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Numerical Solution of The Navier-Stokes Equations For The Entranc
Numerical Solution of The Navier-Stokes Equations For The Entranc
1966
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67-5611
Mechanical Engineering
Computer Science
Approved:
Dean
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SYMBOLS
iii
INTRODUCTION
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
22
30
NUMERICAL METHOD
33
37
Difference Equations
43
47
57
60
Numerical Algorithm
63
70
LITERATURE CITED
101
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
106
APPENDIX
107
Tensor Notation
107
Program Listings
111
Computer Output
132
Other Programs
189
iii
SYMBOLS
a
Radius
a^
Acceleration vector
A..
Xj
B
General tensor
B..
General tensor
Drag
ij
D..
f^
General vector
ij
g^
General vector
Distance increment
Identity matrix
Jacobian
M+1
n^^
N+1
Order of
Pressure
iv
Reynolds number
Distance
Surface area
Time
Difference matrix
Stress tensor
"^ij
u
Characteristic velocity
^i
Velocity vector
Volume
^i
X
^i
^i
Velocity vector
Dimensionless coordinate
Spatial coordinate
Material coordinate
Dimensionless coordinate
oc
h^/AT
ii
Ax
Ay
A^x
A^y
0'
ADI parameter
0"
ADI parameter
e
^m,n
ADI parameter
Eigenvalue
Stream function convergence parameter
Vorticity convergence parameter
:iik
Epsilon tensor
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Density
Spectral radius
Dimensionless time
<l>
Dimensionless vorticity
COi
Vorticity vector
Vorticity vector
"ij
Vorticity tensor
d
dt
Material derivative
Tensor del operator,
V2
Laplacian operator,
Laplacian operator,
g
a2
32
g2
32
2
INTRODUCTION
The difficulties associated with the mathematical solu
tion of the hydrodynamic equations for a viscous fluid are
such that in the two hundred fifty years since these equations
were first derived, only a very small number of particular
cases have been solved exactly.
X. is often
3
11.(v
4-^
Results
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
Cartesian coordinate systems are used throughout this
dissertation so that Cartesian tensor analysis is employed.
A few of the basic notations are presented in the Appendix.
A Cartesian coordinate system is set up in a region such
that the spatial coordinates of each point in the region are
given by
X^(Xj,t)
Xj
Xj(x^,t)
is assumed to exist.
able since the fluid particles are distinct and maintain their
identity. A given particle cannot be in two positions, nor
can there be two particles at the same position. Mathemati
cally, this implies that the Jacobian,
a(XifXzfXg)
a(Xi,X2,X3)
and its inverse exist.
A tensor variable, A..
, may be a function of either
1j
the spatial coordinates,
9a(Xi,t)
axj
3A
3t
8a(x.,t)
dA
3a(X.,t)
at
3t
3t
and
9A
In the physical sense, yg is the change of the variable A with
time at a given position, while ^
dt is the change of A with
time for a given particle of fluid. ^ is often called the
Vi
dx.
= -T- =
3x.(X.,t)
3t^
'
3 2x.(X.,t)
3t^
aa
dt
3t
3A(x.,t)
_
3t
,,
rJE_ +
dt
3A(x.,t)
i
9Xj
In particular.
dv.
^i
-diT
3v.
3t
+ V.3.V.
]: 1
dx,
1.
dt
3(Xi ,X2,X3)
3(XI,X2,X3)
3x^
=
det
'W7
3xi
^ijk^ 3X.
1
3x9
8x3
3X. H 3X, ) '
J
K
then.
dJ
dt
e
ijk
Sx,
3Xi
dt (tv-)
3Xj^
3Xj
3Xi
ijki ax.
dt
3X'
jk*- 3X^ )-'>( 3Xj
3x3
3X.
3x3
(tx-)
3X3
3Xi
-)
at
9Vi
Cijk( ax.
9X2
3X3
9X. K 9X, )
9Xi
"* ^ijk^ 9X.
9V2
9X3
9X. ) 9X, )
9x2
9V3
9X. ) 9X, )
dXi
9Vi
9X.
9X1
^ijk^ 9X^
JI 9Xj
ax JI 9X, '
9V2
9X_
9X^ )( 9Xj
9Xi
9X2
^ijk^ 9X. )^ 9Xj
AY
9Vi
m
9v.
Therefore
9V2
9x,m
9X3
9X^ ^
9V3
9X
)(
9x_
m
9X,
9V3
9x.m
J9.V.
i i
dxidx2dx3
JdXidX2dX3
dV
JdVo
dt
1)
Since
,
or
,
From
^i^i ~
Let V* be an arbitrary
10
pdV
dt
V*
pJdVg
dt
V*
vS
+ p3.v.)jav
V*
Since the volume V* and thus V* is arbitrary, this results in
the equation of continuity
|- + p3iV.
2a)
or
at
v .9.p
+ p3.V.
^ X X
which gives
a .
9,(pv.)
"i'^'i'
0 .
2b)
11
2c)
pv\dV
dt
T..n.dS +
]
pF^dV
V'
pv^dV
dt
BjTj^dV +
V"
V'
pv^JdVo
dt
pP^dV
V5
dv.
pj-^ + V.
+ pF^lJdVo
Vo
+ p-f) dVr
V*
[ajTji + pF\]JdVo
V*
12
Therefore
dv.
dt - BjTji - PF.|jdVo
=
=
v:
3a)
pp. + 3.Tj.
or
r ^^i
pp. +
3b)
V? + S.v.dx. + Ofdx?]
1
]1 ]
^ i-*
The tensor SjV^ may be split into its symmetric and anti
symmetric parts by defining the tensors D j a n d
3jVi
i(3 .v.
3.V.) + |(3.Vj^
- S.v.) =
by
Dji +
13
V.
1
+$2..dx.+D..dx.
ji
ji
4)
has
"i
^ijk^jk
ijk^2^
.^ijk^j^k
^ikj^k^j
or
^i " ^ijk^j^k
_
->
V X V
- ->
curl V
14
2 ^imn^ijk^jk
or
^mn
2 ^imn'^i
Therefore
OjidXj = I Skii^k**]
= I =ikj*k3*i
= (j u) X dx
in vector notation.
Therefore the second term of Equation 4 can be inter
preted as a local rotation of the fluid about the point 0 with
an angular velocity of
is
ds
= /dx.dx.
Y
11
15
dt
-(ds)
2ds
ds
dx.dv.
i i
ds dx.3.(v.)dx.
i"]t'i'
^[|(3iV.ax.ax. + a.v.dx.ax.)]
D..dx.dx
ds "ijij
dt
(ds) =
= 0.
16
The first
17
Navier-Stokes equations.
(5) The continuous function of statement (1) is linear
in the terms of D...
1]
may be written
and
ijklkl '
-P'.j
(21,
is an isotropic tensor.
Xij^ki +
where
X,
Tij
Therefore
+ ^^ij\Ai + ^^^ik^jl
+ 2%DLj
can be written
^il^jk^^kl
6)
18
+ 'j - p5.. +
fluid.
For the case of constant density,
p ,
\k '
=
I .V. + 3.V.
]1
ID.
- 9i(g +
+ v3j3jVj_
8a)
19
or
- 3i(9 + -f-) +
8b)
ouse and Ince (37, pp. 193 ff.) state that essen
20
McAdams
(28, p. 229) and Kays (25, pp. 102 ff.) both discuss nonisothermal flow.
Milne-Thomson (29) notes that in the flow of a continuous
medium practically all experimental evidence points to the
fact that on solid boundaries, the fluid adheres to the
boundary. The boundary conditions used with the Navier-Stokes
equations are, therefore, that the fluid velocity is the
velocity of the boundary at all solid boundaries.
It is often convenient to write the Navier-Stokes equa
tions in terms of the vorticity, to^.
By operating on Equation
9t
9)
21
=
^ijk^j^m^m^k
^ijk
^ijk^^pm^qk ~ ^pk^qm^^j^m^p'^q
^ijk^npq^nmk^i^m^p^q
^npq^'^in'^jm ~ ^im^jn^^j^m^p^q
- :ipg*i"i*p"q '
10)
Since
"i
"ijk^fk '
5)
+v.3.a). =
]]1
a).3.v. +v9.3.U). .
]]1
]] 1
11)
22
- 3j|^(g + + v 3 j 9 j v %
12)
23
V.
by
II-6
enyau .
13)
24
Paradox.
Oseen in 1910, as reported by Lamb (26, p. 609) and
Langlois (27, p. 139), resolved Stokes' Paradox by criticizing
the assumption that viscous forces dominate inertia forces at
all points in the region.
where
Oseen
25
Ui
U2
U2
rather than
+ vSjBjU^
14)
6nyaU 1 + |r + 0(r2)
26
a circular cylinder.
These two
R^lnR + 0
27
28
Reynolds number.
Fromm and Harlow in a number of papers (14, 15, 18, 19)
have discussed a method of solving the unsteady flow around
a rectangular cylinder.
29
30
31
pipe. Bodoia and Osterle (5) solved the boundary layer equa
tions for the inlet region of a channel and compared their
results to those of Schlichting. The comparison was not as
good as was expected, due to the matching technique used by
Schlichting, according to Bodoia and Osterle. Their data
compare much better with the data of Collins and Schowalter,
as might be expected.
Dix (8) solved the Navier-Stokes equations for the steady
state flow of a conducting fluid between non-conducting
parallel plates in the presence of a transverse magnetic
field.
Wang and Longwell (51) published a steady state solution
of the Navier-Stokes equations for the inlet region of a
channel. They reported the results of two cases. The first
is the classic case of a constant velocity at the inlet of the
channel, while the second is an attempt to make the inlet
boundary conditions more closely approximate experimental
results. They assumed a constant velocity profile some dis
tance upstream of the inlet and then calculated what the
velocity profile at the inlet should be.
With the use of digital computers, it appears that there
is a tendency of replacement of analytical methods of solving
complex differential equations by numerical methods.
Analytical methods have required restrictive conditions on the
equations of hydrodynamics to allow them to be solved.
Numerical methods allow the solution of the complete set of
32
Some
Thorn (44),
Thom and Apelt (46, 47), and Russell (38) discuss techniques
of solving the two dimensional steady state Navier-Stokes
equations by numerical means.
33
NUMERICAL METHOD
The equations to be solved by numerical techniques are
Equations 2c, 5, and 11.
Therefore, Equation 11
and
33 (
(1)2
~ 0 .
Let
(I)
)3
Equation 11 reduces to
ot
+ V.9.W
J J
V9.3.W
J ]
j = 1,2.
15)
-16)
34
*1?! =
SsiiSi]*
=
from Equation 58.
i,i = 1,2
i 1/2 .
17)
V9 .9 . u)
" D 3
j,k 1,2
18)
35
and
Vji|) =
- w
20)
where
9xi
SXg
V, = -|L
Va
21a)
21b)
vi
"IT
V2
"ir
Xl
/
and
X2
36
vi
U
1
3$
3(1)
3y
22a)
'
where
- 1m~
Similarly
V
22b)
and
V^(p
oj
where
if_ +
3x^
3^
3y2
24)
37
and
R
_Ea_
v
t,
the time.
t =
0.
= i .
