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Seminar Report
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
V. SUNDEEP REDDY
12211A03A4
CERTIFICATE
Guide
12211A03A4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of gratitude and
Indebtedness to all the Faculty members of Department of Mechanical
Engineering. I take the opportunity to offer my humble thanks to Dr. V. Murali
Krishna, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering, B.V. Raju
Institute of Engineering & Technology.
V SUNDEEP REDDY
ABSTRACT
As the price of petroleum oil reaches a new high, the need of developing alternate fuels has
become acute. Alternate fuels should be economically attractive in order to compete with
currently used fossil fuels. Biodiesel, produce by the transesterification of vegetable oils or
animal fats with simple alcohols and catalyst attracts more and more attention recently.
Biodiesel is a clean burning diesel alternative and has many attractive features including
renewability, biodegradability, non toxicity and low emission. The aim of the present review
is to study the biodiesel production from transesterification process, effect of reaction
parameters on conversion of biodiesel yield and its combustion, performance and emission
characteristics. It observes that the base catalysts are more effective than acid catalysts.
Biodiesel is a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum- derived diesel fuel since it can
be generated by domestic and non domestic sources such as soybeans, coconuts, rapeseeds,
Jatropha, Karanja, rubber seed, Mahua, waste frying oil, etc. The main purpose of the
transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
No
Abstract
Contents
List of figures
List of tables and graphs
1. Introduction
1.1 Biodiesel
1.2 Biodiesel production
1.3 Biodiesel properties
1.4 Scope
1.4.1 Advantages
1.4.2 Disadvantages
2. Literature survey
2.1 Background
2.2 Literates reviews
2.3 Objectives
03. Biodiesel blends
3.1 Blending procedure
3.2 Quantication of methyl esters
3.2.1 Gas chromatographic method (GC)
PAGE
List of figures
Fig01. Glycerol separated from biodiesel
List of tables
Table01: Properties of B20 blend
Abbrevations
CR
Compression ratio
IT
Injection timing
CO
Carbon monoxide
FFA
FTIR
IDI
Indirect injection
Introduction
1.1 Biodiesel
Biodiesel, an ideal alternative to fossil fuels, is very imperative for the sustainable
development of mankind. In recent times, the world is confronted with the twin crisis of fossil
fuel depletion and environmental degradations. The situations have led to the search for an
alternative fuel which should be not only sustainable but also environment friendly without
sacrificing the performance. The different sources for alternative fuels are edible and non-
edible vegetable oils, animal fats and waste oil (triglycerides). Vegetable oils, being
renewable, are widely available from variety of sources have low sulfur contents close to zero
and hence cause less environmental damage (lower green house effect) than diesel. In the
context of India, non edible vegetable oil can be the most viable alternative for petroleum
fuels since there is shortage of edible oils to meet the domestic requirements. It has been
found that neat vegetable oil can be used as a fuel in conventional diesel engines. However,
unmodified vegetable oils are glycerol, esters when used in diesel engines the glycerol poses
engine wear and performance problems due to higher viscosity and lower volatility. To
mitigate these problems, a variety of processes have been demonstrated for conversion of oil
glycerol to molecular forms similar to petroleum based diesel fuels. Biodiesel is chemically
defined as mono alkyl esters of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) type derived from
renewable lipid sources obtained from transesterification reactions.
vegetable oil, but vegetable oil is much more commonly used due to its abundance and
low cost.
different in color, from golden and dark brown, all depending on the production
feedstock. It is immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure.
The flash point of biodiesel is considerably higher than that of petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel fuel has a density of ~ 0.88 g/cm, which is less than that of water.
Chemical properties
Studying the chemical properties of biodiesel fuel, its calorific value is about
37.27 MJ/L, which is 9% lower than regular petro diesel. It has practically no sulfur
content, and is frequently used as an additive to Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel.
Biodiesel fuel has an effect on copper-based materials and as well as zinc, tin, lead, and
cast iron. However, the stainless steels and aluminum are not affected by bio fuel.
1.4 Scope
Advantages of biodiesel
Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines: One of the main advantage of using
biodiesel is that can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modifications at
all and can replace fossil fuels to become the most preferred primary transport energy
source. Biodiesel can be used in 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel. For
e.g.: B20 is called as 20% blend of biodiesel with 80% diesel fuel. It improves engine
lubrication and increases engine life since it is virtually sulphur free.
Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%): Fossil fuels when
burnt release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that raises the
temperature and causes global warming. To protect the environment from further
heating up, many people have adopted the use of biofuels. Experts believe that using
biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel can reduce greenhouse gases up to 78%.
