even at
the cost of environmental degradation. The shifts in
approaches towards forest governance is because of
experiences worldwide and in certain pockets in India;
which suggest that given the right incentives, time,
financial resources and technical support, communities
can raise forest incomes, governments can increase
revenues, and forest cover can increase.
Forests thus have the potential to help reduce rural
poverty significantly. Slowly, improved technology
and practices are generating greater returns by helping
communities to add value to forest products such as
medicinal plants and bamboo. Livelihoods in ecotourism
are raising incomes significantly. Technology, Joint
forest management and the Forest Conservation Act is
improving forest conservation, against the challenges of
population and the subsequent pressure on scarce land
resources.
A remarkable shift in forest governance is the
ecosystem approach to forest management. Forest
management is moving beyond conventional objectives
through the new working plan code, by ensuring
involvement and commitment of people and local
institutions to ensure implementation of the modern
forest management strategies. The focus now is
towards ecosystem values including soil, water, air,
livelihood, aesthetic, NTFP and biodiversity values.
Thus, ecosystem approach to forest management with
multiple functions has turned out to be a turning point
in contemporary forest management.

Against these rapidly changing dimensions of forest
governance, the roles of foresters have seen a sea change.
The need to equip them with relevant knowledge and
skills has become more important than ever before.
There is a need to reform training curricula to address
crucial capacity building concerns against the prism of
social, technological and inter-disciplinary dimensions.
Training needs of foresters have evolved in a
very complex manner. In order to stand the test of
time, the forestry training sector should implement
comprehensive training programs designed to promote
innovation at all levels and strengthen positive
behaviour amongst foresters.
The Directorate of Forest Education, Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Dehradun
conducts induction and in-service trainings for State
Forest Service (SFS) officers, Forest Range Officers
and frontline staff from across the nation. Thus the
Directorate of Forest Education is at the forefront of this
massive change management.
The Directorate of Forest Education, during the past
few years has been working on analysing the training
needs of forestry personnel (except Indian Forest
Service personnel). Directorate of Forest Education,
in cooperation with Japan International Corporation
Agency (JICA), conducted series of interactions at
various levels in the State Forest Departments to
assess the training needs of SFS officers, as a part of
implementation of JICA assisted Technical Corporation
Project Capacity Building of State Forest Training
Institutions and SFS Colleges during March, 2009
to March, 2014. Training experts like Mr Forrest
Fleischman, Department of Ecosystem Science &
Management; Texas A&M University as well as
recognised master trainers of Department of Personnel
and Training, Government of India contributed in
creating a sound training framework with focus on
training needs which stresses on solving complex
problems related to the field-level implementation of
forestry programs that implement national and state
forest policies and laws. Varied platforms for forest
officers including trainers, training administrators and
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training managers of various state and central forest

training institutions were provided during in-service
training of SFS and Range Forest Officers. State Forest
Service officer trainees undergoing induction training
have also been a part of this effort. The mutual sharing
of experiences and information through collaboration
has created a huge body of knowledge encompassing
crucial training needs for State Forest Service Officers.
This workshop is a sincere attempt to bring in
experienced government officers including forest
officers, both serving as well as retired, to brainstorm
and discuss the changes in the roles of foresters in the
field especially State Forest Service officers and Range
Forest officers. A new spectrum of training needs for
forestry personnel thus emerged, when a fresh role
analysis of forestry personnel against the new set of
situations existing in the field were done in a forum
of experienced senior officers. The outcome was also
in the form of suggestions after discussions, to bring

in improvements in the forestry training sector. The
retired officers, who are part of the society now, played
a big role, since their perspectives towards forestry have
changed including their expectations out of foresters.
The discussions showed the path for the Directorate of
Forest Education to mould the training needs as well as
the training strategies accordingly.
These deliberations would form the bedrock of the
Training Needs Analysis (TNA), presently underway
at the Directorate of Forest Education, which would
be the precursor of the ongoing review of the Entrance
and Training (Revised) Rules, 2004 for State Forest
Service Officers. Thus the outcome of the workshop
would be looped into Entrance and Training Rules
immediately, ensuring realization of the potential
synergy of entire spectrum of stakeholders involved in
forestry training.
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Working Schedule
Day I: 1st February, 2016
1430 1500 hours:
Registration
1500 1545 hours:
INAUGURAL SESSION
Welcome Address by Shri M P Singh, IFS, Director, Forest Education
Inaugural Address by Dr S S Negi, IFS, Director General of Forests & Special Secretary,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
Introduction and Introductory Remarks by participants
1545-1630 hours
Group Photograph and Tea
SESSION 1: ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY

1630 1730 hours:
Key Note Address:

Dr K D Singh: Role of Contemporary Forestry in National Economy
Discussions and open forum:
Moderator:
Dr R D Jakati, IFS (Retd.)
Rapporteur:
Ms Meera Iyer, Faculty, CASFOS
Day II: 2nd February, 2016

SESSION 2: CHANGING ROLES OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL
1000 1100 hours
Introducing the theme:

Dr Irshad Khan, IFS (Retd.), and Dr Christopher Kernan, USAID
Tea Break: 1100 1130 hours

1130 1330
Presenters:
1. Shri Rajesh Kumar, Sr Dy Director, Forest Survey of India
2. Dr Raman Nautiyal, Scientist, ICFRE
Panel Discussion on Changing Roles of Forestry Personnel
Moderators:
Dr Irshad Khan, IFS (Retd.)
Dr Christopher Kernan
Rapporteur:
Dr Surabhi Rai, Faculty, CASFOS
1330 1430 hours:
Lunch at CASFOS, Dehradun
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SESSION 3: EMERGING TRAINING NEEDS OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

1430- 1530
Introducing the theme:

1. Dr R D Jakati, IFS (Retd.)
2. Dr Mohit Gera, IFS Professor, IGNFA
Tea Break: 1530 1600 hours

1600 1730 hours:
Presenters:
1. Shri B K Singh, IFS Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya
2. Dr Sushil Saigal, Forest Plus
Panel Discussion on Emerging Training Needs of Forestry
Personnel
Moderators:
2. Dr Mohit Gera, IFS Professor, IGNFA
Rapporteur:
Dr K S Jayachandran, Faculty, CASFOS
Day III: 3rd February, 2016

CONCLUDING SESSION: ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY,
CHANGING ROLES OF FORESTERS AND RESULTANT TRAINING NEEDS
0930 1200 hours: Role of contemporary forestry in national economy, changing roles of foresters and resultant
training needs: Way forward - Discussions and Summing up
1. Dr K D Singh, President, AcademyofForests and EnvironmentalSciences
2. Dr Anmol Kumar, IFS Director General, Forest Survey of India
3. Dr G S Goraya, IFS, DDG, ICFRE
4. Shri M P Singh, IFS, Director, Forest Education
6. Dr Irshad Khan, IFS (Retd.)
7. Dr Christopher Kernan, USAID
8. Dr Sushil Saigal, Forest Plus
Rapporteur:
Dr K S Jayachandran, Faculty, CASFOS
1200 1330 hours: Valedictory Address by Dr S S Negi, IFS, Director General of Forests & Special Secretary,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
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Inaugural Session
Shri M P Singh, IFS, Director, Forest Education,
welcomed all dignitaries, eminent serving and retired
forest officers, scientists from sister organizations to
the workshop.
The Directorate of Forest Education, during the past
few years has been working on analysing the training
needs of forestry personnel. The present workshop
is an attempt to bring in experienced government
officers, both serving as well as retired, to brainstorm
and discuss the changes in the roles of foresters in the
context of contemporary forestry, wherein the focus
has shifted to ecosystem goods and services including
NTFPs. Ecosystem functioning is now a priority area
in forest management. However, demand of forest
products and opportunity to harness huge potential
of ecotourism is increasing day by day and more
sustainable and acceptable ways of managing these
multiple forest functions need to be found. Consequent
to these and other changing roles, improvements in the
forestry training sector are imperative. An energetic
team of innovative foresters and scientists from all
sister organizations in Dehradun would try to evolve
a working template on the theme from this workshop.

Dr S S Negi, IFS, Director General of Forests
and Special Secretary to the Government of India,
congratulated the efforts of the Directorate of Forest
Education and the Central Academy for State Forest
Service to bring together the entire spectrum of senior
forest officers to deliberate on the burning issue of
the changing roles of foresters in the context of the
present economic realities. He felt that it was time to
introspect and flag the issues facing the forestry sector.
He highlighted challenges like productivity of forests
and diversion of forest lands for non-forestry purposes.
Diversion is inevitable in the face of development needs
and there is a need to balance both the development
and conservation needs. There is a huge amount of
funds lying with the government and the question is
whether the foresters community can utilize the funds
to increase the quality of forests.
Man animal conflict is another challenge. There
are no ready made solutions. Foresters need to evolve
solutions, based on field situations. Digitization of forest
boundaries is a challenge which needs to be addressed
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through capacity building by training institutions.

Training has to be dynamic and continuously evolving.
The workshop is expected to offer inputs to the Ministry
of Environment, Forest and Climate Change for further
action and taking the process ahead on the training for
the foresters community.
Dr R D Jakati, IFS (Retd.) gave a background of the
forestry training institutions in the country. He flagged
the infrastructure and the manpower challenges in
the forestry training sector. The reorientation of forest
training syllabus is a pressing area of concern in the
context of climate change and ecosystem management.
Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem assessment should
find place in the curriculum. He highlighted the need
of investment and matching infrastructure to enthuse
and motivate new entrants, as well as to improve the

training efficiency. The challenges of technical forestry,
falls on the institutions under the Directorate of Forest
Education and hence investment is more than crucial
for the Directorate of Forest Education.
Dr Jakati, also felt that training institutes should be
well funded and the infrastructure in training institutes
should be developed to enable the institutions to impart
world class training. The syllabus should be attuned
to the global trends in forestry today; it should not be
production forestry centric but should be ecosystem
centric. The assessment of the health of the ecosystem
and its integrity is very important before going into its
management, hence parameters and methods for the
assessment of ecosystems and its integrity should be
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integrated into training.

Dr Anmol Kumar, IFS, Director General, Forest
Survey of India, stressed the fact that one cannot do
away with basic forestry, but training should build a
strong foundation of basic forestry and others streams
like sustainable forestry, ecosystem services etc. should
flow from it. The line between tangible and intangible
benefits is now blurred and all benefits coming from
the forest have to be treated as concrete benefits and
their measurement and assessment should find a place
in training.
Dr V B Mathur, Director, Wildlife Institute of India,
briefed the house about evidence based learning and
decision making. He said that evidence cannot be
contradicted, but on the other hand requires modern
tools and investment. He underlined that we still
depend on foreign satellites, be it radio collaring
or any other intervention. Further he emphasized
that in an era of diminished forest felling and
emergence of substitutes, the forestry sector has to
concentrate on ecosystem services to establish the need
of retaining our remaining forests across the country.
Thus the training curriculum has to equip foresters
to identify, map, assess and valuate forest resources
economically.
Shri Vinod Kumar, Director, Indira Gandhi
National Forest Academy, expressed the importance of
traditional forestry, though with requisite adaptations
in consonance with emerging trends. Wood is still
crucial despite all the societal progress. Productivity
needs to be improved for wood and NTFPs through the

practice of silviculture, in line with new developments
in knowledge. Biodiversity is another aspect which is
becoming important given the increasing population
and subsequent requirements of livelihoods and
food security. Working with Gram Panchayats and
empowerment is an area where we will have to orient
our budding forestry personnel. And training needs to
be structured accordingly
Dr Mohit Gera, IFS, Professor, Indira Gandhi
National Forest Academy, Dehradun elaborated the
importance of equipping trainers for training. The
trainers are generally on deputation to training institutes.
The expertise of these trainers is basically built on
their educational qualification, the training undergone
and the field experiences. Besides a basic desire,
aptitude and attitude for mentoring and training, most
of the trainers have not received any formal input on
training methodology.
Shri V S Silekar, IFS (Retd.) highlighted the problems
with regard to state training institutions. He raised
special concern regarding the quality of trainers
deputed. Elaborating further, he suggested that trainers
should be oriented to grass root level democracy;
the lowest field functionaries should not be the only
people from the forest department interacting with
the grassroot level democracies. Emphasis was also
laid on the development of cartography skills as it was
observed that foresters need to possess superior skills
of map reading.
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Session 1: Role of Contemporary