38
0 <
< L
0 < y 1 r
V
25)
0 < y < IV
T > 0
3u
9x
0 < y <1
V
T > 0
0 < X < L
y
26a)
26b)
T > 0
0 < X < L
26c)
and
3u
^
3y
y
V
T > 0
26d)
39
3u
3y
3V
3X
27)
3v
3x
Therefore,
=
x=0'
or
w(0,y)
y + c
0 < X < L
0 < y < ^
28)
40
(j)
y + c
29a)
0 < y < Y
T > G
9 (j)
~
dX
29b)
0 < y < j
9 u)
9x
T > 0
0 <
>
ii
3y
<t>
b)
+ C
<
> 0
G <
> G
< L
0
29c)
f
< L
29d)
The
41
-L' <
< L
0 < y < r
V
-L'
0 < y < r
V
> 0
3u
9x
0 1 y < i
V
3u
3y
> 0
> 0
0 < X < L
>
3u
3y
<
T > 0
and
-L* <
>
<
> 0
< L
1
r
42
(j)
y + c
-L* <
<
0 < y < 7
(j)
y + c
-L'
>
=
9 (j)
9x
0 < y < Y
T > 0
(t>
T > 0
-L'
y
0)
4)
3 <f>
9y
(J)
< L
T > 0
-5- + c
-L' <
31c)
T > 0
3Id)
f
< L
0)
< 0
T > 0
31b)
< X
0 <
31a)
0 < y < J
9 <i)
9x
30)
31e)
43
Difference Equations
If a function f(z) is expanded about the point
zq
in a
Taylor series
f(zo + h)
Similarly,
f(zo - g)
+ 0(h2)
hZ
f(zo + h) - f(zo - h)
f'(zo)
+ 0(h2)
2h
With these results Equation 23 can be written
44
_L w(x,y,t + A t ) At
R
t o (x,y, t )j
+ 0(At )
w (x,y+h, t ) - w (x,y- h , t )
w(x+h,y,T) -
h2
w (x-h,y, t )
0 (x+h,y, t )
- 0(x-h,y,T)
(f)(x,y+h,t) - (j)(x,y-h, t )
+ 0(h2)
w (x,y-h, t )
- 4w(x,y, t )
+ 0(h2)
32)
[(j)(x+h,y, t ) + (j)(x-h,y, t )
(i)(x,y+h,T)
+ 4(x,y-h,T) - 4*(x,y, t )
33)
- w(x,y,T)
Let
=
nAt
- iAx
ih
jh .
and
Yj
jAy
+ 0(h2)
45
and
*i,i
*(Xi,y
j'V
This results in a
At^).
the method was not utilized due to the small AT necessary for
stability. Equation 32 was modified somewhat to allow for
derivation of the alternating direction method used in this
study.
Equation 33 is approximated by
" 4*i,i
= "
46
n+0
n
R c n+0'
4h?
GAt
f n+0'
n+0' w n+0'
n+0' \r,n+0'
,n+0' >
.n+0' \
^ n+0'" , n+0'"
T n+0'"
^
^ "lo-l "
n+0"
hJ ?:r, +
35a)
62(f")
and
+ "li-.
47
n+e
- 0)n
6AT
R
4h2
Ax(w*+*')Ay(*"+')
1 A2(w*+9") + A
h2
35b)
0 < j < N + 1
,n . given on the
with w? . given throughout the region and (jjV
1f J
^f J
,n
*i,M
$ 9 , and 0 and
48
*if 0
0
.n
*i,N+i
n
'i,i
n
"i,2
=
n
"i,N
and
4 - 1 0
-1
4 -1
0 - 1 4
T
T. - i+t -
J^i + $i
1 < i < M
36)
49
37a)
37b)
1 < i < M
are
(Nxl)
38a)
50
-1
-1
0-1
2 < j < N
a - fJ
38b)
g^
fiKi
2 < i
fj[Kj + gj_i]
< N
38c)
and
N '
X. = Sj + fjXj+,
38d)
51
39)
1 + /l - o2
where o is the spectral radius of the block Jacobi matrix or
the matrix of the method of simultaneous displacement by
lines. This value of r minimizes the spectral radius of the
SBOR matrix associated with Equation 37.
The block Jacobi matrix is the matrix of the method
described by
-i + (i +
4:1 + 4"!
1 < i < M
or
T
[m+i]
0 10
I
[m+i]
0 10
$0
*1
0
+
0
4
[m]'
52
B, is then
-1
'0
1 0
1 0
.- .
II
'
T-
"0
T-1 0
T-1 0
0
...
d"
T~1
T-1 0
. . .
53
of the
equation
X,
X.
X,
X,
X,M'
m,n
XM'
T-1X. . J . +
>^0.
1 i i ; M,
= ^M+1. =
%i-i.
%i+i.
^m,n^^i'
or
%i-i,i
^i+i,j
^m,n
40a)
54
X o,j
X.
1,0
X.
i,N+l
X,
1 < i < M
1 < j < N
40b)
sin pi sin qj
this becomes
2sin pi sin qj cos p
-4X_
sin pi sin qj =
m,n
f
55
Solving for
gives
m,n
X
cos P
2 - cos q
m,n
IfJ
sin q(N + 1)
This implies
P
m"" 1
'
1 i m
< M
'
1 i n < N .
Therefore
cosj^
\1 < m < K
2 - cos^^
11 < n < N .
56
= :::ivn
cosM+l_
^
n
2 -
or
2 [iM+lJ
r-i-v
iN+lJ
41)
57
0"
1
2
0
1
2
and
0
That is,
n+i/2
'ir j
42)
58
1
2
0'
'
1
- i
2
I"
'
and
1
2 '
4h2 Ay(w^)A^(4*) -
At/2
43)
n+1 , n
"ifi
"i,i
o n+i/2
2"i,i
A t .2 c n+1
A^ f a ,
2h2"y
n\
- Ci)
At
2h2 . X
+ A'
yj
0)
^Ay(w*)Ax(*K) - Ax(w*)Ay(**)
n+1 +, 0 )n
59
solve and
- 4E?{Ay(w*)&%(**) - Ax(w*)Ay(+*)
AT
A^(a)* + 0)^) +
and let
1/1
n+i
w.
45)
be defined by
(Un
.
If3
- Ax(w*)Ay(**)
1 .2, *
. .
^A^(a)
+ 0)n)
+
46)
47)
60
AT
- 2=)w*
+ 2A^ + 2=)w*
+ I Ay(w*)Ax(**) - Ax(w*)Ay(**)
(Ay - 2=)w**^
A^Xw*) - 2= w*
48a)
48b)
+*
61
=
9x2
3y2
SO that
(j,n
|2 n
3X2 J
1,3-1
hi n
2
n
hi 3^())
6 9y3
1,3-1
9*1*
9*1*
0 < X < L
,i
n
*i,o
_
-
2(*i,o - 4i,i)
^2
h2
'
J 0 < i < M
1n > 0
62
*1:
0 < i < M + 1
jh
>
*i,i
<
49)
0 < j < N + 1
0 < j < N + 1
50a)
n > 0
n
M+l,j
n
w'M+l,i
0 < j < N + 1
50b)
+S,0
n > 0
0 < i < M + 1
50c)
0)n
i,o
+,N+1
n > 0
'W
= (K+l)h
0 < i < M + 1
50d)
n
"i,N+i
<!>, ^
L'/h,
jh
n > 0
0 < i < M + 1
51)
If]
0 < j < N + 1
63
,n
0 < j < N + 1
52a)
n > 0
n
1,j
4),n
M,j
n
w'M,j
n > 0
0 < j < N + 1
52b)
*i,o
52c)
=
n > 0
>lc
52d)
n
'i,o
n > 0
h2
,n
i,N+l
= (K+llh
0 < i < M + 1
52e)
n
^i,N+l
n > 0
Numerical Algorithm
The method of solution of Equations 37 and 48 with
boundary conditions 49 and 50 or 51 and 52 is as follows.
Assume values are known for (ji" . and w?
0<i<M+l,
IfJ
IfJ
0<j<N+l, for a given value of n. Equation 48 could be solved
for 0)^^^ if the boundary values of the vorticity were known,
but Equations 49c and 5Id show that these boundary values are
64
a function of
. Hence
1f J
At
Thom and
65
n+i,[k]
if 0
^n+1f[k+i]
0 < i < M + 1
or
M* < i < M + 1
53)
. and
J
If J
Upon
entering the flow chart, the values of w? . and (|)^ . are known
1f J
1f J
The chart
is presented in Figure 1.
Once the stream function field at a given time plane has
been determined, the velocity components are easily found from
finite difference approximations to Equation 22,
,n
_
"i,j -
1 r.n
.n
66
-1
2h
,i
i+ifj ~
1 < i < M
1 i i 1 N
n > 0
54)
un
i,N+i
'
1 < i < M + 1
n > 0
55a)
1 < i < N
n > 0 f
55b)
1 r.n
,n
2h[/M+l,j+l ~
n
u,m+I,D
" ,0
55c)
max
if j
n,[k],[m+i]
*1,]
,n,[k],[m]
If]
^ "s
and
max
if j G boundary
n,[k+i]
"i,j
n,[k]
~ ^ifj
^S
67
values of
At,
At
At
in this
However,
Figure 1.
Flow chart
MAIN
[k] - X
_
n+1,[k] _
t,o
n+1,[k]
nri-l.J
n+l,Ck],[l]
n+l.J
l.o
V-i.j
9.ttri-l.J
f
APPROXIMATE
[k] - [k+1]
n+1
by
APPROXIMATE
solving Eg. 37) for
by
.n+1,[k],[ja]
V
VORT
YES
by solving Eq. 53) for
n+l.tkfl]
",1
CONVERD
CONVERGED
n+l.[kfl].[l]_ n+l,[
W.J
*m,J
BCV
n+1,[kj,[mj
n+1 ,Lk] ,[m+l] _ n+l ,[k] ,[m]
n+1,[k]
W.j
m.j
[m][nrt-l]
SF
70
However,
10 0
0 I
0 10
0 T
0 10
'
0 10
0 I
71
%o,i
"
%i,o
- %i,N+i
^M+l,j
1 < i < M
1 < j < N .
^M,j
m,n
1 - 1 p2 + q
As previously
q
nn
N + 1
1 < n < N
p(M+l) sin qj
j
=
sin p M sin qj
or
sin p{M+l)
sin p(M)
72
(2m - l)n
2M + 1
Sin X
pM p(M+l)
jtt
^X
pM
Figure 2.
p(M + l)
Sine function
a(B)
1 -
n- flV +
Im+lJ
For the problem reported in this dissertation N+1 was 10, and
M+1 was greater than or equal to 60.
73
Therefore,
Experi
The
74
0.0001
0.001
At
0.05
0.001
h^/At
,
,
,
,
2.5
As was
For a value of
At
It was
75
very near the channel entrance where the error may be as much
as 0.03 for case I at the early time planes.
This indicates that the use of two values of h might have
been beneficial, a smaller h near the entrance with a larger
h downstream.
1 - 1 + cx
This idea was not used since the simplicity of the difference
matrix T depends on a constant value of h. It was decided
that an increase in accuracy could be achieved more cheaply by
decreasing h all over the net than by using a transformation
which increased the complexity.
Case II does not result in as sudden a change in the
derivative of the velocity as the fluid enters the channel as
does case I, and so the accuracy is not greatly affected by
the channel entrance.
Figures 3 and 4 present the steady state dimensionless
velocity in the x-direction for cases I and II. The arrows at
the right side indicate the parabolic profile to which the
solution should converge. It can be seen that solution near
the middle of the channel has not quite achieved this para
bolic profile, but is converging towards it. If the value of
M were increased the solution would, of course, more closely
76
In the first
77
shown in Figure 5.