Grown, Produced and Distributed Locally: Fossil fuels are limited and may not be
able to fulfill our demand for coal, oil and natural gas after a certain period. Biodiesel
can work as an alternative form of fuel and can reduce our dependence on foreign
suppliers of oil as it is produced from domestic energy crops. It is produced in local
refineries which reduce the need to import expensive finished product from other
countries.
Biodegradable and Non-Toxic: When Biofuels are burnt, they produce significantly
less carbon output and few pollutants. As compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel
produces less soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and
sulfur dioxide. Flashpoint for biodiesel is higher than 150C whereas the same is about
52C for petroleum diesel, which makes it less combustible. It is therefore safe to
handle, store and transport.
Better Fuel Economy: Vehicles that run on biodiesel achieve 30% fuel economy than
petroleum based diesel engines which means it makes fewer trips to gas stations and
run more miles per gallon.
Positive Economic Impact: Biofuels are produced locally and thousands of people
are employed in biofuel production plant. Since biodiesel is produced from crops , an
increase in demand for biodiesel leads to increase in demand for suitable biofuel
crops. Moreover, it creates less emission by reducing the amount of suspended
particles in the air. This reduces the cost of healthcare products.
Reduced Foreign Oil Dependance: With locally produced biofuels, many countries
have reduced their dependance on fossil fuels. It may not solve all problems in one
blow but a nation can save billions by reducing their usage on foreign oil.
More Health Benefits: Air pollution cause more deaths and diseases than any other
form of pollution. Pollutants from gasoline engines when released in the air, form
smog and make thousands of people sick every year. Biodiesel produce less toxic
pollutants than other petroleum products.
Disadvantages of Biodiesel
Not Suitable for use in Low Temperatures: Biodiesel gels in cold weather but the
temperature that it will gel depends on the oil or fat that was used to make it. The best
way to use biodiesel during the colder months is to blend it with winterized diesel fuel.
Food Shortage: Since biofuels are made from animal and vegetable fat, more demand
for these products may raise prices for these products and create food crisis in some
countries. For e.g.: the production of biodiesel from corn may raise its demand and it
might become more expensive which may deprive poor people from having it.
Increased use of Fertilizers: As more crops are grown to produce biofuels, more
fertilizer is used which can have devastating effect on environment. The excess use of
fertilizers can result in soil erosion and can lead to land pollution.
Clogging in Engine: Biodiesel cleans dirt from the engine. This proves to be an
advantage of biofuels but the problem is that this dirt gets collected in fuel filter and
clogs it
Literature survey
2.1 Background
Biodiesel production is part of a sustainability movement that is occurring throughout
the country. It is a movement that many colleges and universities are beginning to participate
and implement green methodologies to minimize contributions to global warming. In
addition, a biodiesel processor feasibility study was conducted to determine how beneficial
the production of biodiesel is. Substantial research in the efficiency or cost analysis of using
biodiesel as an alternative fuel was not performed.
The research in biodiesel revolves around mahua oil as the feedstock. Initially the
difference in quality of different blends of biodiesel was analyzed. Some research was
then conducted on fueling heavy duty diesel engines with the mahua oil. Then the focus
on the use of other biodiesels and amount of emissions exerted by different biodiesels
are same almost.
fueling biodiesel of Soybean oil. Christopher (1997) conducted two tests in Chicago using
biodiesel as fuel. The testing proved that the biodiesel could be used as a feasible alternative
fuel.
Masjuki and Prasad et al [3], have respectively used esterifed Palm oil to conduct
experiments on diesel engine. Torque, brake power, SFC & brake thermal efficiency were
found comparable to that of diesel fueled engine. M. Senthilkumar [13], T. Ganapathy [14]
and P.Ravi Kumar has investigated methyl ester of jatropha oil as fuel and showed that
transesterfication reaction improved the properties of the ester.
Emulations also find attraction to use as a fuel in diesel engines due to the reduction in
smoke and NOx emission using oil water emulsion as fuel (Lin and Wang 2003) [16]. G.
Amba Prasad & P. R. Mohan (2003) have studied effect and supercharging on the biodiesel of
Cotton seed oil on DI diesel engine. Ramdhas A.S. et al (2006) have experimented
methyl ester of rubber seed oil on diesel engine. Rahman & Ghadge (2007) [17] have
concluded that mahua based biodiesel can be safely blended up to 20% with mineral diesel
and could be a suitable alternative fuel. The similar conclusion is reached by Lin Y (2007)
about waste oil based biodiesel.
The exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines operated with biodiesels have
been studied by many researchers. A review of research papers of Quick, Barsic and Lhumke
revealed that with the use of biodiesel the harmful exhaust emission particularly CO and
sulfur compounds are reduced as compared to mineral diesel operation.