Forestry in National Economy
Key Note Paper
Role of Contemporary Forestry in National Economy

Dr K D Singh, President
Academy of Forests and Environmental Sciences
SUMMARY
The paper is divided into three parts. The first part

presents an account of new global understanding of
forests as ecosystems and their roles as stated in the
Forestry Principles. This was followed by the 2020
outlook of the national economy along with potential
roles of contemporary forestry. The second part deals
with a detailed assessment of each role and its impact
on the national economy, including forest industries,
agro-forestry, fuelwood and grazing, NTFP, wildlife,
watershed, climate change and ecotourism. The third
and the concluding section dwells on formulation of
a comprehensive policy, strategy and programme for
each group of forest functions.
Key words: Forestry in the post-UNCED era,
Emerging Societal Demands on Forests, Initiatives for
formulation of policy, strategy and programmes
PART - I: CHANGING CONCEPTS OF

FORESTS AND FORESTRY WORLDWIDE
1. Recognition of Forest as an Ecosystem

Though an ecosystem view of forests has been
known to ecologists since long, a political acceptance
of the fact came only at the Stockholm Conference on
Human Environment 1972, when the Heads of the
assembled states unanimously acknowledged the role
of forests in maintaining global environmental stability
and contributing to ecological processes. Forests
were yet again at the centre of debate at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED 1992). Forests found an important mention
in all the three International Conventions signed at
UNCED, which obliges countries to take action for
conservation and sustainable management of forests

and submit regular reports on the state of forests to
UN Bodies. However, a Forest Convention could not be
agreed upon due to concern about sovereignty. Instead,
a non-legally binding agreement, known as the Forestry
Principles (FP), was adopted.
The FP provides a globally accepted framework for
accounting of forest functions. According to Forestry
Principles, the vital role of all types of forests in
maintaining the ecological processes and balance at
the local, national, regional and global levels through,
inter alia, their role in protecting fragile ecosystems,
watersheds and freshwater resources and as rich
storehouses of biodiversity and biological resources and
sources of genetic material for biotechnology products,
as well as photosynthesis, should be recognized (Article
4); and forestry issues and opportunities should be
examined in a holistic and balanced manner within
the overall context of environment and development,
taking into consideration the multiple functions and
uses of forests, including traditional uses and the
likely economic and social stress when these uses are
constrained or restricted, as well as the potential for
development that sustainable forest management can
offer (in Preamble).
The forty years interval, since the Stockholm
Conference, may seem as too long a period for
developing scientific tools and techniques for valuation
of environmental functions of forests. However, the
progress in scientific understanding of forests functions
has been very slow indeed. The scientific knowledge
in the field is still very limited. Making of assessments
even for a small country presents a complex task. It is
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formidable in our case on account of the size of our

country with diverse ecological, social and economic
setting and varying roles in different regions. The
interested readers may get general idea of assessment
problem in the Report of the Millennium Assessment
(2003) on a global basis and papers of Chopra et al.
(2008) and Verma (2008) in the Indian context. Singh
and Nilsson (1974 and 2008) present a comprehensive
framework for identification, assessment and
evaluation of the environmental benefits of forests. For
this purpose, authors define broad components of the
forest ecosystem as follows (see Figure 1):
A. Natural Components including:
Abiotic (Soil and Water conservation etc.)
Biotic (Flora, Fauna, Microbes, etc.)
Atmospheric (Climate, etc.)
B. Cultural Components relating to demographic,
political, socio-economic factors, etc.)
2. The Dynamic Nature of Forest Ecosystems
Figure 2 pictorially depicts the Forest Ecosystem (N)
interacting with the human Ecosystem (C) over a time
interval (T). The sub-scripts 1, 2, 3, etc. specify values of
the systems over time. The terms input and output are
used in a wide sense and include not only planned direct
inputs and effects, but also side-effects associated with
forest change such as land degradation, biodiversity
loss, etc. The cultural aspects are being highlighted as
they are the most important determinants of forest area

in any country at any time.
As a reference point relating forestry with national
economy, Table 1 presents a vision of the national
economy (2020) and includes key parameters such
as demography, urbanization, GDP during 2000-20.
The per capita GDP, which tripled during 1980-2000,
is expected to almost quadruple during the period.
The urban population will grow from 28% in 2000 to
38% in 2022, raising demands for urban forestry and
ecotourism. The income of the poor (lowest 10%) is
expected to improve; however, the relative divide
between rich and poor is likely to remain almost the
same as evident from the last column.
3. Classification of Forest Production
Using the conceptual model presented earlier,
functions of forests (as ecosystem) are presented as rows
in a matrix form (Table 2). The potential contribution of
influencing factors (natural factors, cultural influences
and other influences) could be added as additional
columns in the matrix.
What is presented in the matrix is by no means a
ready-made classification system of the desired
quality but a first effort to satisfy some or the desired
qualifications. It seemed necessary and logical to begin
with the first condition the product identification.
When defining primary area production, a distinction
between services and commodities is made to begin
with (see Column 1). The concept of services stands
Figure 1: Constituents of a Global Forest Ecosystem

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%LRWLFFRPSRQHQWV
&8/785$/
6<67(0
$ELRWLF FRPSRQHQWV
Source: Singh and Nilsson (1974)
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Figure 2: An integrated natural and cultural system

7 LP H
7
7
1
7
1
,
2
1
,
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,
2
&
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1 1 1 1 D WX UD OH F R V \VWH P V
& & & & X OWX UD OH F R V\VWH P V
, ,Q S X WV2 2 X WS X WV7 7 LP H
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Table 1: Socio-economic trends during 2000-2020

Population
Year
Urbanization
Trends
GDP / Capita
(All)
GDP / Capita
Lowest (10%)
Billions
No/ha
(%)
US$
US$
2000
1.01
307
28
429
159
2010
1.16
357
32
762
282
2020
1.30
405
38
1538
569
Sources: Planning Commission (GOI , 2006 ) and Abdul Kalam et al. (1998)
Table 2: General classification of forest production

Category of
Production
Services
(S)
Commodities
(C)
S+C
Production Class
Examples
Environmental Services Active inside the

Area unit
Erosion control, Soil amelioration, Wind break,

Shelter belt, Nature conservation (biodiversity)
Environmental Services Active outside the

Area unit
Climatic influences, Ground water control,

Flood control
Recipiental Services (Carrying capacity)
Anti-pollution effects, Recreation Grazing
Minerals
Rocks and minerals, Soil Water
Flora Commodities; Food and Wood
Trees, Grasses, Crops
Fauna Commodities
Animals, Fowl, Fish
Urban services and commodities
Sites and Infrastructure
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Table 3: The changing priorities in the forestry sector of India

Serial
Number
Forest Goods / Services
Changing Importance of Forest Production

1980
2010
Very High
High
Limited
Very High
Industrial forestry
Agro-forestry
Fuel wood
Very High
Very High
Fodder and Grazing
Very High
Very High
Non Timber Forest Products
Medium
Very High
Biological Diversity / Protected

Areas
Medium
High
Ecotourism
Limited
Medium
Watershed services
Medium
Very high
Climate change
Almost Unknown
Very High
Source: India-IIASA Report (2007)

for functions, effects and influences that may be
active within and between the area units. These
influences are temporarily defined as environmental environmental being a rather loose concept. The first
two environmental production classes respectively
are: Environmental Services Active inside the Area
unit and Environmental Services Active outside the
Area unit. The third category viz. influence of outside
systems on the area unit is identified in the third row as
Recipiental Services.
The concept of area unit needs further elaboration.
As long as a classification system is used merely in a
qualitative way, this area unit must not necessarily
be homogeneous in respect of production properties
and capacity. Any meaningful area classification
(for instance by administrative units) could be used.
A joint study by TIFAC and IIASA clearly brings the
rapid and fundamental changes undergoing in the
forest systems of India (see Table 3). A move towards
a more comprehensive and multiple use forestry
would require re-orientation of the existing forestry
institutions and creation of new institutions to effectively
cope with emerging demands, through production of
goods and services both within and outside forests.
A mismatch between the changing societal demands
on forests and non-changing forestry institutions
and organization could result in slowing down of
growth / stagnation of the sector and acceleration of
forest degradation.
4. Stages of Value Addition: a Concept

The potential opportunities for production and
value addition can be listed as follows:
Primary area production
Secondary area production
Tertiary production and
Recycling
Primary area production occurs within an area unit
as a result of ecological processes and human influences
that creates services and commodities useful to satisfy
human needs and could be traded for the purpose.
Primary area production may be past, actual or
potential; natural or influenced by man.
Secondary area production is defined as the actual
harvesting and transport of primary produce to delivery
(consumption) point. Delivery point is to be kept flexible
and depending on delivery conventions.
Tertiary production is defined as conversion
processes beyond delivery point in industries or
otherwise.
Recycling is defined as conversion processes where
re-use of area products occurs.
All four stages are relevant in forestry and
development of forest industries and land use in
general. It should be noticed that all production stages
do not always exist; two or more of them could coincide
too. As foresters, our primary interest is on the primary
area production. Here, our interest is in assessing and
comparing the value of alternative sets of produce
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(production alternatives, land use alternatives). Brief

comments will be made to illustrate the process of
value addition in respect of forest goods and services
listed in Table 4. The examples given here are intended
to illustrate the opportunities offered by them for
enhancing forest sector contribution to the national
economy. The examples will also help in making
appropriate policies in respect of various options.
PART II: ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY

FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY
1. Forest Industries: The forest products are among

the major contributors to income and employment in
relatively underdeveloped areas. The total industrial
demand of wood in terms of Round Wood Equivalent
(RWE) in the year 2000 was estimated at 58 million m3
with a deficit of the order of 29 million m3. The projected
demand is expected to reach 153 million m3 in the year
2020. However, wood based industries continue to face
challenges with regard to raw material supply and are
obliged to import wood in form of raw logs as well as
processed products resulting in a huge import bill as
statistics in Table 4 show.
due to unavailability and higher cost of transport. It

is estimated that most of the industrial raw material
in the future will come from farm forestry sources
(MoEF 1999).
Agro-forestry holds a promise for enhancing tree
cover combined with prosperity to farmers. By end of
the millennium, agro-forestry was producing industrial
and non-industrial wood more than forestry proper.
It was also improving the productivity of the farm
environment and providing additional income and
employment in the rural areas. The needs of industrial
wood by 2020 could be met from forest plantations in
non-forest areas through private and public partnership
(PPP), which would also create substantial new
employment opportunities to the rural poor and add
value through processing by a ratio of 1:5 (Table 5). The
greening of the country will also have positive impact
on climate change, perhaps, one of the most important
global concerns
Table 5: Value Addition in Agro-forestry: from stump to
finished products: Yamuna Nagar, Haryana
Table 4: Wood import and its Cost

Year
Wood Import
(million cum)
Import Bill
(Rs. billion)
2010-11
4.8
63
2011-12
6.7
101
201-13
7.0
124
2013-14
6.6
136
2014-15
6.7
133
Source: FSI (2015)
According to a global study undertaken by a leading

international company, the largest consumption growth
in pulp and paper products during the next decade is
expected to be in Asian region, which accounted for
nearly 34% of the worlds paper consumption in 2010.
India is listed among countries with the largest increase
in consumption growth.
2. Agro-forestry: Trees outside forests have already
become an important source of the industrial raw
material supply and contributor to income of farmers.
The pulp and paper industry is shifting procurement of
fibrous raw materials from natural forests to farm forests
Annual Wood Supply:
2.3 million m3
Price of Unprocessed Wood:
INR 3,500 million
Price of Processed Product:
INR 17,000 million
Employment Generated:
150,000
3. Fuelwood, Grazing and Fodder: The estimates of

biomass drain from forests are very ad hoc. As per
MoEF (1999), there is removal to the extent of 145 million
tonnes of dry fodder and 178 million tonnes of green
fodder annually from forests. In some regions, lopping
of trees during certain periods is the only option and
this causes significant loss of production. Table 6 shows
the staggering extent of forest/land degradation due to
excessive biomass drain in form of fuel wood, fodder
and animals grazing, all for subsistence without getting
accounted for contribution towards GDP by forests.
Added together, the withdrawal from forests and fallow
lands amounts to an astronomical figure of nearly 300
million tons of Carbon per year. Its side effects are
almost complete lack of natural regeneration in forest,
soil erosion and flash floods and reduced life of dams.
4. Non-timber Forest Products: There is growing
importance of Non-timber Forest Products over
timber in revenue terms, which rose from less than
| 12 |
Table 6: Annual biomass drain from forest and fallow lands of India
Year
Extent of
Forests &
Fallow Lands
Extent of Annual Withdrawals From Forests and