Figure 6 presents a similar graph for case II.
Wang and Longwell (51) present the results of the steady
state solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for both case I
and case II. Their results are presented for a Reynolds
number of 300 so a direct comparison of the results is not
possible, but a general comparison gives very good correlation.
Wang and Longwell compare their data with Schlichting and
find that Schlichting's velocities are as much as 0.03 higher
than theirs for case I as was noted by Bodoia and Osterle, and
also noted in Figure 5.
A point of inflection in the profiles of u versus y was
noted by Wang and Longwell which was not found in Schlichting's
results, nor in the results of Bodoia and Osterle.
This
78
At
At
= 0.02.
are flatter than for the fully developed case as the effect
of the walls has not been completely carried throughout the
channel.
The transverse or y-velocity, v, is shown in Figures 9
and 10.
79
=
where
IR
56)
Table 1.
Entrance length
Reference
Schlichting (40)
0.034
0.034
0.0335
0.034
Pearson
Case I
Case II
0.034
0.036
However, a quali
80
As would be
Figure 12 shows
that steady state has been achieved for any time x > 0.14.
The numerical data from which these graphs were drawn is
presented in the Appendix.
The method of solution used here is applicable to a wider
variety of problems than those presented.
As was
I
\
Figure 3.
y =0.50
0.40
<-
0.30
0.25
1.0
<
0.20
0.8
0.15
0.6
0.10
0.4
-6- 0.05
0.2
0.0
OO
CASE
0.4
08
R = 50
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
Figure 4.
$-
0.40
0.30
CO
0.05
CASE IC
-Q8
-0.4
50
2.0
2.4
2.8
Figure 5.
y
Ol
K)
ro
Ol
OO
0.50
U
1.00
1.50
Figure 6.
CO
00
u
VELOCITY PROFILE T =0.18
Case IE Reynolds Number = 50.
Figure 7.
o
o
p
N
Ol
Ol
OJ
Ol
Ol
ro
Ol
ro
Id
Ol
0.50
80
VELOCITY PROFILE
t = 0.02
Case I
Reynolds Number = 50
1.00
1.50
Figure 8.
b
o
5
Ol
ro
O)
O
en
Ol
Ol
Ol
Ol
p
ro
Ol
Oo
0.50
U
t.OO
1.50
Figure 9.
94
0.4
0.05
CASE I
0.3
0.10
R = 50
T = 0.18
0.15
V
0.2
0.20
X
=0.25
X
0.0
00
0.2
= 0.4
03
0.4
0.5
Figure 10.
96
X = 0.00
0.2
-0.0
V 0.1
-0.10
-0.20
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
05
CASE H
R =50.
T =0.18
005
0.10
V 0.1
0.20
X = 0.40
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.2
y
0.4
05
Figure 11.
u as a function of y and
for x = 2.75
98
0.18
1.0
0.5
0.06
0.04
U
0.02
T = 0.01
CASES
I^H
R = 50
X = 2.75
00
02
04
06
08
Figure 12.
u as a function of
y = 0.50
0.40
1.4
0.30
0.25
1.0
0.20
0.8
0.15
0.6
O.IO
0.4
0.05
0.2
0.0
QO
CASES
R = 50
0.02
0.04
2.75
0.06
0.08 .r 0.10
012
0.14
0.16
0.18
101
LITERATURE CITED
1.
4.
5.
102
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
103
23.
24.
Kawaguti, Mitutosi. Numerical solution of the NavierStokes equations for the flow around a circular cylinder
at Reynolds number 40. Physical Society of Japan Journal
8; 747-757. 1953.
25.
New York,
27.
28.
29.
104
37.
38.
Russell, D. B. On obtaining solutions to the NavierStokes equations with automatic digital computers. Great
Britain Aeronautical Research Council Reports and
Memoranda No. 3331. 1963.
New York,
Aeronautical
105
Englewood
106
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am, of course, particularly indebted to Dr. George K.
Serovy for his guidance and criticism during the preparation
of this dissertation.
107
APPENDIX
Tensor Notation
Since the geometry of the inlet of parallel plates is
most naturally described by a Cartesian coordinate system,
Cartesian tensor analysis was used.
The equations of hydrodynamics were derived in three
dimensions so that all tensor subscripts ranged over the
values of 1, 2 and 3 unless specifically noted otherwise.
A convenient notational convention usually employed with
tensor analysis is the summation convention.
If a particular
^ii'"'
^1 1 ^ ^22'^
or
^ij...
..
^ii
^ ^i2''' ^2k'
~ 1,2,3.
When two subscripts of a tensor are made the same so that the
summation convention is brought into use, the operation is
called contraction with respect to the two subscripts.
Two useful tensors are the Kronecker delta,
epsilon tensor,
and the
108
i = j
i 7^ j
Cijk
= <
'
'
'
^ijk^imn
^jm^kn
^jn'^km
'
This
^ij
~ '^ji '
and antisymmetric if
^ij
^ji
109
and
=
-Bji
then
^ij... ij... ~
2(^1]...
j. ^
... ij...
=
j )
ij... )
58)
In particular
^ijk^jk... -
The operator 8^( ) is defined by
3.A.
i jk*
3x^
110
:iAik...dv
59)
fiSi
^ijk^j^k
3^8
= 1X g
=
78
grad 6
V ? =
div ? ,
V X =
curl ? .
and
^ijk^j^k
Ill
Program Listings
The flow chart presented in Figure 1 gives the essential
details of the method of solution so that a flow chart of the
main program and each subprogram will not be presented. How
ever, a complete listing of each routine for case I is given
in Figures 13 to 20.
Two changes from the notation given in body of the
dissertation should be noted.
The two
two
112
It is used to input
STRFN(I,J)
Distance increment
DELT
Time increment
VIS
Kinematic viscosity
VEL
Inlet velocity
RELAX
Relaxation parameter
113
is called the matrices STRFN and VORT are output onto a peri
pheral tape.
114
The value of
Then Equation
Subroutine SF
Subroutine SF is called by VORT to calculate the new
stream function matrix, STRFN, associated with the vorticity
matrix, VORT. It does this by means of the SBOR technique
described by Equations 37.
in Figure 1.
TMAT in STRFN is used in the same manner as was AIIAT in
subroutine VORT.
115
Subroutine BCV
Subroutine BCV calculates the corrected boundary values
of the vorticity from the stream function.
Figure 13.
MAIN routine
117
C ( . W ' M 0N r . O N A , C O N P t C n .VC , O F L T , F R $ , h i f t V , F R S M A X , f a V 4 A X , H , H . S Q ,
1 f K O O C V , M , % I . , 2 , h 3 1 M A X 1' r S M A X I T V ^ M A X P R N , M A K ' T A P , N , N 1 / N 2 ,
2 N : 3 : , . \ I I S , M r v ' . N P H N , M A P , M C i - A K , t y T ; ! M E ,R E L A X H , R I I S O ,
3 VV.I , V ] S , 0 i ( 8 ) , M A P I 3 ) , N T ( 8 ) , S T R ' F ; N ( 1 5 , 1 0 0 ) , V F C S F ( 1 5
/, v'FiCVf 100 ) ; !
V C R T A ( 1 5 , I O C , V C R T B ( 1 5 ^ 1 0 0 )
:
!
OliXPNSinN
p a us f
M:'.VT N O
10
: ;
L A L l I M I T (VQRTA)
. !
D f i ; i2 I - I,
VnRTB(1,1)
=: :VCRTA( I
vl:rt8 ( i , ni =1 i V C R l A ( I , \
ni!! % J = 2 , M l ;
i
V O R T l M I , J I = ; i V O K T A ( 1, J
VHR'TP ( y . J ) =; iVOKTAIN't J
C A L L vcrt(V
"I 1 M ' E = T I f ' F ; + : D F L T
NTIME = KTIYE; - 1
M'a'P = f-iTAP H 1
dklTA, V0PT3);
1 Fi ;(N TAP ) 1
mti'p
C /-'L:L
,y
= , i ax tap
PPM
( vriRTti)
l f '(>iTIFr: ) 13,;6,7
CAlL UTCHAK i ;
ntap
O f
I = 1,M|
'axta'p
t 1;
y r i R T A ( 1 , 1 ) = MV G K T C (I
V r ' R T A ( 1 , N ) = M VD R T 3 ( I , K )
D C :0 J - 2,Vi;
^
V C R T A ( 1 , J ) = ivCRTB( 1 , J 5
V C K T A ( M , J ) =' i v C R T O 1 M , J )
C A L L V O i a C V O P T B , V C R T A )'
llr'F = T 1 Mi- + C f - L T
IT
c - 1
-N T A P = N T A C - !.
ir' '(NT AP ) i 3 , 1 0 , 1 1
N f A ' P ^ M A X : Ap',
10
13 CA LL RUN (10): |
WR:ITE( 1 5 , ] 0 I ) ;
SLUP 1
' :
1 0 1 FGPMA r ( ' R E M Q V E A M ) S A V E T A P E U5 2 7 ' )
E r..bi
119
4 vucvi rcc)
i :
' ;
DiMNSinN vnkT( I5,icc)i ;
M
! i
M
r:
R E'Ah ( 1 , 1 0 0 )
N,PAXITV,MAXITS, w AXPRN
RFAul 1 , 1 0 1 ) : H V I S , V R L , F R V y A X , r R S M A X
i i
j i
RE'AO( 1 , 1 0 2 ) h:T
r f a h ( 1 , 1 0 3 ) MT
READ ( 1 , 1 0 3 ) IMTAP
REAb( 1, 104) : ;
Rf'Ab( 1,105) i
w R i i : T F ( 3 , 104): ;
!
j
; :
I !
'
:
; ^
:
! !
i i
j I
| :
! ;
i "
i
:
!!
I;
! :
i :
j:
i
! i
WR'1;TF( 3 , 1 0 5 ) ' :
' i
I ! '
i i
i
WR:I:TF(10) >^'i\!,MA>ITV,MA'xiTS,H,V[;S;,VEL,ERVM|A;X,ERSMAX j
KTCMAM
i
M
i i
I i
I
REIAX = ? . / ( i l : . + SQRT('l!.
'!
= 1 ;
1 (ir.
'
|
j
i
i '
; ;
i '
i i
DEI T = i)T( I ) ;
i :
I!
:
II _
MA 'X TAP = XTAP ( 1 )
; ;
j ;
j I
II
wk'itfi 3, l o ^ r :',N,M,VI S,'vt-1 , ER VMAk', ER s VA X, R'ei AX, m AXPRN;
w rite ( 3,107): ^DT(I) ,I=:1>8), ( NT (I | )!, I = 1 , 8 ) , ( nT AP { I ) , 1=^1:, r )
HSO: = H *i l
RK
.) . S / H i i
PHSO = 1 ./ESQ:
[-'] - V -I
; :
1^2 = xr- 1
1 ;
f''i3 = MZ- 1
; 1
!%1 = is-1
i :
MZ - h l - r
N3 = N?- ]
^ i
CC\A = 4 .*HSQ;/DEI.T
C r \ ' H = 6. - t l G N A
c n \ c = 2. + :cicNA
V E C S P ( ? ) = 0^125
Figure 14.
121
on; i l 1 = 3,Ml:
vtc'sFd) =
(/+.vrc:v(2) = l.y:CnNC
L.7
vecsf ; ( i-i ) )
: ;
UD b J. = 3,N1: ,
::
V E C ; V ( J ) = 1 . / : ( C C N C - V F C V ' ; { J-1 ) )
V I : S ' = 2.*VIS' i
'
TI:KE = 0
N T A ' P = M AX TAP.