Several researchers (Rahman, Phadtare 2004, Agrawal et al 2001, and Md Norun
Nubi 2006 He Bao, Hamelinck) [11,17-22] have observed that the exhaust emissions are
affected by the use of biodiesel. It is known that biodiesel generally causes on increase in
NOx emission and decrease in unburned hydrocarbon (HC), CO and particulate matter (PM)
emission relative to diesel fuel. However, there are a very few reports of study of performance
and emissions characteristics of CIDI engine fueled on blends karanja biodiesel and neem
biodiesel with dieselfuel optimizing the relevant working parameters.
India has rich and abundant forest resources with wide range of plants and oil seeds.
The potential of tree borne oil seeds (TBO) is not fully explored. According to an economic
survey of Government of India about 175 million hectors of land is classified as waste or
barren land. Wild crops cultivated in waste land also form a source of biodiesel. Besides,
some species of plants yielding non edible oils, like karanja also called honge (Pongamia
pinnata) and neem (Azadirachta indica) may play significant role in providing resources.
Country like India in tropical Asia is the primary habitat for neem and karanja crops. It is
estimated that India alone has theoretical potential to produce 350,000 tons of neem oil per
annum.
2.3 Objectives
The use of mahua oil biodiesel blended with mineral diesel l as substitute for
conventional mineral diesel (ASTM D2) in diesel engine is reasonable and prospective in
India. For such a proposal, modification of diesel engine structure is unnecessary and
expensive for large number of existing engines operating in rural sector, as confirmed by the
literature. However, there are certain differences in physical and chemical characteristics of
mahua oil and diesel oil. It is found that the oil mixture / blend will not ensure the desirable
results unless the working parameters are readjusted according to the results of
experimentation. The purpose of the investigation is to analyze the effects on diesel engine
performance when fueled with the blends of biodiesel and diesel in various proportions on
volume basis. The fuel blends investigated for performance analysis are 100% diesel (B00),
blend of 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel (B10), blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20),
blend of 60% biodiesel and 40% diesel (B60), 100% biodiesel (B100). The experimentation
further extended to procure most desirable values for the relevant working parameters and
their optimal combination based on the results. The performance parameters like brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are considered for
the discussions.
B20
Density at 15c
860-900
839
844
3.18
3.12
Cetane index
--------
51
56
Calorific
value(MJ/Kg)
1.9-6.0
44.8
42.5
Flash point(c)
---------
68
92
Fire point(c)
min 130
103
102
Carbon residue(%)
min 145
0.1
0.03
<0.8
0.35
0.40
Biodiesel blends
3.1 Blending procedure
Typical blends include a two percent biodiesel/ninety-eight percent petroleum mix
Emission
Biodiesel reduces tailpipe particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon
(HC),and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from most modern four-stroke
CI engines.
These benefits occur because the fuel (B100) contains 11% oxygen by
weight.
The presence of fuel oxygen allows the fuel to burn more completely, so
fewer unburned fuel emissions result. This same phenomenon reduces air
toxics, because the air toxics are associated with the unburned or partially
burned HC and PM emissions. Testing has shown that PM, HC, and CO
reductions are independent of
the feedstock used to make biodiesel.
Nitrogen gas (N2) - Air is 78-percent nitrogen gas, and most of this passes right through
the car engine.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - This is one product of combustion. The carbon in the fuel bonds
with the oxygen in the air.
Water vapor (H2O) - This is another product of combustion. The hydrogen in the fuel
D/L
87.5-110mm
Loading
0-500mm WC
Temperature sensor
Piezo_sensor range
5000Psi
Lubrication system
Co% v/s CI
BTE% v/s CI
Conclusion
Alternate fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to
decreasing petroleum resource and environ-mental consequences of exhaust-gases from
petroleum-fuelled engines. A number of studies have shown that triglycerides hold promise as
alternative fuels for diesel engines. However, the high viscosity, low volatility and poor cold
ow properties of triglycerides, which result in severe engine deposits, injector choking and
piston ring sticking have prevented triglycerides from being used directly in diesel engine.
Various blends of bio-diesel with diesel have been tried, but B-20 has been found to be the
most appropriate blend. The quality of bio-diesel is most important for engine part of view
and various standards have been specied to check the quality. As per the analytical method
reported in literature high performance liquid chromatography method is suitable to analyze
the reaction intermediates and products of transesterication reaction. Economic feasibility
study shows that the bio-diesel obtained from non-edible oil is cheaper than that from edible
oils.
When biodiesel blend was increased, BSFC and EGT increased where BTE reduced
But when CR was increased and IT was advanced, the above trend got reversed.
The study also concluded the safe use of B20 blend for the existing constant speed IDI
engine at all ranges of C.I and I.T .
Experiments were conducted to see performance(BTE and BSFC) and emissions
parameters (EGT, CO and HC).
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