Fallow Lands
Forest Cover (Green Wash)

and Growing Stock
Total Drain
Fuelwood
Fodder / grazing
Cover
Stocking
Millions
ha
Million
Tonnes/
year
Million
Tonnes/
year
Millions
Tonnes/year
Million
Ha
M3/ha
1950
200
-300
150
150
75
100
2015
170
-600
200
400
52
75
Source: Singh 2008 (b)

Figure 3. NTFP & Timber in GDP Estimates
Source: Chauhan et al. 2008

Rs. 5 billion in 1980 to over Rs. 20 billion in 2000 (Figure-3).
Though most of the marketed NTFP originates from
Government Forests, only a small fraction of the market
value trickles down to poor forest fringe dwellers. NTFP
removal has a very important relation with biodiversity
conservation. Therefore, it has been described as a
separate task. A way to improve the situation could
be infrastructure development (information on prices,
micro-credit and transport facility), training and value
addition of NTFP. Cultivation of medicinal plants
is an another promising area for investment in
view of the steadily growing international demand

(Chauhan et al. 2008)
Andhra Pradesh established Girijan Cooperative
Cooperation (GCC) in form of an Autonomous
Corporation in 1980 to get rid of the middle men and
thereby increase the benefit to the tribal people. The
Girijan Cooperative Cooperation was able to eliminate
the middleman, provide essential commodities (like
food and medicine) even in the interior areas and extend
credit facilities for agricultural activities (see Table
7). However, GCC fell short of promoting integrated
| 13 |
development by excluding forest management from

the scope of their involvement. In the new context of
the 1996 Constitutional changes, local people have an
important role as custodians of forest resources and
their sustainable development.
Table 7: Economic impact of GCC Andhra Pradesh on
tribal economy
Forest Area
3.2 million ha
Number of Forest
Districts
25 (on an average
130,000 ha per district
Beneficiaries
2.5 million tribal people
Number of Depots
817
Processing Units
Annual Turnover
25 million US$
For the success of NTFP and agroforestry initiatives,

it is absolutely necessary that trade is organised as a
business enterprise. Such business prospects in both
cases are great. The Government could play an important
catalytic role by promoting investments, knowledge
transfer and capacity building of the indigenous people,
who could make sustainable use of resources as a part
of their social system.
5. Conservation of Biological Diversity / Protected
Areas and Wildlife Management: The track record for

protection particularly in the tropical countries has
been rather poor. There is a strong emerging consensus
that, if forest conservation is to succeed, it is imperative
that conservation efforts exist beyond protected areas.
Even the most ambitious exponents of biodiversity
protection only hope to achieve the allocation of around
10% of the geographic area of the country under parks
and reserves. In our country it is presently (4.75%).
Obviously, the fate of most of biodiversity will depend
upon what happens to forests under sustainable
forest management. To achieve an effective protected
area system, even within the limited area presents a
formidable task, as obvious from the current debate on
tiger protection in the country.
As an example of strategic planning for conserving
biological diversity, Figure 4 presents the number of
tigers in 20 national parks of India around 2000. The
number of tigers ranges from 20 to 100 and area of the
park from 200 to 1800 km2. The two largest parks have
very few tigers.
A number of questions emerge from the above
graphics: what minimum number of tigers, from a
genetic perspective, one should aim to have in a park;
what could be done to increase the number of tigers
in two parks which are among the largest but contain
among the lowest number of tigers? Can conservation
and forest management be integrated to increase the
Figure 4: The State of Protected Areas in the country

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3URWHFWHG3DUN$UHD64.0
| 14 |

effective size of the parks? What could be the role of

intensive forestry practices, to reduce the pressure on
protected forest areas?
6. Ecotourism: Ecotourism is a special form of tourism
that meets following three criteria of; 1. providing for
environmental conservation, 2. including meaningful
community participation and 3. being profitable and
self sustaining (Subramaniam 2008). Ecotourism has to
be seen in the larger context of tourism and social fabric
that motivates travel to and in India. For this purpose,
the non-existing infrastructure is a bottleneck as well
as the forest regulation and existing management of
forests for development of forest ecotourism. The data
and statistics are very weak on the current volume and
characteristics of tourism in India and hardly anything
exists on forest ecotourism. This makes it difficult to
execute any demand analysis of ecotourism in India. Also,
there is a supply side issue of forest ecotourism. There
is hardly any information available on interesting areas/
places for forest ecotourism. In order to develop the forest
related ecotourism there is a need to map out (inventory)
interesting and potential areas for forest ecotourism.
7. Integrated Watershed Management: This strategy
will cover all areas presently under cultivation in the
region and other degraded areas and directly focus
on meeting local needs of food, fuelwood and fodder
(3-Fs). The land use choice will be based on land
suitability (i.e. environmentally sound) with the main
goal to make the community self-reliant in respect of
basic needs and consist of:
Improved agriculture through soil and water
conservation, minor/micro irrigation,technology
upgradation and extension withgreater emphasis
on high value crops including medicinal and
aromatic plants
Livestock improvement including poultry etc.
Access to safe drinking water
Other income generating activities
Improving access to markets, market information
and rural roads/marketing infrastructure
The above issues are important in most forestry

regions of the country. Other important considerations
are: participation of all stakeholders including the
private sectors involvement, building sustainability
into the design of programmes at the start-upstage itself,
promoting use of social capital, cost sharing among

stakeholders and use of sustainable models / practices.
A strategy based on watershed development
with emphasis on water conservation, appropriate
combination of annual and perennial crops is most likely
to provide a reliable source of income and livelihood
security. A balanced approach to land use will be more
profitable and ecologically more sustainable. Land use
choices need to be made after proper land evaluation
taking into account land capability, farmer needs and
market demands (and micro-financing) in order to give
the highest economic returns to the farmer. Economic
gains are estimated to be high (6%) as there will a
possibility of value addition from combining crops,
forestry and cattle rearing. There are many success
stories on the subject, which provide a sound basis for
planning such projects.
8. Forest and Climate: The present recommendations for
improving management of existing forests and creation
of new forests are expected to make all round impact on
improving the growing stock and biological diversity.
The Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC (1999) recognizes
that changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources
and removals by sinks resulting from land-use, landuse change and forestry activities may offer a range of
options for assisting the Parties to meet their quantified
emission limitation and reduction commitments.
Indias position on the subject has been elaborated by
MoEF in the following communication: Forestry is at
the centre-stage of global climate change negotiations.
This is because forests have the potential to be a carbon
sink as well as a source of carbon emissions. We are
actively participat
ing in the discussions on forestry
that are taking place under the Bali Action Plan (BAP)
and the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is Indias view that we
need an agreement on a comprehensive framework
for compensation and positive incentives for forestry
as part of the ongoing climate change negotiations.
It is important that any such agreement provides
incentives not only for Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), but
also for Sustainable Management of Forests (SMF)
and Afforestation and Reforestation (A&R). A REDD
Plus approach that includes SMF and A&R is
required in order to meet the principles of equity and
efficiency. India has put forward a formal submission
| 15 |
on a potential conceptual framework for such an

agreement as part of the UNFCCC process which
sets up a sound foundation for discussion towards
an agreement.
III. THOUGHTS FOR DISCUSSION AT

THE WORKSHOP
The first part of the paper gave an account of the rapidly

growing international recognition of the important
role of forests since the Stockholm Conference on
Human Environment in 1972. However, it took almost
20 years to reach a legally non-binding international
agreement on Forests known as Forestry Principles,
which emphasize the living and dynamic nature of
forests as ecosystems and their great ecological, social
and economic roles. These legally non-binding ideas
need to be internalized in forest sector Policies and
Plans and reflected in the management of existing
forests and creation of new forests. This was followed
by formulation of a conceptual framework to facilitate
data collection and analysis. Then, emerging demands
on the forest sector of the country were identified, each
of which has very high societal relevance in their own
way and need to be recognized and properly planned.
The second part of the presentation was concerned
with contributions of contemporary forestry to the
national economy, sub-sector by sub-sector. Forest
industries development was taken up first as it
received very high importance in the early periods of
Independence. The Reports of the National Commission
on Agriculture (1976): recommended a change over
from low yielding, low investment to high yielding,
high investment forestry. In NFP 1988, however,
industrial development was given less importance
compared to NFP 1952. This complete reversal of policy
has led to a mounting supply-demand gap in respect of
supply of industrial wood and has resulted in a huge
import bill. Production of industrial wood is a major
challenge to forestry and offers new opportunities for
enhancing sector contribution to the national GDP and
employment creation in remote regions and meeting of
emerging urban demands.
Agro-Forestry has come to the rescue of forestry.
It is presently meeting almost 80% of the wood-based
industries demand, but not their total requirement.
Example of Yamuna Nagar Market was presented to
emphasise importance of value addition in the forest
sector. Traditional forestry, NTFP and Agro-Forestry, all
three, are of high importance for development of nearly
300 million tribal and rural poor, who constitute the

lowest 1/3 of the society. Whereas NTFP development
has a direct bearing on the livelihood of forest fringe
dwellers; agro-forestry and forest plantations in nonforest areas have direct bearing on rural and industrial
development. Such initiatives would create millions
of jobs in rural and forest fringe areas, contribute to
greening of the country and make a significant impact
on climate change, among the most important global
and national concerns.
Fuelwood and grazing continue to be of major
importance for subsistence living, adding little value
to national GDP, but causing great damage to natural
regeneration. From climate change considerations too,
taking of ameliorative measures jointly with Department
of Renewable Energy is urgently required.
The next four roles relate to environmental
functions of forests and include: Protected Areas
and Biological Diversity Conservation, Watershed
Conservation, Climate Change and Ecotourism, each
function demanding new knowledge, information
and strategic planning for taking effective measures.
It may be mentioned that the current system of data
gathering and analysis, in particular, forest accounting
is not functioning satisfactorily. Fresh data and
inventories are needed with respect to requirements,
management and impacts of the emerging issues in
the Indian forestry sector. The planning process needs
to have an integrated and systems view in line with the
newly defined functions of forests and organized on
the basis of Integrated Assessments. These integrated
assessments should go far beyond the traditional forest
sector assessments to be meaningful and to deal with
real issues causing the degradation of the Indian forest
resources, like sustenance and livelihood pressures.
The integrated assessments should further feed
into a Strategic Planning process. Currently there is
no strategic planning process in place with respect
to the forest sector. An ongoing institutionalized
process has to be established with integrated and
systems view approaches that attempt to interlink
the major sectors affecting the over-utilisation of
forest resources and deriving non-sustainable benefits
from the sector. The strategic plan implementation
might require restructuring of the existing Governance
and Institutions within and outside the forest
sector. Governance and institutions, in the future,
have to operate in a much more integrated way,
taking on board crosscutting issues in order to
| 16 |
address the real problems of the sector and to interlink

more efficiently in governance between states and
central government.
REFERENCES
Abdul Kalam A P J with Y S Rajan 1998: India 2020:
A Vision for the New Millennium. Penguin, Books,
New Delhi, India.
Chauhan K V S, K Sharma and Kumar R 2008: Nonforest Products Subsistence and Commercial Uses:
Trends and Future Demands. Forestry International
Forestry Review, Special Issue 2008, London
Chopra K and Dasgupta P 2008: Assessing the Economic
and Ecosystem Services Contribution of Forests:
Issues in Modeling and an Illustration. International
CSO 2010: National Account Statistics, Central
Statistical Organization, New Delhi, India
FSI 1996: Fuel wood, Timber and Fodder from Forests
of India. Forest Survey of India Dehradun, India
INDIA-IIASA,
2007:
Economic,
Social
and
Environmental benefits provided by Indian forests.
Report of Joint Workshop. Technology, Information
Forecasting and Assessment Council, New Delhi
Kishwan J, Sohal H S Nautiyal R, Kolli R and Yadav
J 2008: Statistical Reporting in the Indian forestry