NPHN = v^XPPN:
= -Vi-l.fH
TEW;P = - D E L S R
on; ;3
I ^ 1 , .M i
Tr'f'P =
l i M P !+: D C L S F
- L,N :
S rnj ^ ( I , J ) =' ; T p
vnk(I t J ) = 0 .
RFI l,KM
t-fSkMAT ( 1 3 )
FO.RVAT (F- 10. n');
FU^KAT ( r i F ] C . : C )
X^AT (8110^);
FCKXATf HEADING
F C KM AT ( ' H F A D I M G
FOK'VAl ( ' DI F F i E K N C F
DO 3 J
ICO
101
102
103
104
105
106
1
2
3
4
6
; ;
UTION'OF'NiA
F CU'AT
5X, 'FOUATIOWS FOR A R'bCTANGULAi
:p;CIKTS'///;'; DISTAMCEi INCREMENTI'
I N L E T ViFl.OCI TY ,}T 35 , E 1 2 . ^ ) / :
V FiUOR -CHECKS / 6 X , ' VOKTICI TY' , T h 5 , E 1 2 . 5 / 6
FU
.5/' RFLAXATIOiM 'p AR AMETEP. ' ,
8:)
135,E12.5/' PUIMT
T l X F I^ k E M F N T S ' / 3 X , H F i ? . 2 / /
' ;NUMBEK GF TIMES INCREMENT USEC
: ; T A P E D F V t R Y N T H f I V E ; ' / 3 X , 8I 7 )
I ON SOL
!viSCriSITY/!,T3^,E12.9/'
5 'STFFAV
107
:!
M
FUk%AT(/'
1
2
^CTinr',T35,F12
FACTOR',
C
:
"
!: '
VIER-STOKf:!
REGION'/six ,';VITH', 1:31.
,T35,rl?.f
X,
/3X,8I77
'
123
125
,M l
2 ,P3,
S, M
"tvltiM
^K' M
,M1
NiAXI
Tjvi
ii
J = 2,Ni!
j i
on! ;l I = 2 ,Ml'
I !
1 AH'A;T( r , J )
(;15, 100)
1 +1 ; ? . - M V n R T A ( : I , J + 1 )
+ V O R T A ( I - ; l , J )
+ 'VHRTA ( I, J - l i ) ) - { ( S T R ; F N ( J ,_J + 1 )
( ; S ; T R F N ( U 1 , 1 4 ) - S I R F Nd - 1 , J )| { V G R T A ( I , J +
4 VCKT4(i,J-lU1l/VIS
)) -
I ; )
2 DC! ^ J = 2 , N : i :
! i
a N a T ( 2 , 1 r " = i ( ; A M A T ( 2 , J )[ :+ V O R f B ( l , | y n * V E C V ( 2|)
on!
I = 3,4]!
^ I
( I , 2 ) - ivO'^TA( 1,1)
1 +1 LQN^-V)K ri3( 1,2) + V;0:RTB( 1,1)) *VECV( 2 )
0 C | ' 5 . j = 3 , n' i:
5 A M A K I , J ) = : V E C V ( J ) * ( - V : n R T A ( T , J + Ij) + VORTA
1 V r j R T A ( 1 ,J - l ) : + C 0 N A * V : 0 : R T B ( 1 , J I + ! A M A T { 1 , J H i ) )
DC :6 J = 1 , N 2
|"i
^ - J
}i
6 ' V f i R i T i M [ , K )
call
:i
= : A M A T ( 1, K ) i ; + V C V ( K l f S V O R T B (I, K
Si-IVOkTB)
_ i
IF(:iKuBCv) k',8,7
7 Nl TiV = Ni TV |-i 1
IF(NITV)
9,9,12
ir
lOO'rnwMATf' REMOVE
[NO:
;
r
I
;
1
!
ANO SAVE TAPE 5
^7 )
fll
Figure 17.
Subroutine SF
127
SUBPnuriNE SfUVOKT)
!I
{I
1
;
C dI mM CN CONA,:cc N B t CrNC , bit L T , F R s, ERV , r^R s MA X, iER VM A X, H, HjS)],
1 1 ^ H R C V , M , M I ^ M 2 , P 3 , M A X ^ 1 S , M A X I T V ,MAXPRN,MAXfAP,N,Nl,k?,
2 N|3:T NI TS,M TivifNPKN ,NTAPi, NTCHAN ,Mill ME RELAX ,HH, KHSQ, TlIME,
3 V F : L , V I S , i ) T ( I b : ) , M T A P ( 8 ) i , ' M T ( 8 ) / S T R F N t 1 5 ^ 1 0 0 ) ,VECSF(15)
4 V C V { 100) I i
M
Ii
D1HC N S I C N V n.R:T { 1 5 , I C C ) !, ;T K A T ( 15 , IpiO )
NljTiS = 4 A X ITS;
!i
" D O I 2 J = 2 , NilI
I I
do ' il I = 2,Mli
!i
i ' TnIa J ( I , J) = HiSG*VCRT { l!,ij )
T'';T(2,J) = T:'MAT(2,JI +: STPFN(1, J:)
2 T'<A:T('^1 , J) =: JXAT (Ml,J); + STRFN ( Ml, J)
3 ERjSi = 0 .
! I
MjTiS = NITS H 1
OC;b J = 2, Nil!
T M A i T ( 2 , 1 1 = y i F C S t - ( 2 ) (!T;WAT{?, J ) 1+1 STRFN( 2, Jri) +
1 s!rkFN(2,
li
do; 4 I - j.Mili
j i
4 T M A : T ( I , l l = I v i F C S F ( I ) * ( T i K A T ( I,J )
I SrXFN((,J+l^ + TMAT(lHltl))
DC: is I = 1,M:3
K M M - I
i :
i i
I!
4-1 STRFN{I,J-1) +
T . - 1 / V T { K - 1 , 1 ) l=; T X A T ( K - 1 \ ^ ) + V F C S F ^ K - 1 ) T N A
T''AT(K,L) =!T|yAT(K,l) -i STRFN(K,
5 FkSi = AyAXl(gRS,A%S(TyA|T(K,l)))
Jl)
T ^ A T ( 2 , i ) = T ^ A T ( 2 , l ) - j ^ T K F N f Z / j)r
ER'si = AMAXl ( E?.S, ABS( T,'M;T ( 2 , 1 ) ) ) _
'ou 6 I = 2 ,Mli
ii
6 S T k F N ( I , J j = R E L A X * T M A T M I , l ) + S T'RFN (I , J)
Df) i? I -
2, 4li
i i
= ; S T R F N ( I , ^ - i l )
7 SrisFN([,i\)
SI H P
T;(K,1)
Figure 18.
Subroutine BCV
129
'SU%UUJTINF
3CV(VrRT)
:i
! I
CCWXCN CGhA,C0N6,CrNC,aCLT,FRS,F2V,&aSM4X,f%VyAX,H,MS0,
1 INb3CV,M,Ml,:%2,k3,XAXrTS,MA%ITV,%AXP0h,4AXTA?,N,Nl,N:J,
2 N3:,NI TS,NITV,NHM\,NTAP,NTCMAN,NTiyE,RH. AX ,'R S , RH Siv , T:I!ME
3
Vtl,VlS,.-)T{H.)
,MTAP ( 3 ) , M T ( 8 )
4 VLCV(100)
; ;
n i X E N S T H N V G ; < T ( 1 5 , 1 00) I
iNOpcv = 0
" er'v; = 0.
; ;
.!'
'
'
i'i
))
;;
I'i
i:
! :
i :
1" ;
ii _
ii
i!
E R V : = A K A X l ( E ; . ^ V , A n S ( V C R : T ( I, N ) - V O t V : T T r , W - l ) V ) ' :
Viirl'T ( I,N I = V n R T (
' 1
M
" [r,(FRVKAX-ERV) 3,4,4
i":
: :
::
'
or] 1 J = 2,\l!
:
'TC^P = -2.cKUSC*STsFN(?^J)
(IS)!/""
' :
I N 0 3 L V -=
4 ' KFTUKN
END:
i"
i i
! :
'
! ;
i:
'
.
1i
! :
i'l'
T:
U.
"l'T
. |i .
M
.
l"i '
ii
131
SUbHOUTIi\E OTCHAN
,
, r / 3 , M A X I T S ,M A X I T V , M A X P R N , , Y A X T A ) , \ , N ] , N ? ,
2 \ 3 , N I T S , N I r v i t K H R ; v , N r A P , i \ T C f AM ,M:r |VE ,k f-LAX.,
iHSC, T.I IE
3 Vk:L,VTS,.JT(y') , VTAP( A) , N r ( 9 ) ,STRf;N( 1 5 , 100):, VFCSF 1 15)1,
'l
iNhilCV,w,
t VFCV(ion)
M
NTCHAtvl =, NTCHAN + I
MT-IF'F = l\T ( NTCHAN )
IFX^TIMF) 4,1:,1
DELT = O T U \ TC H AN )
4A%TAP = " T A P X K T C H A N )
CtNA = 4 . * H S : : y O F L T
cn^.R = , ~ C:C i\ A
cnkc = 2 .
VTCV{2) = 1./C3NC
: I
nII' 2 J
' :
' 2 VECV ( J)
kE.T'URN
3,,\r
l . / ^ C C N C - V E ' C V ( J - 1 ) ) i ;
: i
__
^ I
j l_
3 C A L L K L I \ I 10 l: !
wRiTF( 15,LOG):
STfTP '
'
U'
4 CALL RUR(10) :
T o o FCHXATC
END!
M
^
'
J :
;;
!
:I
Ii
132
Computer Output
The following set of figures presents sample velocity
fields for both case I and case II as they were output from
the computer.
The velocity
Vi/U
V2/U
Xi/d
xg/d
vt/d^
and
= 0.14.
Figure 20.
Computer output
'
iv: IV IV' iv /v t 1 ( r- t o c c o c o o c o o C/ c o c o
: : i
*
CO -< a- U" > <x Vu rv IV 1 ? o o
vC'->! U1 IV' o -j 4> w IV o
X
_W..V;_C. VP__0. Ui..,0. o.c -C- c o o. c. c o o U" o vr c LT o. u-., o LT o,_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
ooocoooo
oooocooo
cooooooo
o
c
o
o
occoo
ooc oc
ooooo
o oco
c
c
c
o
oc
cc
oc
oo
o
o
o
o
o
c.
o
o
coo
oco
coo
ooo
o cc
coo
cc o
occ
oc
cc
c o
Qo
<
rr.
r
o
. o
<
1
-<
o
z
c
o X
c
'
.c
c
h- t'
f
i
h
c o c o c c o o o c o c. o c o o o c o o o o c c c o o
rv rv rv r\j rv rv nu f\j rvj N ne r\) r\j ro !V
UJ 'oJ
vr CO o o o o
vj c:' cc o
-si s
CO eu CO
c C"
o O" cr- N; o c
-NI
p
0
0
o o. o
o. o o. o. o c o. o o o c c o c o o o o c 1
->
-F> 4S > 4:^ 4> 4^ 4>
4>
Ln
'Cl n- a c
cca>
a
cc
CO
a
CO
c;
CC'
CC
cc
rv
CL o: cc
ce cr CC
CL o
->!
c
a a U'
4N OJ PXJ NJ U' Ce c CI C c
L,1
V LT Cl vr VJ- ->
K-
h- H- h-^ h-'
H- M"
H- f' f h- c o
1 M-< M-* h H- h- h' f' f' H-"
1' h" h-*
w t' h- 1 1 h" f' w h-' 1' fv rv 0^ -S -> Lu c o o
ce
ce ce 03 a cr.- CO C' cc ce co cr cr. xD o V-*- o H- e u; 00 cc 0^ ce o c
%y
m
o
LT
o
f'
H
w#
>
'
h-
h- h-" h h l H
h- w K- h- T-'. M ..o:' o: o.
U: o cr o U" UJ vC' o
o > vn rvj \J f c
, ^
-o
f\J
m
C- cr O O 0-- C- C- 0- c> C- cr- O C- c> C- C-
.4>.
, , h- ,
f
cr o o
f' h-J
HC- 0- c O o cr-<
cr U!
.h- .h
c>:u'.u;c
V! f-*
rv f'
:.C.._ 0_
;ji.
# .. . . . _ _
Ho cr.
#,
061
...
h-' h- O oc
V..
J"- .sC Vu N; C o
co cr. w.c
.C- .VI .ex. o_ o f-". O:
M*
K-' H- t f'
M' h- h-" a- o
VI
COC ce. cr cocr cr a- ucr OvC 4>VI vu rv hO o
a
o
U' O 4> cc
^ei
000
030
861
_ _ # _
' 661
061
~a.'7-
4>
O
X!
0. 0 5
290
861
z
c :C
S
w 03
un m
,r-* ,H- ,
N) O
V
u.e" vO
V^ NJ
r-. r
h-. f H-, h- M'. H- ' M"
A
..
h- H h-
H- M-" H- h- H- hf 1' t O
o a o C- cr cr cr o e O O O o O O cr VI V. OJ
cr
cc- a- cr cc or ' co co cc cr co a co
vr rv cr u h- 4>
z
r-
000
330
h-
K-*
cr- 0^ c> O
-sl -N' -<
o
w
U" U! I a -P- O
000
730
270
761
61 7
761
761
C-- C 0^
O
.Cl...
O
U1
O
>
CO
Figure 21.
Computer output
N/ IV INJ N IViV- r- i-
<
>-:h - C O C O O C C C C O O O C O C!
# '# # I#
* ; * # : ' *
# '
p*
C
n
'___
o
o O O O O C O O o C O
o
o o o o o c o o o o c o o *o
OOCCC'OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCCCOCOC
o
oc
oo
oc
oo
cc
oo
oo
co
oo
co
oo
o
oo
co
co
oo
oo
oo
co
oc
oo
oo
oo
oo
co
oo
co
I I I I .1 I I. I.. I. I ..I : I I I.I I I
_
..C
o O O o C.O.O coco CO COOOCCOOOOOCO
o
o
O
O C O C O O O O O C O C O C O C O C O O C C C O I - R - O O
C C C O C O O C C O O C C O O O O C C C O R - O J - ^ ^ - J O
oocoococoooocoo'-iIto^-P-o-c-^LTo
I j I I ( I I I I I I i I I ( I
\r
COO'OOOOOCOGOCOCOCOCCOQOOOOO
(2;
O O O O O O C O G O O O O C O C O O O C O O O
I^J W O .
I ' I
-c
I
2:
<
o
. >IT,
O
i
c
>
G
O C O C O O O O O C O O O G O O C O O O C C O R - : C C O
0000000000000000000000
0000000000-
N/(VO
VN
Z
M
G O O O O O O' O G O C O O O O O C O O
'OJ O- O ->I W CR- O
O O O O C O
W->^C-'J^'^VNOUI^O
' O o
O O O o: o O o" O O o'o' O O G'c o G O O C G O G O
*
G C' c- O O O O O O G C G O G c O c O O O G O H- f- rsj INJ G
O
CO
CO
OO
CG
OO
O. C
OO
OO
OO
oG
OO
oG
OO
OO
O C O
^O
-j W ^r v iKJ4 > t- < iC UG\- ioO NCJ OO
"
;'
IOV o
HO
I I II II II II r
CO OOOCOOOOCOCOOOOOCOOOOOOOO
O
_
lo
c
o
o'o'
o
o'
o
o
o'o
o.o
O
G
C. G o o o o.O'C.I-.'H.r-'o::. >....1-1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 f-'N^e-xDUJUl-ylO
.V
0 0 0 0 0 0 0I 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0' 1 : fV a -' C - > J C X ! - i - - C 0 - > I O 0 3 - ^ O
u i 7C
:
I I I I I I I I I I
:m
O O O O O G G O G O O O G O O O O' O O G O O O G o O G
-<
;
'O Z
: # *
_0:,0..0
0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 T - W ^ 0 ( > U - ' U ; 0 G ^ 0 U J G
r-O
:..G
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T-..00,.-^...'-....CC...O,.-..O:.N .O_
Ui
.2
C
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z
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I 73
I I
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O
# #O O# C# G# . O
#C
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# O# O# O* O# C* O* C# O# O* . o
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OOQOOOOOOOOCOOCOOOOO^-r-N;I\)l\;INjO
4-
..O O O C C O G O C...O.O'. O .
O O
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C
C
C
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C
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C
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C
O
C
O
C
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O
O
C
C
O
O
O
O
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CO
C
O
O
O
O
CO
OO
OC
CG
OO
OO
OO
OO
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CG
OO
OG
OO
CO
CO
OO
OO
CO
O
O
G
O
O
O
O
C
C
O
CC'COOC'CCOOOOOCOCCGOOOCOOOOG
O
SET
__
It.
o
'O
^o
'>
C
C/]
:
m
, Uc1 i-.
Figure 22.
Computer output
138
UJ
'y,
:
U:
OoOoOoooo
o ,4 O N= (N X m #-4 O <5 <r vNi
o
O N Ll > O O .0 O O -O vO o o o o o o <0 c
o o O f-4 r-H rsj f\l r\j (M (NJ Osl (Ni (Ni (M CM (Ni (M (Ni CM CM (Ni iNi (\J rvj
f4 i ^-4
"4
-4
4
f4 r-t
'H
O:
tn
<
In '
<r '
Osi
o
>0 w. J, "o n w o ---i" ,-n r-i o O
c^' o 3^ o o' > o'
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N
J
<!
n
O
o
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o
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^
m
m
.n in -n m lh \c\ '
o O O < '-t < f\l '>J ."\J (\; ."Ni fNJ !M 'AJ f\i f\| f\J CM <NJ t\J f\J (\| (M CM %! M C\J
orn\f'i'n333\\f'M0^3fn'-^j\t^\0\0;nLninLninLn.nT&inLn
G ) < r 3 3 [ \ i i n a ) ' - i m \ r ' n O \ O O i n L r \ u \ L n i n ' n i n m in ui s \ in Ti
O P O I r--^ r\J'\J''\'fMf\'i"\!iMr\J(Mf\J!\)(M(\lf\J<NJfSJ!M(\lf\J(NJiNI
in '
CO
m
m:
s;
3
Z
o
o
"o o
o o
OO O
>
bJ
y:
CM
O
in
fM
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o ;n o rCC' T cr
CO
en >1^ r- #4 "-4
r-- F4 "W ^-4 ^4 M
r- r-- M M
R4 R-^ F4 J
F-W
4 <-H
^4
o iZ) N o
(NI
o
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LU
s?"
o CM
- o o r\j a xT -0 co n '10 O CM m en <- <r <r
m r- c <r co o <- m CM CM (Nj m rn m m m v^-l m i-r, m m m
!>
o
o
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C>
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o
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or
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9
OoooO oo oooooOo3O O CooO
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o c o m :0 o 'T) r\; 0^ O .-7^ a>vj- X o
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."s. rM r>- f
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O JD o c o vC N. rt
r1 o o O O O o o o o o o o o o o O c O O o O O O 3 O
r- (Ni o in Ti in m o 43 o \0 - a o O O O
o o (Ni
Om
<X X n 3 X X n X X 'X 'X X
CM cr co f- c c- N- X X X rr.
oo
n
o 0 o m O- m m rr, m ro m If) rr, m rr, en m rr, n m r<". '-r, c^,
o o o O 'o o o O o o O o o O _o p_ p p p p p o "O O O o
oo oOoooOooCo cO OoOOOOOooOOo
ooo oo ooo OooOoo OO o OO o Coco O oo
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00
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>
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LU
>
1
X
IV.
u
LU
oo
4 (Ni "M "V CM CM
o o o o O o o o O o o o O O o r4 r^4
<?
Figure 23.
Computer output
cococco
..c, Lr,.c. vr O ui C
0
0
.....
1
1
" - 1
(sj- ro rv' r\;
h-' r: 1 M r' r" c: c c o o
: i *
h- o
vC' U1 ro C': U-. -p- W
-J a U".
.U- VL o. UL.cm-O, c o o..o o..o; c. c O.O,
m
c
(-
oc
o
c
. _ ._o
...o
o
N; c
x o
oc
0
0
o o o o o
c
(V
a c-
U-' -v' o
c- rv
o
c
o
o
0
0
n
o
o
o
oo
(M o
->l o
o
c
y
f
: Vi
*4
o
: ro
G
o
IV
...o
ro ;^
73
'
c o
c- ce o r\j
c-
H- c
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..-..c
#
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rv o
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^ U- U1 o, O" v-l M CO
.
oo
c
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c
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n
0
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0
0
c
Urv
vn
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m
o
0
0
Oi'T
o
o
c .
h-'
o . . .... ^
o
cocc
c cooccocooc
ooooo
oo ooo oco oooc
c
oc oooc ooo coc ooo c
oocc ooc c oo co o oooc
c
w
C'
r\j o
ro o
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o
vr
z
-<
1
Il
c
o
0
0
1 1: 1 1i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ooooc oooooooc
;
oc c oooooooooo
c o o c o o o. o c o c o h
_w.
o o o. o.-C. o__l: -t-*1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c ocooc ooooooc
o o c c o o o c C; o o o o
c o o o c o o o C' o o c I-'
ro
cccooo
N UJ w
1
1
t
1
c. o c1 Cl o1 o1 o.1 c ot o o. o1 o1 : o1 o. o o
- . :
. , .
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o'
c c o o o o o o' o o o" o
oocoooc c ooooocc o
o
c o c c o o o c o o c 1* 1 tv N)
1
1'
c1 o o1 o1 o1 o1 o c1 c1 ' o c
o c o1 o1
co
oc ooo ocoooooc oo
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o c. o o. u c. o o o o. o c Q o.
c .O.O o .c c o -0,.0 .f. M-". -U-.,
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c -O .o
ooc
oc o
1 1
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o. c c o
1 1
ccoc
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0
0
c
c
c
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O O C
0
0
o
c
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c
c
c
o
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cc
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1 .1
co
oo
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IV
t 1
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c
vr
1
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cc
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0' U-. ce tt'
0
0
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oc ooooooooooc
ooooOooocccoo
ooooooooooooo
c c c c o o o, o o o c< o o
. 1. .1 . I._J. !.. 1. 1 1
1 .1
o o o .o c. c o c
ooo
ccc co c ccc ooooo
ooooo ooo oooooc
o o o o o o o o o o o o M1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ooc coc oocoooco
c o o o o. o o o o o o o o
c
o c o c. c o. o o. o c o c
o c o c c c o c c c h- K- M
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cc ooooooooc coo
ooccoc oc oooooo
cc oooooocooooo
rv
C'
c c o c- o o o o o o
. i. . i. . 1 .1. i _ _ .1 1. 1
1 .1
6 o o "o o o o c o o o o o o
c oc oc ooooQoc oo
oc ooo c oc oco oco
Ijj <J- -vl
o
o o, o o o o c t
o- o
cc
oo
o c.
oo
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Ul
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> .