sector status, gaps and approach, International
MoEF 1999: National Forestry Programme, Volume
I and II with Executive Summary. Ministry of
Environment and Forests, New Delhi, India
PANDEY C N and RANGARAJU T S 2008: Indias
Industrial Wood Balance, International Forestry
Review, Special Issue 2008, London
SINGH K D and NILSSON NE, 1974: On the problem
of identification and evaluation of environmental
functions of forests. FAO/ECE ad hoc meeting of
forest inventory experts, Geneva, Switzerland.
Singh K D 2008: Forests, Farm and Trees: Recent
Trends and Future Prospects, International Forestry
Review, Special Issue 2008, London.
Singh K D and Nilsson N E 2008: Institutionalizing
Strategic Forest Planning in India, International
Subramaniam P 2008: Outlook for Ecotourism in India,
International Forestry Review, Special Issue 2008,
London
UNCED 1992: Non-Legally Binding Authoritative
Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on
the Management, Conservation and Sustainable
Development of all types of Forests, UN, New York,
| 17 |
USA
UNEP 2003: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A
Framework for Assessment. Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment. Island Press, Washington, USA
Verma M 2008: Framework for Forest Resources
Accounting:
Factoring
in
the
Intangibles.
International Forestry Review, Special Issue 2008,
London
DISCUSSIONS
Shri K D Singh, the key note speaker emphasized
during the discussions that climate change can
influence at global, national and local levels and the
forestry sector has tremendous opportunities to cash
in, in the light of these global changes. Increasingly
the environmental functions of forests are gaining
precedence over the resource providing role of the
forests. The recognition of forests as ecosystems aids the
integration of forests from local to global. The collective
work of all people eventually feeds into a global
ecosystem hence it is essential to follow the ecosystem
approach to forest management.
A robust reporting system from the field level

needs to be developed in order to understand the
functioning of forests as ecosystems. Protocols on the
effect of climate change on forests and biodiversity have
to be developed. This requires capacity building in a
good measure.
Compartment history which used to be meticulously
documented in the past is on the wane today; this is an
example of a very detailed forest accounting system at
the local level.
Global forestry principles are inspiring goals for the
future forest management strategies. The first millennium
development goal is poverty alleviation which is
directly related to the forestry sector. Rural poverty is
most noticeable in tribal areas and forest fringe villages
and foresters being people who actually visit and work
in such remote areas can directly influence this aspect.
Fuelwood is an important aspect of rural sustenance and
livelihoods and needs to be given greater importance.
The augmentation of the timber imports through local
sources is another important challenge before the
forestry sector. The anticipated service responsibilities
should be reflected in the change in syllabus.
| 18 |
Session 2: Changing Roles of

Forestry Personnel
Dr Irshad Khan, IFS (Retd.), and Dr Christopher Kernan, USAID, introduced the theme
through introductory talks on the evolving roles of forestry personnel in the country.
Dr Irshad Khan, IFS (Retd.), deliberated on the new roles
and added responsibilities of foresters.
Role of Contemporary Forestry in National Economy,

Changing Roles of Foresters and Resultant Training Needs
Irshad A Khan IFS (Retd.)
1. Changing forestry and role of forestry
professionals
All over the world steps have been taken and are
being taken to address the need for sustainable forest
management and the integrated management of forest
resources. There are many people, not only in India
but also all over the world, who are calling today for
a paradigm shift in forestry. It is being argued that
old practices based on the priority of timber above all
other functions and values of forests are obsolete and
a new ecosystem management paradigm is needed.
Such arguments are based on the perceptions that forest
managers have remained obsessed for the past 200 years
with a paradigm where the production and harvesting
of timber have been dominant. All over the world steps
have been taken and are being taken to address the need
for sustainable forest management and the integrated
management of forest resources. However, this new
paradigm does not mean end of the traditional forestry
as we know it today. We only have to change our
approach to forest management that should be sciencebased and ecosystem-based. It is a fact the forestry
practices have recently been undergoing very deep and
rapid change.
Multiple function, multiple use and holistic
approaches will increasingly become basis for
managing forest resources. The change from classical
sustained yield management of a few commercially

important species to the conservation and sustainable
management of forest ecosystems is transforming
some of the basic principles of forest management. The
trend, however, is that the demand for wood and wood
products and ecosystem services is rising gradually and
the productive forest area is declining particularly in
tropical countries due to deforestation, degradation and
use of forest land for non forest purposes. These trends
are resulting in increased pressures on wood production
from forests as well as increasing importance of NTFP,
biodiversity and other ecosystem services. Therefore,
multiple functions, multiple use and holistic approaches
will increasingly become basis for managing forest
resources.
This is the new paradigm in forest management.
Recently increased importance is being given to
biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation
through forests. An important driving force now, which
is shared by foresters and conservationists, as well as a
vast majority of stakeholders is the need to conserve and
sustainably manage forest ecosystems and to restore
their ecological integrity.
Global changes in forest resource management.
Forestry personnel historically thought that they were
managing forests on a sustained yield basis and believed
that this was the way forests would be managed in the
| 19 |
future too. The myth that foresters are omniscient has

been shattered long ago. Globally the forestry is being
guided by the following developments:
Rio 1992 Earth Summit
Agenda 21
Sustainable Forest Management
Convention on Biodiversity 1992
Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992
Ecosystem-based management
Forest Certification
Kyoto Protocol (CDM)
REDD plus
Sustainable Development Goals
Paris Climate Agreement 2015
Rio Declaration (1992). The Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development included 27 principles
defining the rights and responsibilities of nations
as they pursue human development and wellbeing.
One of the principles was that in order to achieve
sustainable development, environmental protection
should constitute an integral part of the development
process and could not be considered in isolation from
it (Principle 4). Another important principle was that
States should cooperate in a spirit of global partnership
to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity
of the Earths ecosystems (Principle 7).
Agenda 21 reflected a global consensus and
commitment at the highest political level on how
to make development socially, economically and
environmentally sustainable. A non-legally binding,
authoritative Statement of Forest Principles to guide
managing, conserving and sustainably developing all
types of forests was also adopted.
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) aim to stabilise greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere at concentrations that will
not dangerously upset the global climate system was
adopted in 1992 under which Kyoto Protocol was
adopted in 1997 by most countries.
Convention on Biological Diversity. More than
150 countries at the Rio Summit signed the Convention
on Biological Diversity in 1992. It became effective on
December 29, 1993.
The ecosystem approach to forest management
is the new paradigm. There were many initiatives to
develop Criteria and Indicators (C&I) for sustainable
forest management. However, the application of C&I in
management and policy is still far away. There are many
limitations in understanding the concept of sustainable

forest management and therefore in implementing it. It
would be advisable to move to a new broad paradigm,
which would enable us to improve forest management
in the sense to include ecological, economic and social
needs of present and future generations. This new
paradigm is ecosystem-based management.
Ecosystem based forest management evolved in
USA as response to court orders curtailing production
of timber to half in many states (within range of spotted
owl). President of USA, Bill Clinton, convened a full day
conference in Portland, Oregon, on April 2, 1993, which
decided to set up a working group Forest Ecosystem
Management Assessment Team. This was the beginning
of FEMAT.
REDD plus. The most recent development is the
adoption of REDD plus approach to mitigate climate
change in tropical countries. It is the part of Paris
Agreement adopted by all countries in December 2015
under UNFCCC. REDD plus is to be implemented by
developing countries which are witnessing largescale
deforestation and forest degradation.
India cannot remain isolated and will soon be
required to integrate its forestry practices in the global
forest policy and expectations. Indias economy, culture
and technology are rapidly integrating with the global
standards. It is a matter of time when forestry comes
out of its isolation and moves to global environmental
integration. Climate change is already a global issue
and forests are expected to play a significant role. The
global changes would require additional and changed
role of forestry personnel in coming years. As the new
forest policy is conceptualized as a practical instrument
that is feasible and implementable, new responsibilities
will devolve on foresters.
We have seen many changes in forestry in India
since 1950. Though in our country, forests are not
meeting full demand of timber and we are importing
huge quantities of timber and wood pulp, we do not
have a real scarcity or crisis over the supply of wood.
Thus the supply of timber worldwide is not having any
perceptible crisis. We will have crisis if timber import is
affected.
Indias forestry evolution in recent decades. Our
forestry management and policy trajectory took a
somewhat new direction in seventies and eighties
partly under our own compulsions and outcry against
forest and wildlife depletion. These were reflected in the
Wildlife Act of 1972 and Forest Conservation Act of 1980
| 20 |
with an increased emphasis on afforestation and social

forestry. The other policy directions included phasing
out of the timber contractor and their replacement by
Forest Corporations. The new changes necessitated new
skills among forestry personnel like forest extension,
peoples participation, agroforestry etc. Interestingly,
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, brought new
and serious conflicts creating an environment of
resentment against forestry institutions as a hindrance
to development and restriction on forceful conversion
of forest to non-forest uses by States.
Policy implementation. The National Forest Policy
of 1952 became irrelevant and deliberations started on its
revision in early eighties. The new policy was adopted
in 1988. The FCA was amended in 1988 and was made
more stringent. Despite it, deforestation and forest
degradation continued. The massive afforestation drive
during the 1980s led to another management paradigm
that demanded community participation in protection
of forests in lieu of a share in forest produce. Later on
this was popularly called joint forest management
which according to many activist NGOs was neither
joint nor forest management.
The actual efficacy and impact of JFM on forest
growth and productivity are yet to be fully understood.
The question that is still being asked is whether JFM
was willingly adopted by forestry institutions or was
thrust upon them under finance for externally aided
program or development schemes. Whatever the
reason for its initiation, promotion and expansion, the
forestry personnel were under tremendous pressure to
change their mindsets and learn the art of participatory
management. Reorientation and training program,
involving forestry personnel, communities and civil
society, have been implemented and are still going on.
Judicial activism came as a salvaging act. The
judicial activism that has had profound impact on the
way forests were managed came as a result of failure
of the executive to implement its own policies and
rampant destruction of forests in north-east India and
elsewhere. It has many positive results; one has been a
halt of indiscriminate and heavy exploitation of forests
by a combination of vested interests. The working plan
system was restored, saw mill activities regulated,
felling of green trees banned in many states, NAV and
compensatory afforestation funds (kind of PES) were
institutionalized and so on. However, the executive has
so far failed to fully respond to the judicial verdicts to
renew and assure managing forests sustainably through
policy, legal or / and financial inputs.