(/)
m
!
Figure 24.
Computer output
^
VELOCITY
Y
:
IN X-Dli<ECriUN
0.00
0.05
: i
0.10
j
TIME- 0.04
0.20
0.15
jI
R E Y N O L p S NUMBER =' 5 0 . 0
0:25
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0 . 20
0.25
0.30
0 . 35
0. A 0
0.45 :
0.50 ;
0.60 '
0.70 ;
0.80 i
0.90;
:
i
;
;
:
:
I
i
2.2^ I
2.50 i
;
2.95: !
2.75
0.40
0 . 4 5,
-
U. 00
0.05
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.75
2.00
j ! CASE
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0. 000
0.000
0.000
.OOO
0.000
0.000
0.0 00
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1 . 00 0
1.000
o.ao3
0.645
0 . 5 33
0. 460
1.003
0.954
0.832
0.412
0.380
0 . 35 9
0.345
0.335
0.328
0.319
0.314
0.313
0. 314
0.316
0.319
6. 321
#.322
|0.323
#.323
6.323
0.323
d. 323
0.323
0.323
:
0.13
0 . 75 5
0.711
0.678
0.653
0. 63 5
0.62 I
0.603
0. 594
0. 590
0. 590
U.593
0. 5 9 6
0.599
0.602
0.603
0.603
0.603
0. 6 0 3
0.603
0 . 603
0. 603
0.603
1.000 i 1.000
1.050 : 1.057
1.069 ; 1.10?
1. 126
1.057
1.027
1.132
0.992
1. 12 f0 . 9 58
1 . 11 3
0.92H : 1 . 0 9 7
1. 0 0 2
0.903
0.083
0.667
0.845
.W32
0.825
0.H23
0.824
0.828
1.068
; 1.055
^ 1.035
1.022
' 1.014
! 1.010
I 1.010
; 1.012
0.831 ; 1.014
O . C J 3 3 : 1.016
0 . 834 1.017
0.635 :
1.01B
0.83%
1.01b
0.835
0.835
0. d 3 5
1.018
1.018
1.018
0.835
1.018
0.835 I 1.018
1.000
1. 0 5 5
1. 1 0 5
1.144
1. 1 71
1. 1 8 6
1.193
1. 1 9 4
1. 1 9 2
1. 1 8 8
1. 1 83
1. 1 7 3
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 5 8
I.153
1.151
1. : i > r
1. 1 5 2
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
.154
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
1. 1 5 4
1. 000
1.051'
1. 1 0 0
1.143
1.179
1.206
1.226
1.240
1.250
1.255
1 . 2 59
1 . 2 61
1.261
1. 2 5 9
1.256
1.253
1.251
1.250
1. 2 5 0
1. 2 5 d
1.250
1.250
1.250
1. 2 5 0
1.250
1.250
1. 2 5 0
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 4 8
1. 0 9 4
1. 1 3 7
1. 1 7 o
1.208
1. 2 3 6
1. 2 5 8
1.275
1.288
1. 2 9 9
1. 3 1 3
1. 3 2 0
I.32 4
1. 3 2 4
1. 3 2 2
1. 3 1 9
1. 3 1 7
1. 3 1 5
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
I.314
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 1 4
0.50
1 !
1.000
1. 0 0 0 "
1. 0 4 5
1. 0 4 4
1 . 0 9 0 1. 0 3 7
1 . ' 1 3 2 1. 1 2 8
1. 1 7 0
1. 1 6 7
1.205
1. 2 0 2
1 . 2 3 6 ^ 1. 2 3 3
1.262
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 8 3
1.285
I . 3 0 2 1. 3 0 6
1. 3 1 7
1. 3 2 4
1. 3 3 9
1. 3 5 1
1. 3 5 4 1. 3 6 9
1. 3 6 2
1. 3 8 1
1<365
1. 3 8 7
1.364
1. 3 8 7
1. 1 3 6 1
1. 3 3 4
1. 1 3 5 0
1. 3 8 0
1 . : 3 5 5 " 1. 3 7 7
1. 3 5 4
1. 3 7 5
I . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 / 4
1. 3 7 4
1. 3 5 3
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1 . 3 5 3 1. 3 7 4
1. 3 5 3 1 . 3 7 4
1:
1.000
1. 0 4 4
1. 0 8 6
1.127
1. 1 6 5
1. 2 0 1
1.232
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 85
1. 3 0 7
1. 3 2 5
1. 3 5 4
1. 3 7 4
1. 3 8 7
1. 3 93
1. 3 9 4
1. 3 9 1
1. 3 8 7
1. 3 8 4
1. 3 8 2
1. 3 8 1
1. 3 8 0
1. 3 8 0
1.380
1. 3 8 0
1.380
1.380
Figure 25.
Computer output
I;
i :
IN Y-DIRECTION
!Y:
0.00
VELOCITY
0.00
0.05
0 . 10:
0. 1 5
0. 2 0:
0. 2 5 :
0. 3 0 ,
0. 3 5
0 . 40:
0. 4 5
J.50
0. 6 0
0 70
0.00
0.90
1 .00
1.10
1. 2 0
1. 3 0
1. 4 0
1 50
I.75'
2. 0 0
2.25
2. 5 0
2. 7 5
2. 9 5
i
M
ji
i 0.05
!:
i:
!I
il
TIME =. 0 . 0 4
o.ro
; 0 . 0 0 0 :c'. 0 0 0
0. 000
: 0.000
0.26% 0 . 35 5
0. l o 7 0 . 2 7 0
i 0.000
1 0.000
0. 0b y
0 . 13 5
: 0 . 000 p .047 0 . 12 2
0. 080
0.025
' 0.000
:
o
0
. 05 3
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
:
0 . 035
: 0.000
D. 0 0 9
0. 0 0 6
0. 02 4
: 0 .000
0 '. 0 0 4
0.000
0. 01 7
! .0 .000
0 .00 3 0. 012
: 0.000
0 . 0 0 1 0 .0 0 6
: 0. 000 :o. 00 I 0. 0 0 3
! 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0
0 . 000
! 0. 0 0 0 - b . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
:
0 . 0 0 0 -:o' . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3
! 0 . 0 0 0 -:o . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 0 -:o' . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2
i
1 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 1
i 0 . 0 0 0 Ho . 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
! 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
! 0 . 0 0 0 ' d. 0 0 0
0. 000
! 0.000
00 0
0.000
d.0 0 0
0.000
! 0.000
0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 00 0
i
! 0. 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 0
;
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
i
0 . 0 0 0 , .0 . 0 0 0
c . 3 3 4 : '0 . 2 H 6
0 .2W9 :o . 2 6 3
0. 2 2 9 ; b.22 7
0.173 i
.187
0 . 1 2 7 . : 0.1 4 9
c.09 2 : :o . 1 1 6
0.067
0 .090
0 .049
b.069
0. 0 3 6 : 0 . 0 5 3
0.027 ; b.041
0. 0 1 5 : 0.024
0 .00 7 . ,0 .013
0 .002 : 0.005
- 0.002 - b . 0 0 2
- 0. 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 5
.006
- 0.004
- 0 . 0 0 3 - 0. 0 0 5
- 0 . 0 0 2 -.0 . 0 0 3
- 0 . 0 0 1 :-o . 0 0 1
- 0 . 0 0 0 -'0 . 0 0 1
0. 0 0 0 ! i o . 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0 : 0 . 0 0 0
c. 0 0 0 : o . 0 0 0
0.000 - 0 .000
- 0 . 0 0 0 - 0. 0 0 0
0.000 ,0 .000
0.
REYNOLD'S NUMBER
50.0
0.30,
0. 3 5
0'.40
0.000
0.000
0.232
0.220
0 . 181:
0. 1 74'
0.000
0. 133
0. 126
0. 120
0. 110
0. 099
0 . 086
0. 074
0. 063
0. 053
0.044
0. 030
0 . 019
0. 010
0 . 003
0. 003
0. 005
0 . Ob5
0. 003
0.002
0. Obi
0. 000
0. 000
0. 000
0.000
0. 000
0. 000
0 .000
0 .087
0.084
0.b80
b. 074
0.067
0.059
0.052
0.045
0.038
0.032
0.023
0.015
0.009
0 .003
- 0 .'002
-0.004
-0.'004
- 0.003
-0.001
- 0.'001
- 0.000
b.OOO
0.000
- 0.000
-0.000
0.000
0.-25
0.1:99 0.161'
0.174 0.14 5.
0.146 0.127'
0.121 O . l O d
0.09G 0.091
0.078 0.076
0.063 0.06 2
0.050 0.051;
0.031 0.033'
0. 013 0.02 0,
0.008
0.010
0.000
0.0 02.
0.005 -0.004
0.007 -0,006
0:005 -0.006
0.Q03 -0.004
o.do2 -0.002;
0.000 0.000
0.000 -0.000
0.000 -0.000
0.000 0.000
CASE I
0 . 45:
0 . 000'^
0 .043:
0 . 042:
0 . 0 4b :
0 . 037:
0.034
0. 030
0 . 026'
0 . 023:
0.020
0 . 017:
0 . 012:
0 . 0 08
0 . 00:5:
0 . 00,2!
- 0 . 001'
- 0 . 002'~
- 0 . 002:
- 0 . 001!
- 0 .0 0 1
- 0 . boo:
- 0 . odd
0. odd
0. 000
0. 000
- 0 .000
0 . odd
0.50
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0 .000
0 .000
0 .000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0 .000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.0 0 0
0.000
0 .000
0 .000
0. 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
Figure 26.
Computer output
VcLOCll Y IN X
!y'
X li
0. 00
0.05'
0. iO
0.15
0.2o;
0.25
0 . 30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0. 50
0. b 0
0. 70
0. 30
0.90,
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1 . 5o;
1.75'
l 2. 0 0
?.. 2 5
^ 2 . 50
2.75
2.95
0.00
I R h C l I UN
TIME
1;
! 0.05
0.10
n
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0,000
0. 0 0 0
0 .000
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 000
0 ,000
0.000
0.000
0. 000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
0 . 8 0 3 1. 0 0 3
,0. 645
0. 9 5 3
0 . 53.3
0. 8 8 1
0.459
0.812
0.411
0. 7 5 4
0. 379
0. 7 1 0
'0.358
0. 6 7 6
0. 344
0. 6 5 I
0 . 3 3 4 0. 6 3 3
0 . 32 6
0. 61 3
u. 317
0.59 9
0.311
0. 5 8 7
0. 307 . 0 .5 7 9
.0, 30'.