The challenges for forest sector and therefore for
forestry institutions are still growing. There is an
expectation to increase production of wood and other
forest products as well as enhance a host of ecosystem
services. At the same time the challenge is how to
harmonise competing demand on forests, local needs
and livelihood issues of forest dependent communities.
The political support for forestry is not significant and
environment is not the priority. The priority today is
fast economic growth measured in terms of GDP. This
makes unavoidable the need to rethink to revitalize the
role and significant contribution of forestry in national
economic development.
Changes in forestry practices are inevitably being
accompanied by changes in the role of foresters.
The forestry personnel of today and of the future will
be dealing with new expectations, responsibilities,
accountabilities and also challenges. They are faced
with one serious challenge to overcome isolation
and lack of social awareness and support for forest
conservation and sustainable use. Foresters have the
historical tendency to view the world from their point
of view that limits their ability to respond to different
points of view rational and irrational.
Governance deficit. Also, there are governance issues
attributed to external forces that constrain foresters
efficacy and forestry institutions tend to become passive
participants. The siege mentality among foresters has
been prevalent for the last more than four decades.
They have not been able to come up with a strategy
to counter unjustified criticism and blame game and
give up the sense of remorse by developing a greater
sense of self confidence and self-respect. They need to
be empowered to play their crucial role in management
of natural resources and providing environmental
services from forest ecosystems. Governance reforms in
general and forestry sector in particular will provide an
enabling environment to manage forest ecosystems on
a sustainable basis.
2. Emerging Training Needs
The training need assessment begins with an analysis

of the roles of, expectations from and challenges to
forestry personnel at all levels. As seen from above,
new challenges and developments require new and
additional skills among forestry personnel to play their
expected and rightful role in forestry sector.
The training should respond to the changing
| 21 |
circumstance and new paradigms evolving fast in

recent years. Routine administration, accounts and
procedures could be easily learnt on the job. However,
attitudes, approaches and strategic thinking have to
be made part of skills to be acquired while attending
induction as well as in-service training.
Forests belong to everybody and everybody is a
stakeholder especially in the light of the current climate
change issues. The societal perceptions and expectations
should be taken into consideration and we need to take
care that these expectations are fulfilled and negative
perceptions are reduced or changed.
While our country has seen great economic growth,
poverty continues to exist, widening the economic
disparity between the haves and have nots. As foresters
we can play a central role in the alleviation of rural
poverty and contemporary forestry needs to directly
address issues of rural poverty, sustenance and
livelihoods.
Sustainability issues are gaining greater importance
today. Multiple functions, uses and holistic management
approaches will increasingly be used to manage forests.
Ecosystem approach to management is the norm today
in global forestry and forestry in India should also be
attuned to global trends to fulfill common goals.
The role of foresters has been fast changing down
the ages. Shri Khan pointed out certain issues which
have been the failure of forest governance
Foresters have not been able to respond to or

counter judicial directives with strong scientific
backing
Alliances and partnerships are missing
Conflicts are typical to forest management and
as foresters we are not equipped for conflict
resolution and management
Forestry personnel have not been able to
communicate and convince the need of
sustainability to stakeholders nor have been able
to generate awareness about these issues among
policy makers, lawmakers, political bosses etc.
Public relation skills are very poor; we do not
indulge in lobbying for common goals, pushing
ideas and promoting our issues
We are also very weak in advocacy and
extension services are non-existent in most State
departments
Our forestry training institutes are also more
oriented towards the academic and theoretical
and not in tune with reality. Trainees are often
insulated from real and pressing issues like
corruption in the department and are ill equipped
to address these issues once posted in the field.
Training should also touch upon such real life
issues like handling the issue of corruption,
politicians, media etc.
Frameworks and Tools for Ecosystem based

Forest management
Dr Christopher Kernan talked on the changing roles
of foresters with respect to the frameworks and tools
for ecosystem based forest management. Forest
management is increasingly moving towards an
ecosystem approach to management rather than forest
resource extraction. He gave an interesting strategy for
fitting of forest biodiversity into local, regional or wide
scale frameworks and the subsequent fitting of these
frameworks into our management strategies.
Towards the end he recommended that the best
approach to forest management would be the close to
nature approach a strategy in which management
hinges on replication of natural forest systems by
| 22 |
Biodiversity and scale

Regional
Millions of hectares
or greater
Regional-scale species
Coarse
Tens of thousands to
millions of hectares
Geographic scale
Characteristics
Intermediate
Hundreds to tens of
thousands of hectares
Wide-ranging
Successional mosaic, large spatial extent,
amorphous boundaries
Matrix ecosystems
Coarse-scale species
Large-patch ecosystems
Intermediate-scale
species
Small-patch
ecosystems
Local
Meters to thousands of hectares
Area-dependent, habitatgeneralists
Defined by physical factors/regimes,
internal structure & composition
either homogeneous or patchy
Utilize large patches or multiple habitats
Geomorphologically defined,
spatially fixed discrete boundaries
Local-scale
species
Habitat restricted or specific
Functional network
Conserves regional species

+ or - biodiversity at lower scales
Functional landscape
Conserves biodiversity at coarse,
intermediate, and local scales
Without lower scales
With lower scales
Regional
Regional
Coarse
Coarse
Intermediate
Intermediate
Local
Local
Regional
Coarse
Intermediate
Local
One scale
Regional
Functional site
Conserves biodiversity at one or two
scales below regional
Regional
Regional
Coarse
Intermediate
Coarse
Intermediate
LocalIntermediate
Local
Local
Coarse
| 23 |
Two scales
Regional
Coarse
Intermediate
Local
studying the type and composition of the natural

forests in the past. Nature responds if we carefully
protect it.
Ecosystems can absorb disruptions that are within
the natural range of variation and only when the
disruptions are beyond this natural range will the
ecosystem and the biodiversity be affected. Management
should be oriented towards the identification of these
perturbations, systematic analysis of the source of these
perturbations and finally the identification of steps that
can be taken to manage these disturbances.
A question was raised on how forests can be utilized

for disaster management strategies like preparedness
for disasters like tsunamis. Management intervention
like the restoration and rehabilitation of coastal forests
were suggested. Shri K D Singh remarked on how
hydrological regimes like continuous aridity and dry
spells are a more relevant limiting factor for Indian
forests citing the example of the decline of the Indus
Valley civilization with the drying up of the Saraswati
river system and also suggested a possible link between
the destruction of forests and the drying up of the river.
| 24 |
Valuation of Forest Resources

Shri Rajesh Kumar
Shri Rajesh Kumar, Senior Deputy Director, Forest Survey
of India, spoke on various issues relating to valuation
of forest resources. Different kinds of valuations were
discussed such as Gross Domestic Product, Green GDP,
Valuation of Eco System Goods and Services and Forest
Account. The method of compiling Gross Domestic
Product was emphasised with focus on coverage of
forestry and logging sector. The forest products are
classified into two broad groups; 1. major products
comprising industrial wood and fuel wood, 2. minor
products comprising a large number of wild growing
forest material such as bamboo, fodder, lac, sandalwood,
honey, resin, gum, tendu leaves, cork, balsams, vegetable
hair, eelgrass, acorns, horse chestnuts, mosses, lichens etc.
Methods of estimation of gross value added
Production approach
Aims at estimating value of output and
deducting the value of various inputs
Estimates are prepared at the State level
Sources of Data
State Forest Department (SFDs)
State DESs
Consumer expenditure surveys of the National
Sample Survey Office
GDP OF FORESTRY SECTOR
Estimates at current prices
Industrial Wood: Category-wise production
multiplied by average annual prices are supplied
by the SFD.
For unrecorded production of industrial wood a
norm of 10 % of recorded production (as reported
by the SFDs) is adopted.
Minor Forest Products: Data on quantity and
producer prices of MFPs /Economic value are
available from the SFDs.
Fuel wood:
(i) household fuel wood consumption (Survey
of Consumer Expenditure)
(ii) agricultural by-products used as fuel wood
and
(iii) fuel wood consumed by industries and on
funerals.
Inputs
Material inputs in the forestry sector include
expenditure on transportation, water, electricity,
fuel, normal repairs and maintenance of the fixed
assets etc.
Based on analysis of budget documents, input
rate is estimated at 10 per cent.
Estimates at Constant Prices
State-wise estimates of the value of output are
obtained by using the corresponding base year
(1999-00) prices.
For minor forest products for which data on the
value of output only are available, the relevant
wholesale price index is used as deflator.
Share of the forestry sector in GDP and Investment
Share of forestry sector declined from 2.6% in
50-51 to 0.7% in 2005-06.
Rapid decline in share of forestry sector is due to
higher growth in other sectors
Average annual growth of forestry sector during
1950-2006 was 0.9% against growth in overall
GDP of 4.6%.
Implicit GDP Price Deflators
Prices of forestry products have risen relatively
higher than those of all commodities.
The average price rise in forestry products
during 1950-2006 was 8.1%, while the price rise
in total economy during this period was lower
at 6.4%.
Table No. 1: Share of Forestry Sector in the GDP in
different time periods (%)
Share of
Growth rate in Growth rate
Years
forestry in GDP Forestry in overall
Total GDP Sector
GDP
1950-60 2.0
0.2
3.6
1960-70 1.8
2.7
4.0
1970-80 1.9
0.1
2.9
1980-90 2.0
0.4
5.6
| 25 |
19901.2
2000
2000-06 0.9
Average
1.7
1950-06
0.9
5.7
1.4
6.5
0.9
4.6
of recorded production is considered to be an

underestimate
f) Grass grown in the forest areas is allowed to be
grazed by animals. The quantity and value of
grass grazed by animals is not included in the
output of forest products
g) Information from the SFDs on MFP is also an
underestimate
h) Social forestry, farm forestry, agro-forestry- data
not available
Table No. 2: Analysis by forest products

Years
1950-60
1960-70
1970-80
1980-90
1990-00
2000-06
Average
1950-06
Growth in Value Output (%)

Indl.
Fuel
Total
Wood
Wood
0.2
4.9
-1.1
2.7
4.8
1.3
-0.1
-0.1
0.0
0.3
-5.5
2.4
0.8
4.1
2.8
1.4
-0.8
2.1
1.4
5.8
0.5
3.5
4.1
-0.6
0.9
1.2
-0.2
1.2
MFP
Trees Outside Forests (TOF)
The share of industrial wood declined from an

average of 21.9% to 9.3% between 1960-70 to 200006, while MFP declined from 17.6% to 8.1%. Share of
fuelwood has increased from 60.8% to 82.7% in this
period. Decline in share of industrial wood and MFPs is
steepest since 1997-98.
Industrial wood has relatively high share in Goa
(56.8%), Himachal Pradesh (48.6%), Jammu and Kashmir
(21.4%), Madhya Pradesh (20.6%), Chhattisgarh
(29.6%) and Uttarakhand (20.6%). In case of minor
forest products Arunachal Pradesh (21.7%), Himachal
Pradesh (14.6%), Madhya Pradesh (24.2%), Meghalaya
(31.8%), Sikkim (13.6%) and Uttaranchal (40.6%) have
high contribution. The following States, Assam, Bihar,
Gujarat, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal and the UTs, have mainly fuel
wood as the forest products.
Investment in the forestry sector, since 1950-51
shows that the annual investment in forestry sector
has been in the range of 0.1% to 0.3% of investment in
the country.
Some of the limitations are:
a) Non-availability of species-wise production and
prices
b) Incomplete coverage of reporting of production
c) Non-availability of data on production and prices
of most of the MFPs
d) Time lag
e) Unrecorded production of industrial wood-10%
Production Component
1. Data on output of industrial wood from TOF
provided by FSI.
2. FSI estimates the growing stock of forests and
TOF in State of the Forest Report.
3. Production from TOF has been derived by
distributing all TOF species into two groups,
timber and others. The timber group has been
divided into to three categories viz.
i. fast growing,
ii. slow growing and
iii. species having no timber / fuel value.
Price Component
1. Base year TOF price 2004-05 was provided by
SFDs.
2. For estimation of prices for subsequent years, the
growth as observed in industrial wood prices has
been applied to the base year TOF price.
3. The production figure as available from FSI is
multiplied with derived price of TOF to arrive at
gross value of output from TOF.
Fuelwood
1. The data on Monthly Per-Capita Consumption
Expenditure (MPCE) of fuel wood is available
from quinquennial consumer expenditure
surveys of NSSO in rural and urban areas.
2. The rural MPCE is multiplied with rural
population and the urban MPCE is multiplied
with urban population accordingly.
3. Value of agricultural by-products like cotton
sticks, castor sticks, etc. used as fuel is deducted.
4. Fuel wood consumed by industries and funerals
is taken as 6% of fuel wood consumption net of
agricultural by-product.
| 26 |
Minor Forest Products

1. The data on quantity and prices of MFPs are
available from SFDs.
2. From the New Series, output of fodder from
forest sources has been included as a part of MFP.
3. At the national level, FSI estimated that 23.8%
of livestock population is solely dependent on
forest areas for fodder.
4. This proportion has been used to arrive at the
value of fodder from forest sources.
Inputs
1.
Material inputs in the forestry sector
include expenditure on transportation, water,
electricity, normal repairs and maintenance of
fixed assets, etc.
2. Based on analysis of budget documents, input

rate is revised from 10% to 15.6% of the gross
value of output.
Shri Kumar also deliberated on the Green GDP
concept. Green GDP relates to the percentage of
savings rate to the GDP. Adjusted savings rate for
environmental factors means deterioration of natural
resources are adjusted and savings rate are lowered
implying lower GDP. There is substantial gap between
the economic growth as measured by GDP and the real
well-being of the country as measured by economic
performance after being adjusted for environmental
factors. FSI is providing carbon and inventory data for
development of methodology, which is to be ready by
the year 2015.
Forests and Economy

Dr Raman Nautiyal
The economic stature of a sector is often measured by the
contribution it makes to the economy, often measured
as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
the nation in a given year. The contribution of forestry
sector to the Indian GDP has hovered around 1%, often
estimated on the lower side, or grossly underestimated.
The reasons for this low contribution can be attributed
not only to the lack of proper data management
(ranging from collection to their submission for
national accounts) but also due to the fact that focus
has shifted from forestry being a purely economic
activity to a mix of economic and conservation activity.
However, if one goes through the National Industrial
Classification (NIC) 2008, most of the activities listed
under the Forestry and Logging sector are still not
properly covered for accounting. To add to this, most of
the activities, largely ecosystem goods and services are
missing from the satellite accounts to GDP that can give
a near-true picture of the contribution of forestry to the
national economy, directly and indirectly.
Without a reason-analysis this problem seems
difficult to surmount. Clear methodologies for
collection and collation of estimates of various themes
of the forestry sector are yet to be formalised, even if
developed, in the training modules of the forestry force.
Thus, forestry statistics is a subject largely underrated
in the training programmes, whether induction or midservice (refresher). A programme to develop futuristic
modules of methodologies, both for training and
reference purposes is the need of the hour to ensure
consistency in data management.
Taking NIC 2008 as a base, discussion on forestry
parameters to be estimated or enumerated, depending
upon their nature is to be held and appropriate
methodologies be developed with applications in
training programmes. Well developed algorithms for
understanding and applying methodologies in field by
the field level staff are a necessary pre-requisite for the
programme to succeed.
Differentiation amongst parameters that are
important for economy, management and policy is also
important to ensure the data on economic parameters
comes within a given time frame. All this forms a part
of the methodologies and training programmes. Well
structured formats along with built-in calculating
mechanisms will add on the value of the data and
their integrity.
Raman Nautiyal also questioned whether GDP is
the right parameter to judge the contribution of forests;
since contribution of forestry sector approximates
only around 1%. Forest falls in the National Industrial
Classification 2008 in Division 02 Forestry and Logging
| 27 |
and covers all economic activities.

Tendu leaves, Lac, resins, rubber like gums etc are
all estimated fully, while other NWFPs are grossly
underestimated. Wild mushrooms, truffles, berries,
nuts, cork are not accounted. The main reason is the
weak capacity, lack of methods and diversity in systems,
units, formats. Data collection not initiated on time and
hence estimates are not available.
The challenges are:
1. Collection
a. Methodologies
b. Staff
c. Calendar
d. Willingness to stick to the calendar
2. Collation
3. Dissemination
a. Delayed
He recommended a segregated system, in which all
parameters are not equally important to be measured
annually. A three tier system is recommended:
Tier 1: Economic strict time frame (annual)
essential, mostly census based or precise estimates
Tier II: Management periodicity may be extended
say 2 to 3 years
Tier III: Policy have largest periodicity say 5 to 6
years, robust estimates for a particular time
The problems in forest accounting are thus
summarized as follows:
1. Absence of methodologies
2. Lack of understanding importance
3. Frequent transfers
4. Absence of accounting cadre in forest
departments
5. Sectoral definition
6. Lack of interest
The way to success is through developing
methodologies for census as well as sample surveys
well defined algorithms with little room for subjectivity.
Accounting and estimation methodologies need to be
imbibed in training curricula. Investment in information
has to be done since presently the investment is meager
relative to the size of the sector. Use of technology
such as relational databases and MIS needs to be done.
Specialization of tasks from collection to analysis has to
be targeted. A uniform system is not the aim. Established
systems need to be reviewed and well oiled.
There needs to be state level statistics from state level
mechanisms and a central database. Report generation
should be from central database, while the analytics
needs to be handled by a consortium of stakeholder
organizations.
Discussions
During the ensuing discussions, Shri Siddappa,

IFS (Retd.) discussed the central role of foresters in
the area of tribal development and human wildlife
| 28 |
management conflict as an important issue for

contemporary foresters.
Shri P Michael Vetha Siromani, IAS, talked about
the creation of forest biomass on wasteland to address
the issue of poverty. Foresters also need to look into
the terminology of carrying capacity whether it is
real or imagined and develop a strong scientific basis
for determining the carrying capacity of forests. He
stressed on the fact that a culture of volunteerism is
needed for conservation; forests should stop becoming
only the foresters business therefore short term courses
for other stakeholders would also be an important
training need. Other important contemporary forestry
issues are greater focus on livelihood trees like

Madhuka indica and the black palm tree, management
of water bodies, assessment of fuelwood needs, proper
and targeted utilisation of funds and development
of mining rehabilitation models were flagged. An
important achievement of the forestry sector has been
in the area of eco-development in tribal areas where
the general administration has not achieved much
training should also prepare foresters for this important
function. Along with technical skills and knowledge it
is equally important to instill sensitivity, appreciation
and reverence for nature in a forester - it would be like
breathing soul into a fully trained forester.
| 29 |
Session 3: Emerging Training Needs

of Forestry Personnel
Dr R D Jakati, IFS (Retd.) and Dr Mohit Gera, IFS, Professor, IGNFA introduced the theme.
Reorienting the Forestry Training Curriculum to meet the

Challenge of Climate Change: Some thoughts
R D Jakati
It is predicted that the climate change is going to
affect or has already started affecting the worlds
forest resources. In India the NATCOM II, based on
the model based studies reported that 45 % forested
grids would be affected by climate change. The test
run studies predict dieback-mortality in the teak
and sal forests despite the fact that the conditions
for increasing the primary productivity would be
favorable. The dieback- mortality would take place
because of nutrient stress. Teak and sal are generally
confined to the tropical moist and dry deciduous
forest types which together comprise about 70% of
Indias forest.
In so far as the adaptation to climate change
in forest management is concerned the broad
principles adopted are; 1. Increase tree species
richness. Degradation of forests generally results in
decrease in species diversity. Past management have
generally favoured economically important species
at the cost of others. 2. Increase structural diversity
using uneven aged silvicultural system. 3. Maintain
and increase genetic variation within tree species
through tending and thinning practices or through
enrichment planting of tolerant provenances of
native species. 4. Increase resistance of individual
trees to biotic and abiotic stress, for example
vigorously growing dominant and codominants
are resistant to biotic stress and individuals with
well developed big crowns are resistant to wind
damage. 5. Replace high risk stands with less
vulnerable ones. 6. Keep growing stocks low. This is
| 30 |
generally recommended in plantations to reduce the

financial losses.
In response to growing climate change pressures,
ecosystem-based approaches have emerged as a
promising strategy to increase the resilience of
ecosystems and support sustainable livelihoods.
The Ecosystem Approach seeks to combine the
conservation of the structure and functioning of
ecosystems with efforts to meet social needs and
the sustainable use of ecosystem services for human
purposes. However, unlike traditional resource
management, implementing the Ecosystems
Approach does not mean to begin by enumerating
and maximizing outputs. Rather, the first priority is
conserving the long-term ecological sustainability
that allows the use of ecosystem services in a
sustainable manner. Therefore, the view of humans
as exploiters of substitutable resources is changing to
see humans as stewards, using practices in synergy
with ecosystem processes and functions.
.. an influential body of forest managers in
Europe view CNS (close to nature silviculture)
as particularly suitable for managing forests in a
changing climate.
To propagate close to nature forestry the European
federation of foresters established an institution
named ProSilva in 1989 in Slovenia. This institution
advocates forest management based onthe
principles grounded on the processes found in
natural forests. They believe that conservation of
ecosystem is necessary for the forests to provide
all necessary benefits to the society. For this to be

achieved they recommend paying serious attention
to (i.e. maintaining or restoring) the natural forest
vegetation pattern, while making use of the forest;
maintenance of soil productivity, through continuous

cover and through the maintenance of biomass in the
forest (including dead wood); propagation of mixed

forest with special attention to rare and endangered
species; restricting the use of exotics to cases where
this is an economic necessity, and then only if the
h
exotics can be mixed with the indigenous vegetation

pattern within certain quantitative and qualitative
limits; in special cases, forgo any harvest.
In Sept 2010, IUFRO organized the 7th conference
on Uneven aged Silviculture in Ljubljana, Slovenia,
the main theme of which was 21st Century forestry:
Integrating ecological, uneven-aged silviculture
with increased demands for forests. The 9th IUFRO
International Conference on Uneven-aged Silviculture
had Future concepts in uneven-aged silviculture for
a changing world as the main theme. This was held Forest ecosystem assessment, forest resources
at Zurich, Switzerland from 17-19 June 2014. IUFRO
survey (including carbon stock estimation), inter
has formed a group on Uneven aged silviculture.
sectoral linkages and cooperation may be some
All these developments call for reorienting
of the newer areas which may need inclusion
forest management in India and up grading it to
in the existing curriculum. In addition Forest
international standards. This also calls for preparing
measurements (mensuration/ forest biometry),
future generations of forest managers ready for the
silviculture, forest production (traditionally known
job which also implies the changes in the curriculum
as forest management) may require strengthening in
of forest officers training at all levels.
the existing syllabus.
| 31 |
Together with nature we fight climate change

Ecosystem Approach (CBD) to forest management
is a broad level management approach primarily
focusing on maintaining the integrity/ functionality of
the ecosystem, within which lies the philosophy of close
to nature forestry (Prosilva) at the heart of which is uneven aged silviculture (IUFRO)
Forest PLUS (USAID), the partnership for land
use science, is integrating these approaches and
philosophies, for forest management in India to mitigate
and adapt to changing climate.
R D Jakati stressed the need to focus on the ecosystem
approach to forest management. The focus has to be
renewed towards the maintenance and enhancement
of biodiversity, protection and enhancement of
ecosystem integrity.
It is vital that we understand the interdependent
relationship of plants, animals, and ecological processes
that link them with the physical environment and the
needs of people. In essence, the ecosystem approach to
forest management is being guided by an understanding
of the natural forces of change in ecosystems and how
human activities affect those forces.
Ecosystems with greater ecological integrity are
more resilient and resistant to changes in the intensity
of stresses in the environment. In the ecological
context, resistance refers to the capacity of organisms,
populations, and communities to tolerate increases in
stress without exhibiting significant responses.
Increasing Role of Forest Sector to National Economy: Some

thoughts on present day Training Needs
Dr Mohit Gera
Forests play an important role in Indias economic
development in terms of their contribution to GDP,
employment, and livelihoods of millions of people, who
are mainly dependent on forests. Besides, they are also
the main source of meeting fuelwood, fodder, food and
small timber requirements of the forest dwellers. The
recorded contribution of the forestry sector to Indias
GDP in the recent years had been around 1.5% which
is very low compared to its actual contribution. Despite
making significant contribution to Indias economic
and ecological systems, forests of the country do not
get proper recognition in the national economy of the

country. This is because most of the goods and services
provided by forests do not have markets. As a result,
the intangible services of forests such as recharging of
ground water, regulation of stream flows, flood control,
prevention of soil erosion, water purification, carbon
storage, pollution control, micro-climatic functions,
biodiversity conservation, human habitat, recreational
values are grossly underestimated or ignored during
development planning.
Forest ecosystem services needs to be distinctly
| 32 |
recognised in the new Forest Policy with specific

emphasis on standardization of their quantification
methods and economic valuation. The policy
document needs to make it emphatically clear
that beneficiaries of the forest ecosystem services
need to pay for continuity and quality of forest
ecosystem benefits to the service providers. A suitable
mechanism involving stakeholders also need to be
also provided.
Forestry training also needs to reorient itself to
give greater emphasis on providing inputs on forest
ecosystem services, their quantification and valuation.
There had been significant emphasis on the training
inputs on Forests and Climate Change in the recent past
but other forest ecosystem services have not been given
due importance. Other areas where the forest sector
can play increasing role in national economy is by
growing tree species for solid wood, i.e., teak, shisham,
eucalyptus on farmlands. This will save the country
a significant amount of foreign exchange, besides
providing recognition to forest sector in building the
national economy.
Another important issue in training of the foresters,