0. 5 7 3
0. 301
0, 5 6 8
0- 300
0 . 56 5
0 . 2 9 8 0. 56 3
: 0 . 2 9 8 0. 5 6 1
0.298
0. 56 1
:0. 29 w 0 . 5 6 2
'o'. 30 0
0. 5 6 5
0 . 3 0 1 0. 5 ( j 6
0 . 3 0 1 0.56 6
0. 301
0, 5 6 6
0.301
0. 5 o 6
0. 30 I
0. 5 6 6
0.15
0 .0 6
0.20
1 i
1 1
1. 0 0 0 ! i . 0 0 0
1. 0 5 0
1. 0 5 7
1. 0 69 i .1 0 2
1, 0 5 7
1. 1 2 6
1. 0 2 7 : ; i . 1 3 2
0 , 9 9 1 ^ 1. 1 2 5
0. 9 57 i 1 . 1 1 2
0. 9 2 7 : 1. 09 6
c; . 9 0 1 : 1 . 0 8 0
0, 8 8 1 .1 . 0 6 6
0. t ) 6 4 ; : 1 , 0 5 3
0, 840 il , 032
0. 02 4 : :1 . 0 1 6
0,813
1.005
0.805 ^ 0.99 7
0, 799
0, 9 91
0. 7 9 4 i : 0 . 9 8 6
0. 7 9 1 ; i o . 9 8 3
0. 7 9 0
0.981
0, 789
0, 980
0.980
0.789
0. 7 9 3
0.982
0. 7 9 4 ; C . 9 8 4
0, 7 9 4
0.984
0. 7 9 4 0 . 9 8 4
0 , 7 9 4 : 0, 98 4
0. 7 9 4
0.984
REYNOLDS NUMBER
0.2'
1 . 000
1. 055
1. 105
1 . 144
1. 171
1. 186
1. 193
1. 194
1, 19 I
1.187
1 . 1:82
1. 171
1. 162
1. 154
1 . 148
1. 144
1. 140
1.133
1.136
1. 134
1. 134
1 . 1 35
1- 136
1. 136
1.136
1, 136
1, 136
=, 5 0 . 0
CASE
i;
0.30.
0.35
! o. 4 0
0.45;
0.50
1. o o o '
1. 0 5 1 =
1. 1 0 0
1. 1 4 3
1.179,
1.206'
1.22
1. 2 4 1
1. 2 5 0
1. 2 5 6
1.260
1. 2 6 2
1.262:
1. 2 6 1 '
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 5 8
1, 2 5 7 ,
1, 2 5 6 :
1.255,
1. 2 5 4
1. 2 5 4
1. 2 5 3
1. 253
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3
1. 2 5 3
1. 000
1.048
1. 094
1.137
1. 176
1.209
I'.boo
1.045
r. 090
1. 132
1.171
1.206
1.237
1.263
1 . 2 85
1. 304
l.:320
1. 344
1.361
1. 0 obi
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 4 4
1.086
1. 1 2 8
1. l 6 6
1. 2 0 2
1. 2 3 4
1. 2 6 2
1.238
1.310
1. 3 2 9
1. 3 6 0
1. 3 8 3
1. 4 0 1
1.415
1. 4 2 6
1.435
1. 4 4 1
1. 4 4 5
1. 4 4 8
1.448
1. 4 4 4
1. 4 4 1
1. 4 4 1
1. 4 4 1
1. 4 4 1
1 .441
1.236
1.259
1.276
1.290
1. 301
1.316
1. 325
i . 331
1.336
1. 339
1.341
1, 342
1.343
1.343
1.342
1. 340
1 . 339
1 . 339
1 , 3 39
1 . 3 39
1. 3 3 9
1.373
1 .383
1 . 390
1.395
1.399
1.401
1.402
1.402
1.399
1. 397
1, 39/
I . 39 7
1.397
I . 397
1
1.044'
1 . 0 8 7.
I . 129
1 . 1 6 7;
1.203
1 .235
1.263
1.287
1.309
1 . 3 2 7;
1 . 356'
1.378
1 . 3 9 5:
1 . 4 08
1.418
1.425
1.431
1.435
1.4 37
1.437
1 . 4 33
1.430
1.4 30
1.430
1.4 30
1.430:
; 1
t-"
i<TiJSi.
Figure 27.
Computer output
1
1
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N; N rv h- 1 1:
i t 1' c c c o c O o o o o o o o o o:
<1. -< VI ro o: NI Vi. W N) 1-'. o vC a
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Figure 28.
Computer output
re
rv fvj ro hK-H->- c o o o c o o c o o c c 0
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1.391
1.397
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1.423
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1. 474
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0. 70
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Figure 33.
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Figure 34.
Computer output
VhLGCITY
0. 9 5
0. ? 5
0. 5 0
0. 4 0
0. 3 0
0. 2 5
0. 2 0
0. 1 5
0. I d
0.05
0. 0 0
0. 0 5
0. 1 0
0. 1 5
0. 2 0
0. 2 5
0. 3 d
0. 3 5
0. 4 0
0. 4 5
07 5 0
0.60
0. 7 0
0. 8 0
0, V O
1. 0 0
1. 2 5
1. 5 0
1. 7 5 ,
2.00
2. 7 5
:
:
:
:
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;
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:
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1
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IN X-DiREClION
0.00
1. 0 0 0
0. 9 9 9
0. 9 9 4
0.988
0 . 975
0.965
0.948
0. 9 2 1
0.675
0. 7 0 b
0.COO
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0. 00 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
: O.Ob
1.000
0. 9 9 9
0.9V4
0. 9 8 8
0. 9 7 7
,0 . 9 6 7
0. 9 53
0. 9 31
0. 8 9 /
0. 8 4 C
0. 7 4 4
0. 6 5 0
0.579
0. 5 3 3
0. 5 0 7
0. 4 y 4
.0 . 4 8 8
0. 4 8 5
0. 4 8 4
0. 4 8 4
:0. 4 8 4
d.484
0. 4 8 4
d.484
0.484
\} . 4 8 4
:d . 4 8 5
0.485
;d. 4 85
0. 4 8 5
: d. 4 8 5
T I M E 1= 0 . 0 1
'
0.10
1.000
0.9 9 9
0. 99 5
0. 990
0. 982
0. 975
0.96
0. 954
0. 94 0
0.931
0. 95 7
0. 949
0.920
0.89 0
0 . bo 6
0. 851
0 . 84 2
0. 837
0. 834
0 .833
0. 632
0 . 831
0 . 8 31
0. 831
0. 8 3 1
0. 831
0. 831
0.831
0. 83 I
0 . 831
0. 83 I
0.15 ;
0.20
1 :
REYNOLDS NUMBER = : 5 0 . 0
0.25
0.30
0.35
Id. 40
1. 0 0 0 . 1 . 0 0 0
0.999
1. 000
0.996 :0.99b
0.993 :0.997
0. 9 8 8 , 0 . 9 9 6
c. 9 8 5 : 0 . 9 9 5
0. 9 8 1 ; 0 . 9 9 6
0, 999
0.978
0.979
1.006
0.989
1.023
1.028 , 1.056
1.090
1. 0 5 7
.
0
6
8
1
.116
1
1. 1 3 0
1 .066
1. 0 5 8 : 1 . 1 3 4
1.133
1. 0 5 0
1. 0 4 2 ; 1 . 1 3 0
1. 0 3 7 : i . 1 2 7
1.124
1. 0 3 4
1.122
1. 0 3 1
1. 0 3 0 i l . 1 2 1
1.119
1. 0 2 8
1. 0 2 8 i l . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 8 i l . 11 8
1.118
1. 0 2 8
1.118
1. 0 2 7
1.118
1. 0 2 7
1. 0 2 7 , 1 . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 7 ; 1 . 1 1 8
1. 0 2 7 1 . 1 1 8
1 . 0 28 i l . l i s
| j CASE
0.45
II
0.50
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
1. c o o
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 3
1. 0 0 5
1. 0 0 8
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 2 5
1. 0 4 3
1. 0 6 9
1. 0 9 8
1. 1 2 4
1. 1 4 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 7
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 5 6
1. 1 5 5
1. 1 5 5
1. 1 5 4
3. . 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 3
1. ; i 5 3 "
1. 1 5 3
I .il53
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 : 5 3
1.000
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 2
1. 0 0 4
1. 0 0 9
1. 0 1 2
1. 0 1 8
1. 026
1.038
1.054
1. 0 7 5
1.099
1. 1 2 1
1.139
1. 1 5 1
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 6 2
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 5
1.165
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 4
1.164
1. 1 6 4
1.164'
1' . 1 6 4
i
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 4
1. 0 0 7
1. 0 1 3
1. 0 1 8
1. 0 2 5
1. 0 3 4
1. 0 4 6
1. 0 6 1
1. C 7 9
1. 0 9 8
1. 1 1 7
1. 1 3 3
1. 1 4 5
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 9
1. 1 6 2
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 6
1. 1 66
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 7
1 I
1.000
1.001
1.005
1.009
1.017
1.022
1.030
1. 0 39
1.051
I .065
1 . 0 81
1.097
1.114
1.128
1.140
1.'149
i .155
1.160
1.163
I .165
1.166
1,167
1 . 168
1.168
1.168
1. 168
1.168
1.168
1 . 1 68
l.;168
T.:168
1. o d d
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 6
1.0 1 0
1. 0 1 9
1. 0 2 5
1. 0 3 2
1. 0 4 2
1. 0 5 3
1. 0 6 7
1. 0 8 1
1. 0 9 7
1. 1 1 2
1. 1 2 5
1. 1 3 7
1. 1 4 6
1. 1 5 3
1. 1 5 8
1. 1 6 1
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 6 5
1. 167;
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1 .168
1, 1 6 8
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 6
1. 0 1 1
1. 0 1 9
1. 0 2 6
1. 0 3 3
1. 0 4 3
I .054
1. 0 6 7
1.082
1. 0 9 7
I .111
1. 1 2 4
1. 1 3 5
1. 1 4 5
1. 1 5 2
1. 1 5 7
1.1 6 1
1. 1 6 3
1. 1 6 5
1. 1 6 7
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 6 8
Figure 35.
Computer output
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0 0 , *0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0#0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0000000000000000000000000000000
O'H<-O'-4^>-^mL0OO'3Ln'-4^r\ic^O\^mr^oooooo,ooo
0000I'"HtMlNjcNJi-nrOiM'MfMt-HOOOOOOOOOOOOCO
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Figure 36.
Computer output
!:
VfcLDCITY IN X-DlRbCTION
: i
TIME W 0.02
i i
iV
U.00
O.Ob
0.10
: I
REYNOLDS NUMBER = , 5 0 . 0
' i 1
0.25
0.30
0.35
10.40
CASE II
0.4^5
0.50
" i
- . 95
-0. 75
-0.50
0.40
-0.30
- 0 . 25
-0.20
-0. 15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0. 05
' 0.10
0.15
0. 20
0.25
0.30
0 . 35
' 0.40
0.45
0. 50
0.60
0. 70
0.80
0. 90
1.00
" 1. 25
1.50
' j . 75
2.00
2. 75
1.000
0 .9 9 9
0. 9 9 3
0.986
0. 9 7 3
0.961
0.943
0. 9 1 5
0. 8 6 6
0 . 7 74
0 .000
0 .000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 000
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.000
0. 9 9 9
,0 . 9 9 3
0. 9 8 ?