especially the frontline staff is the delivery of the
training. There have been workshops and meetings on
the training needs assessment but the delivery of the
training also needs to be discussed in detail and we
need to develop a system of training of trainers so
that a properly trained professional imparts training in
the academies/forestry training centres.
Mohit Gera spoke on the contemporary issues
pertinent to foresters. Climate change issues, ecosystem
services, NTFPs, trees outside forests and people
centric approaches were highlighted.
The Working Plan Code 2014 requires rigorous
exercise and more time for socio-economic profile
making should be devoted. Quantification of forest
ecosystem services and monetisation of forest ecosystem
services are also issues which needs to be part of the
training curriculum.
Mohit Gera also stressed on the importance of
training delivery and presented some methods of
training delivery, which are followed in the Indira
Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun.
Role of contemporary forestry in National Economy,

changing roles of foresters and resultant training needs
B K Singh, IFS
The changing scenario of national economy has provided
a colourful backdrop for forest management, wherein
foresters have to contend not just with tangible benefits
to rural population, but also with ample habitat for
biodiversity and maintenance of the healthy ecosystem.
These conflicting objectives and management principles
require better training not only in silviculture but also
in resource assessment, conflict management, project
management, administrative/coordination acumen,
environment management including water, air and soil
pollution management etc.
The increasing role of costing of different services
provided by forestry requires better financial
management tools and more empirical data to sustain
different hypotheses resulting in more needs based
research work. It will require out of the box thinking for
our training needs.
Forestry today has become so much interdisciplinary that it is not possible to have foresters with
expertise in all fields. However, we can prepare foresters

having strong foundations in forestry but with good
knowledge of all other allied disciplines. They must
have the option to specialize in one of chosen subjects
like tree management, wildlife management, resource
assessment, environmental conservation like water
pollution, soil pollution, air pollution etc., biodiversity
conservation and development.
The changing role as explained above will require
different types of training for higher officials (PCCF,
Addl. PCCF and CCF level) engaged in policy making,
middle level managers (CF, DCF and ACF) engaged in
supervision of different field and ground level officials
and professionals (Range officers, Block officers, Beat
officer (Forest Guard)) engaged in actual execution at
field level. Period of training and content of training
will also vary. The classroom training will require more
field oriented training with modular courses and lot of
electives to choose from.
| 33 |
Training needs at different levels requires drastic

modifications to address professional needs in the
changing scenario. It requires among others, an
assessment of Contemporary Forestry, its role in national
economy, mapping of changing roles of foresters from
earlier roles, professional requirement of foresters
in their new roles and tentative projections for their
training needs, networks required to provide that and
finally a national framework for training needs.
Shri B K Singh provided insights to the forestry
sector in the context of Indian economy especially with
regard to energy requirements. The evolution of forest
management in India he explained was divided into
phases:
Phase of least management: Phase of open
resource management till advent of British
Phase of eminent domain management: Start
of scientific management by the British to
meet their commercial demand for timber and
start of silviculture management to have better
productivity from natural forest. Establishment
of commercial plantation crops like tea, coffee,
coconut, teak etc.
Phase of agricultural expansion: After
independence there was a huge diversion of
forestland for agriculture, HEPs and other
Government work
Contemporary forestry evolved slowly in the following
fashion:
Regulatory Phase: To check diversion, the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980, was enacted. Start of
regulation of forest land
Phase of conflict between Forest rights providers
and regulatory role since 1995
Ecosystem service phase: Role of forest as a
provider for different ecosystem services
Today, forestry is acknowledged as the provider
of numerous goods and services, and maintenance of
life support systems essential for life on earth. Some
of these life support systems of major economic and
environmental importance are:
a. Water cycle management
b. Soil nutrient management including soil erosion
c. Air, soil and water pollution management
Role of foresters in present context had been defined as:

Phase of least management: No trained foresters
Phase of eminent domain management: Foresters
trained to manage forests to meet the commercial
demand for timber, plantation crops through use
of silviculture management for better productivity
from natural forests
Phase of agricultural expansion: Role of
silviculture manager continues with less control
however, large tracts of land have come under
their control
The multifarious roles played by foresters are:
As an natural resource manager to provide
ecosystem services
As a silvicultural expert
As an administrator in estate management
As revenue generator
As a regulator in uses of ecosystem services
As a conflict manager for forest rights issues, non
forestry uses, wildlife habitat issues etc
As an project planner, project manager and
monitor
Training needs of Foresters were summarised as:
Technique and skills for managing natural
resources for providing sustainable ecosystem
services
Techniques for silvicultural management of
forests to provide timber, fuel wood, MFPs etc.
Techniques for public administration in estate
management with local population
Modules for project planning, management and
monitoring
Modules for financial management including
costing so that sustainable and marketable
strategies for conservation are developed
Tools for conflict management on forest rights
issues, non-forestry uses of forest land, wildlife
habitat issues etc.
The speaker also acknowledged the challenges such
as creation of institutional networks instead of creating
new structures as well as identification of resource
persons from all sectors and from all over India.
| 34 |
Emerging Training Needs in the Indian Forestry Sector

Dr Sushil Saigal
The major challenges facing this country are:
India has 2.4% of worlds area but 17.5% population
30% of the worlds poor; 24% of the people without
electricity; and 30% relying on solid biomass for
cooking live in India
9.2 crore people without access to safe drinking
water
Low HDI (0.586; 135th Rank)
Annual energy consumption only 0.6 toe in 2011;
world average was 1.88 toe and 4 toe needed by
countries with high HDI (=> 0.9)
Forests and Climate Change
Forests play a crucial role in climate change, since

deforestation and forest degradation are a leading cause
of GHG emissions. There has been a lot of thought given to
climate change since 2007. There are no commitments on
part of India being a non-annexe country, but voluntary
commitments such as additional carbon sink by 2030
are committed in the forestry sector. The immediate and
slower release is estimated to about 5.8 GtCO2/yr and
the emissions are about 17%; in fact 20-25% if emissions
from changed land use after destruction of forests are
considered.
There are multiple stakeholders, both national
and international (UNFCCC, CBD, Basel Convention
etc.) interested in forestry sector. India has binding
commitments under international conventions and
hence there is a huge spectrum of stakeholders. The
training curriculum should incorporate these wider
issues. And forest managers on the ground should be
aware of our international commitments.
Indicator
The objective of forest management has now

changed. Sustained yield of a limited set of products
(primarily timber) has changed towards sustainable forest
management for optimization of a range of ecosystem
services. Management tools could be used in forest
management especially on adaptive management,
rather than the blueprint approach. Services such as
provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting
(MEA, 2005) have attained prominence.
Ecosystem Approach is defined as [A] strategy for the
integrated management of land, water and living resources
that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable
wayAn ecosystem approach is based on the application
of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of
biological organization, which encompasses the essential
structures, processes, functions and interactions among
organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans,
with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of
many ecosystems (CBD). It is not technical management
but includes human elements. Awareness at the field
level about this approach is important.
There are many cutting edge techno-managerial skills
such as ecosystem management, biodiversity/wildlife,
biotechnology/genetics, remote sensing and GIS, urban
forestry and of course the art of citing current literature
in government reports. Citations need to be modern and
scientific utilizing internet resources and good journals
as well as libraries.
Local community needs are going to be crucial.
33.8% of the rural people were living below the
official poverty line (Rs. 3,900/month/family) in 2010
and 58.2% workforce were still in the agriculture
sector. Forest products such as timber, fuelwood,
India in 2014
India in 2030
Population (billion)
1.2
1.5
Urban population (million)b
377 (2011)
609
GDP at 2011-12 prices (in trillion)c
INR 106.44
INR 397.35 (USD 6.31)
Per capita GDP in USD (nominal)
1408
4205
Electricity demand (TWh)c
776 (2012)
2499
Source: a: Population Foundation of India; b: UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2014; c: Government of India.
| 35 |
fodder, NTFPs and cash income can support local

communities. Forest ecosystem services and other
intangible benefits help communities in a big
way. Community forest management needs to be
encouraged. Kalpavriksh (120), UNDP (18) and ForestPLUS landscapes have documented the communities
approach very distinctly.
Two key approaches are alternative livelihoods and
sustainable use. Assumptions that alternative livelihoods
and poverty reduction will reduce pressure on the target
resource and projects like Integrated Conservation and
Development Projects (ICDPs) provide indicators on
alternative livelihoods. The time has come to focus on
the quality of forest as well, in addition to the quantity,
because very dense forests cover only 2.5%; growing
stock (58.46 m3/ ha.) and carbon stock in living forest
biomass pool (40.82 tons/ha.) which is about half the
world average and only 48% of forest area has adequate
regeneration; there is no regeneration in 10% of the
forest area. Humus layer in only 54% forest area (43%
shallow humus). Though India is one of 17 mega diverse
countries; but as per NFC, a third of all endemic species
are facing the threat of extinction.
Landscape approach is defined as a contiguous
areawith a specific set of ecological, cultural and socioeconomic characteristics distinct from its neighbors. A
shift to a landscape approach could also be explored.
Integrated landscape approach should be attempted.
Since TOF is meeting 89% of the countrys wood demand

and as per NSSO, 15% of the countrys geographical
area is de jure common property lands, which harbors
a huge biological diversity. Forests are being lost at a
quinquennial rate of 1.9% and landscape approach
might offer a refreshing change. There is also a need for a
paradigm shift in monitoring and evaluation and a shift
to evidence-based policy to be more comprehensive in
our forest management approaches. Outcomes are more
important to outputs.
There is a need to inculcate critical thinking and
training should concentrate strategies beyond skills.
Forest officers need to have broader perspective;
thinking beyond national boundaries and time has come
when our training methodologies should inculcate the
art of critical thinking.
Discussions
Mohit Gera highlighted the Planning Commissions

Green Grant. The philosophy of Wood is Good is also
mentioned by the Eleventh Planning Commission;
which needs to be carried forward by the forestry sector.
Ruchi Badola felt that foresters need to have crucial
skills which are very challenging; given the development
versus conservation debate. The skills should be modern,
but not sacrificing the traditional skills of foresters. The
pressure on the sector to dilute provisions to give a
green signal for unabated development is real and a big
| 36 |
challenge to the foresters. International agencies also

need to be involved for getting a broader perspective.
Rajbir Singh highlighted the training needs in respect of
the new working plan code and the multiple functions
of forestry. Quantification of goods and services as well
as impact assessment need to be intertwined into the
training needs.
K D Singh underlined the role of teachers and trainers
in the training program. Mensuration and preparation
of yield tables are traditional approaches which need to

be strengthened with stress more on seeing and thinking.
Our challenge is to implement new forestry near
nature forestry and develop forestry models for budding
foresters. The contribution of the research sector should
also be linked to training and the institutions should not
be working in an isolated manner. Teaching, training
and research should be working together. Monitoring
should be given very high importance.
| 37 |
Concluding Session
Summary and Recommendations
Foresters have played an important role in national
development in the midst of wide array of challenges of
socio-economic, political and environmental character.
The workshop threw open several facets of the changing
roles of foresters in the Indian economy and the overall
forest governance framework.
There has been a paradigm change in forestry sector.
The landmark shifts in approaches towards forest
governance is because of several developments both
national and international.
Forest management is moving beyond conventional
objectives through the new Working Plan Code, 2014;
by ensuring involvement and commitment of people
and local institutions to ensure implementation of the
modern forest management strategies. The focus now is
slowly moving towards productivity enhancement and
ecosystem values including soil, water, air, livelihood,
aesthetic, NTFP and biodiversity values. In the process,
ecosystem approach to forest management with
multiple functions has turned out to be a turning point
in contemporary forest management. Livelihoods which
stem from forestry sector and inter-sectoral cooperation
in forest governance have attained prominence.
Thus the Preamble for revision of training framework
for foresters across ranks with special reference to the
State Forest Service officers consists of the following
developing forestry issues.
1. Global forestry trends (REDD +, Climate Change,
CBD)
2. Forest Transition
3. Productivity enhancement
4. Multiple functions, uses and holistic management
approaches
5. Ecosystem approach to forest management; with
people in centre while maintaining and restoring
ecosystem integrity (New Working Plan Code).
Ecosystems can absorb disruptions that are within the
natural range of variation
6. Quantification and valuation of ecosystem goods
and services at all levels (range, division, circle
etc.)
7. Decision support system integrating MIS & GIS
8. Rural poverty, sustenance and livelihoods
9. Inter sectoral cooperation
10. Challenging public interface and Conflict
management
Foresters across ranks need to possess a wide and
diversified set of knowledge, skills and attitude, never
envisaged in the history of forest management. The
training needs are summarised in the following lines:
1. Better understanding of forest ecosystems
2. Identification and understanding multiple
stakeholders local to global
3. Rural poverty, sustenance and livelihoods
4. Ecosystem based forest management including
forest ecosystem services such as water,
NTFP, carbon storage and sequestration as
well as ecotourism
a)
Forest
&
Water
(Resource
persons,
| 38 |
Specific tours)
b) Provisioning services - Fuelwood, Fodder,
Grazing, Quantum impacts
c) Climate regulation
d) Soil stabilisation and erosion control
e) Biological control / Pollination services
f) Natural hazard mitigation
g) Assessment of ecosystem services /
quantification / valuation
5. Building alliances and partnerships
6. Conflict management
7. Developing interest for Innovations and Research
8. Ethics
9. Equity especially gender
10. Effective Communication, Advocacy and Public
Relations skills
11. Observational and analytical skills, sensitivity,
appreciation and reverence for nature
12. Forests and Climate Change
a) Mitigation role of forests / plantations
b) Vulnerability of forests to changing climate
c) Climate change resilient forest management
d) SFM
e) Evidences of impacts of climate change on forests
f) Forest management for climate change adaptation
- SFM
13. Expanding role of NTFP
i. Most important species
ii. Sustainable harvesting limits from forests
iii. International and domestic demand
iv. Market channels; Market Players; Collectors
share
v. NTFP cultivation techniques; B/C analysis
vi. NTFP trade
14. Growing of timber outside forests
a) Main species, plantation models
b) Market demand, market access and
information
c) Species specific benefit-cost analysis
d) Business cycle; Past experience of price crash
e) Global wood availability scenario
15. People centric approach
a) Socio-economic studies
b) Peoples empowerment
16. Working Plan Code 2014
a. More time for socio-economic profile making
b. Quantification of forest ecosystem services
c. Monetisation of forest ecosystem services
17. Information and Statistics
a) Forest data and information

b) Data collection and reporting - methodologies
and formats
c) Accounting methods
d) Data Analysis
e) Estimation of NTFPs
f) Valuation of Forests and ecosystem services
Training Needs with renewed focus:
1. Biotechnology/Genetics
2. Urban forestry
3. Art of quoting current literature in reports
4. Techniques for public administration in estate
management with local population
5. Module for project planning, management and
monitoring
6. Module for financial management including
costing so that sustainable and marketable
strategies of conservations are developed
7. Tools for conflict management on forest rights
issues, non forestry uses of forest land, wildlife
habitat issues etc.
Other Training and Development Issues
1. Training needs analysis shall be done, which
could include analysis of the forest departments
current performance problems, and flagging of
training needs based on anticipation of changes
that are likely to occur in the near future.
2. Training methodologies needs to be modern
and participatory encouraging peer and group
learning, keeping in mind the training content
and the level of the trainees (entry behaviour)
3. Training delivery may be in modular form which
would simplify learning processes in temporal
based modules. Trainees will be in a controlled
space for a fixed period of time with clear learning
objectives to be achieved in a time bound manner,
without being distracted by competing training
needs. Modules will also ensure a better learning
experience, immediate capabilities evaluation
and an increased trainer / trainee participation
4. Training of trainers is very crucial to update
the capabilities of trainers in our forest training
institutions, both Central and State. It is said that
training is only as good as the trainer. Master trainers
accredited by Ministry of Environment Forest
and Climate Change in forestry domain will have
to be utilised more productively in this process
| 39 |
Concluding Remarks
Dr S S Negi, IFS, Director General of Forests and Special
Secretary to the Government of India, congratulated the
efforts of all the participants during the course of the
three day workshop. He further stated that the efforts
and the recommendations are crucial, given the
important role played by the Directorate of Forest
Education in the training of SFS, Range Forest
Officers and frontline staff. The recommendations
should be used across all the ranks. He reiterated the
importance frontline staff training in this regard. The
recommendations will be passed on to IGNFA too, since
they are taking care of the Training Needs Analysis of
IFS officers. They would also be passed on to ICFRE,
since scientists are also undergoing induction training
and forest science and forest management should go

hand in hand. He thanked all the participants for the
excellent work done.
Shri. M P Singh, IFS, Director, Forest Education,
assured that the recommendations would be
incorporated in the Training Rules of the State Forest
Service Officers, as well as the frontline staff. One
predominant recommendation which emerged from
across thematic sessions during the workshop had
been the need for development of methodologies for
assessment of ecosystem services. A group of experts
from various institutions including IGNFA and ICFRE
would be created for developing methodologies for
ecosystem service assessment.
| 40 |
List of Participants
Name of the Participant
Designation
Contact No.
Email
Ajay Kumar, IFS
APCCF, Regional Office,

MoEF&CC, Dehradun
0135-2753009
moef.ddn@gmail.com
Ajay Srivastav
Scientist- G, WII
8057981755
ajay@wii.gov.in
B K Singh, IFS
Commissioner Navodaya
Vidalaya
9654451297
commissionernvs@yahoo.com
Chhotu Ram Jotriwal
IFS (Retd.) 1979 Haryana
9417655372
jotriwalcr@yahoo.com
CoD Forest Plus
9560311414
kitkernan@tetratech.com
Dr Alok Saxena, IFS
Addl. Director , IGNFA
9412053119
dr_aloksaxena@rediffmail.com
Dr Amit Pandey
Scientist F
9410350114
amiticfre@gmail.com
Dr Anmol Kumar, IFS
Director General, FSI, D.Dun
8006423055
Dr Anup Chandra
Scientist- E, FRI, D.Dun
9411727576
anupsin@yahoo.com
Dr Arvind Kumar
Scientist-D, FRI
9456105197
Arvind_ifp@icfre.org
Dr Charan Singh
Scientist- E Extension Division,

FRI, D.Dun
9837186194
charans@icfre.org
Dr D Nuthan
IFS (Retd.) Gujarat
9449866915
nuthan_d@rediffmail.com
Dr D P Khali
Scientist- F, Forest Production

Division, FRI
9359995405
khali.dp@icfre.org
Dr Girish Chandra
Scientist-C, Statistics, ICFRE
9410542274
chandrag@icfre.org
Dr Om Kumar
Scientist, ICFRE
7830710575
kumarom@icfre.org
Dr R Thanga Pandian, IFS
DCF, ICFRE, D.Dun
9471511222
thapan_iari@yahoo.com
Dr R S Rawat
Scientist, ICFRE
9456565525
rawatrs@icfre.org
Dr Savita, IFS
Director, FRI
9410110759
dir_fri@icfe.org
Dr Shamila Kalia
Scientist- F Directorate of
Research
9410353746
shamila@icfre.org
Dr Sushil Saigal
Advisor USAID, Forest Plus

Programme
9711791911
sushil@inspirenetwork.org
Dr V B Mathur
Director WII, D.Dun
09412054648
dwii@wii.gov.in
Dr Vinod Kumar, IFS
Director, IGNFA
9412055419
vinodkumar_50@hotmail.com
Dr Vishavjit Kumar
Scientist, ICFRE
9412050898
vishvajit@icfre.org
Dr Y P Singh
Head, Forest Pathology Div., FRI 2752672

2224313
| 41 |
singhyp@icfre.org
H P Singh
Scientist E RSM Division
9410776143
singhhp@icfre.org
Irshad Khan
IFS (Retd.) Former PCCF (J & K)
09717161414
011-41321230
irkhand51@gmail.com
Jawaid Ashraf
Scientist , RSM
9410394438
jawaid@icfre.org
Kamal Jeet Singh, IFS
Dy Director
8126682238
singhkj2004@gmail.com
Manoj Kumar
Research Officer
9458122164
manojfri@gmail.com
Manoj Misra
CCF (Retd.)
Ms Ranjana Negi
Scientist C Sys. Botany, Disc.

Botany Div, FRI
7579068048
negirk@icfre.org
Ms Ruchi Badola
Professor
9412055986
ruche@wii.gov.in
Mukul Trivedi, IFS
Joint Director, FSI
9412055237
muk_tri@rediffmail.com
PM Vetha Siromany, IAS
Managing Director Marketed

Gandhinagar Kochi, Kerala
9496116111
vethasiromony@gmail.com
Prakash Lakhchaura
Dy Director
9412939806
prakash_293@rediffmail.com
R D Jakati
IFS (Retd.)
09403675618
jakatis654@yahoo.co.in
Rajbir Singh
IFS (Retd.) Haryana
9599558503
rajbir_singh.sfs@yahoo.com
Raman Nautiyal
Scientist, ICFRE, D.Dun
9411717722
nautiyalr@icfre.org
Saibal Dasgupta, IFS
DDG, ICFRE, D.Dun
2750693
ddg_extn@icfre.org
J C Pant
IFS (Retd.) Additional Secretary
9810789556
Jagdish_pant@hotmail.com
Siddappa
IFS (Retd.) former Addl PCCF
9980119160
siddappaifs@gmail.com
Sudhir Kumar
Scientist, ICFRE
9458396688
sudhirk@icfre.org
Suneesh Buxy, IFS
DIG, RT, MoEF & CC
9868948253
suneeshbuxy.gov.in
Survesh Dalal
Registrar, WII
8476009756
registrar@wii.gov.in
Sushant Sharma
Sr Deputy Director
8755567888
sushantifs@gmail.com
V S Silekar
IFS (Retd.)
9893145486
vssilekar1951@gmail.com
| 42 |

Role of Contemporary Forestry in National Economy - Changing Roles of Foresters and Resultant Training Needs

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

1st 3rd February, 2016

Role of contemporary forestry in national economy: K D Singh..............................................................................8

SESSION 2: CHANGING ROLES OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

Valuation of forest resources: Rajesh Kumar.............................................................................................................25

Forests and economy: Dr Raman Nautiyal................................................................................................................27

SESSION 3: EMERGING TRAINING NEEDS OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

Reorienting the forestry training curriculum to meet the challenge of

Increasing role of forest sector to national economy: some thoughts

Role of contemporary forestry in national economy, changing roles of foresters

Emerging training needs in the Indian forestry sector: Dr Sushil Saigal..............................................................35

Summary and recommendations................................................................................................................................38

in contemporary forest management.

training managers of various state and central forest

in the form of suggestions after discussions, to bring

1500 1545 hours:

Group Photograph and Tea

SESSION 1: ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMY

Key Note Address:

Day II: 2nd February, 2016

Introducing the theme:

Tea Break: 1100 1130 hours

1330 1430 hours:

Lunch at CASFOS, Dehradun

SESSION 3: EMERGING TRAINING NEEDS OF FORESTRY PERSONNEL

Introducing the theme:

Tea Break: 1530 1600 hours

Day III: 3rd February, 2016

a working template on the theme from this workshop.

through capacity building by training institutions.

and motivate new entrants, as well as to improve the

integrated into training.

needs to be improved for wood and NTFPs through the

Session 1: Role of Contemporary

The paper is divided into three parts. The first part

PART - I: CHANGING CONCEPTS OF

1. Recognition of Forest as an Ecosystem

conservation and sustainable management of forests

formidable in our case on account of the size of our

they are the most important determinants of forest area

Figure 1: Constituents of a Global Forest Ecosystem

Source: Singh and Nilsson (1974)

Figure 2: An integrated natural and cultural system

Source: Singh and Nilsson (1974)

Table 1: Socio-economic trends during 2000-2020

Table 2: General classification of forest production

Environmental Services Active inside the

Erosion control, Soil amelioration, Wind break,

Environmental Services Active outside the

Climatic influences, Ground water control,

Recipiental Services (Carrying capacity)

Anti-pollution effects, Recreation Grazing

Rocks and minerals, Soil Water

Flora Commodities; Food and Wood

Trees, Grasses, Crops

Animals, Fowl, Fish

Urban services and commodities

Sites and Infrastructure

Source: Singh and Nilsson (1974)

Table 3: The changing priorities in the forestry sector of India

Forest Goods / Services

Changing Importance of Forest Production