0. 9 74
0. 9 6 4
0.948
0.925
0.6 a 8
0 . 828
0. 7 2 7
0. 6 29
0. 5 5 0
0. 49 2
0.452
:o. 4 2 3
0. 4 0 4
;o . 3 9 2
0. 3 85
d. 3 8 1
|Q . 3 8 0
0. 3 8 2
0. 3 8 3
io . 3 8 5
:. 3 8 5 "
0. 3 8 6
0.386
0. 3 3 6
G. 3 8 6
0. 3 8 6
.336
1. 0 0 0
0 . 999
0.994
0. 989
0. 980
0. 972
0. 962
0. 94 8
0 . 93 2
0. 921
0 . 94 1
0 . 92 4
0 . ,884
0 . 83 6
0 . 79 6
0 . 76 2
0. 73 7
0 . 71 9
0. 707
0. 701
0 . 698
0 . 69 7
0 . 699
0. 700
0. 701
0 . 702
0 . 702
0 . 70 2
0. 702
0. 702
0. 702
1. 0 0 0
0. 999
0. 9 9 6
0. 9 9 3
0. 9 8 7
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
0. 9 9 8
, 0. 9 9 7
:o .995
:0.994
0. 9 7 8 :0.994
0. 9 7 4
0. 9 9 7
0.973
1. 0 0 4
0.982
1.019
1. O l o
1. 0 5 0
1 . 0 4 0 1. 0 8 3
1. 0 4 3 i l . 1 0 7
1. 0 3 2
1. 1 2 0
1. 0 1 2
1. 1 2 3
0 . 9 9 1 , 1. 1 2 0
0 . 9 7 3 , 1. 1 1 4
0 . 9 5 7 ; 1. 1 0 7
0 . 9 4 6 ' .1 0 0
u . 9 3 9 '1. 0 9 5
0. 934 ;1. 0 9 1
0. 9 3 1 ;i .087
0 . 9 32 i l . 0 85
0. 9 3 2 11 . 0 8 5
0. 9 3 3
1. 0 8 6
0.933 il.086
0. 9 3 4
1. 0 8 6
0.934
1. 0 8 6
0. 9 3 4 j i . 0 3 6
0 . 9 3 4 1. 0 86
0. 9 3 4 il . 0 8 6
C. 9 8 3
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 3
1. 0 0 5
1. 0 0 8
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 2 6
I.043
1. 0 7 0
1. 1 0 0
1. 1 2 9
1. 1 5 2
I.169
1. 1 7 9
1. 1 8 4
1. 1 8 6
I.186
1. ; i 8 4
1. 1 8 2
1. 1 7 8
1. 1 7 6
1. 1 7 6
1.175
1. 1 7 5
1. 1 75
1. 1 7 5
1. 1 7 5
1. 1 7 5
1. 1 7 5
1.000
1.000
1. 0 0 2
1. 0 0 5
1. 0 0 9
1.013
1. 0 2 0
1.028
I.041
1.059
1.082
1.108
1. 1 3 6
1. 1 61
1. 1 8 3
1. 2 0 0
1. 2 1 3
1. 2 2 1
1. 2 2 6
1. 2 2 8
1. 2 2 8
1. 2 2 7
1. 2 2 5
1.224
1. 2 2 3
1. 2 2 3
1. 2 23
1. 2 2 3
1.223
I .223
1. 2 2 3
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1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1 1. 0 0 1
1- 0 0 4 1 . 0 0 6
1. 0 0 8 1 . 0 1 0
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 1 9
1. 0 2 0 1 . 0 2 5
I . 0 2 8 . 1. 0 3 4
1. 0 3 8
1. 0 4 5
1. 0 5 2
1.056
1. 0 6 9
1. 0 7 5
1. 0 8 9
I.094
1. 1 1 3 1. 1 1 6
1. 1 3 8
1. 1 3 9
1. 1 6 3
1. 1 6 2
1. 1 8 5
1. 1 8 4
1. 2 0 5
1. 2 0 4
1.220 1 . 2 2 0
1. 2 3 2
1. 2 3 4
1. 2 4 0
1. 2 4 4
1. 2 4 5
1. 2 5 0
1. 2 4 8
1. 2 5 4
1 . 2 4 9 1. 2 5 7
1. 2 4 8
1. 2 5 7
1. 2 4 7
1.257
1 . 2 4 6 1. 2 5 6
1. 2 4 6 1 . 2 5 6
1.24 5
1. 2 5 5
1. 2 4 5
1. 2 5 5
1. 2 4 5 1. 2 5 5
1. 2 4 5
I.255
1. 2 4 5
I.255
1. 0 0 0 "
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 6
1. 0 1 2
1. 0 2 1
1. 0 2 8
1. 0 3 7
1. 0 4 8
1. 0 6 2
1. 0 7 8
1. 0 9 7
1. 1 1 8
1. 1 3 9
1. 1 6 1
1. 1 8 2
1. 2 0 2
1. 2 1 9
1. 2 3 2
1. 2 4 3
1. 2 5 1
1. 2 5 6
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 5 9
1. 2 5 9
1.259
1. 2 5 9
1. 2 5 9
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 7
1. 0 1 2
1. 0 2 2
1. 0 2 9
1. 0 3 8
1. 0 5 0
1. 0 t > 3
1. 0 8 0
1.098
1. 1 1 8
1. 1 4 0
1. 1 6 1
1. 1 8 2
1. 2 0 1
1.218
1. 2 3 2
1.243
1.250
1. 2 5 6
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 6 2
1. 2 6 1
1. 2 6 1
1.261
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1. 2 6 0
1.260
Figure 37.
Computer output
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TIME
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1.168
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1 .169
1. 194
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1.101
1.122
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1.217
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1.339
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Figure 41.
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Computer output
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Computer output
VtLUCIlY
X
IN
X-DIRECTION
0.00
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-0.95
1.000
-0.75 ^
0.999
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0.972
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0.960
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0.942
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0.913
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0.771
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0.25 :
0.000
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0.45 I
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0.50':
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TIME =
0.14
0.15
0.20
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1.000
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0.993
0.987
0.974
0.963
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0.923
0.886
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0.497
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0.414
0. 391
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0.361
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0.310
0.306
0.299
0.294
0 .291
0.289
0.286
1.000
0.999
0.994
0.989
0.979
0.971
0.961
0.947
0.931
0.918
0. 938
0.919
0.877
0.829
0 .785
0.74 7
0 . 715
0.690
0.669
0. 653
0.639
0.618
0.603
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0 .583
0.576
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0-555
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0.546
0.541
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0.792 : !0.983
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1.104
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1.178
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1.171
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1.147
1.138
1. 132
1. 128
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1.070
1. 0 8 3
1.092
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1.116
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1. 1 6 4 : 1 . 1 6 8
1 . 1 8 / ; 1.193
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1. 2 3 1 ; 1 . 2 5 1
1. 2 3 9 ; 1 . 2 6 5
1. 2 4 5 ; 1 . 2 7 7
1. 2 5 0 ; 1 . 2 8 7
1. 2 5 5 ; 1 . 3 0 3
1. 2 5 7 : 1 . 3 1 4
1. 2 5 7 i 1 . 3 2 2
1. 2 5 7 ; 1 . 3 2 9
1. 2 5 7 : 1 . 3 3 3
1. 2 5 6
1.342
1. 2 5 5 ' 1 . 3 4 7
1. 2 5 5 ; 1 . 3 5 0
1. 2 5 4 ' 1 . 3 5 3
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1.011
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1.026
1.035
1.046
1.060
1.07?
1. 0 9 7
1.120
1. 145
1.169
1.194
1.217
1. 2 3 8
1.25b
1.276
1.291
1.305
1. 3 2 8
1,346
1.361
1.372
1.381
1 . 3 98
1. 4 0 9
1.416
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1. 4 2 8
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0.45
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1.050
1.064
1.031
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1. 1 2 2
1. 1 4 6
1.170
1.194
1.217
1.239
1.260
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 7
1. 0 1 3
1. 0 2 3
1. 0 3 0
1. 0 3 9
1. 0 5 1
1.2/9
1.296
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1.339
1. 362
1 . 380
1.395
1.407
1.430
1.445
1.455
1.462
1.471
1. 0 6 5
1. 0 8 2
1. 1 0 2
1. 1 2 3
1. 1 4 6
1. 1 7 0
1. 1 9 4
1. 2 1 7
1. 2 3 9
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1. 3 1 4
1. 3 4 3
1. 3 6 6
1. 3 8 6
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1. 4 8 6
Figure 45.
Computer output
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Figure 46.
Computer output
VELOCITY
0.05
0.00
DIRECTION : ;
0
Y
X
/\
IN
TIME = 0.18
0 .15
REYNOLDS'
0 . 25
0 . 30 ;
: i. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 0
; 0. 9 9 b
0. 9 9 7
0. 9 9 5
0. 9 9 4
i.'doo
1.000
1. 000
I .001
1.003
1.005
i :
i 1
1. 0 0 0 ;
1. 0 0 0 ;
1. 0 0 2 1
1. 0 0 5 : !
1. 0 1 0 :
1. 0 1 4 :
0. 9 9 4
0. 9 9 6
1.003
1.018
1. 008
1.015
1.026
1.043
1.069
I .100
1 . 1 29
1.152
1.168
1. 178
1.183
1.184
0.20
0. 9 5
0. 7 5
0. 5 0
0.40
u. 3 0
0. 2 5
0. 2 0
0. 1 5
0. 1 0
0. 0 5
0. 0 0
0. 0 5
0. 1 0
0. 1 5
u. 2 0
0. 2 5
0. 3 0
0. 3 5
0. 4 0
0. 4 5
0. 5 0
0. 6 0
0. 7 0
0. 8 0
0. 9 0
1. o d
1. 2 5
1. 5 0
1. 7 5 ;
2. 0 0
2. 7 5
"
1. 0 0 0
0. 99 9
0. 9 9 3
0
0. 9 7 2
0.960
1. 0 0 0
0. 9 9 9
0. 9 9 3
0. 9 8 7
0. 9 7 4
0. 9 6 3
1. 0 0 0
0. 9 99
0. 9 9 4
0. 9 8 9
0. 9 7 9
0. 9 7 1
1. 0 0 0
0. 99 9
0. 9 9 6
0. 9 9 2
0. 9 8 6
0.942
0. 9 1 3
0. 8 6 4
0.771
0. G O O
0. C O O
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 00 0
0. 000
0.000
0.000
0. 0 0 0
0. 0 0 0
0. 9 4 7
0. 9 2 3
0. 8 8 6
0. H 2 6
0. 7 2 5
0.6 2 5
0. 5 4 5
0. 4 8 7
0. 4 4 4
0. 4 1 4
0. 3 91
0. 3 7 4
0. 9 6 1
0. 9 4 7
0. 9 3 1
0. 9 1 8
0. 9 3 d
0.919
0. 8 7 7
0. 8 2 9
0. 7 6 5
0. 7 4 7
0. 7 1 5
0. 6 90
0.6 6 9
0. 6 5 3
0. 6 3 9
0. 6 1 0
0. o 0 3
0. 5 9 2
0. 5 8 3
0. 5 7 6
0. 5 b 3
0. 5 5 5
0. 5 5 0
0. 5 4 6
0. 5 4 1
0. 9 7 8
0. 9 7 3
0. 9 7 2
0. 9 8 0
1.014
0. 3 6 1
d. 3 5 ]
0. 3 4 2
d.330
Q. 322
0. 3 1 5
0. 3 1 0
0. 3 0 6
0. 2 9 9
d. 2 9 4
0. 2 9 1
0. 2 8 9
0. 2 8 6
0. 9 8 2
1 . 0 36
]. 0 3 8
1. 0 2 4
1. 0 0 2
0. 9 7 7
c. 9 5 3
0. 9 3 1
0. 9 1 1
G. 8 9 4
0.880
0. 8 5 6
0. 8 3 9
0. 8 2 6
0. 8 15
0. 8 0 7
0. 7 9 2
0. 7 8 2
0. 7 7 6
0. 7 7 1
0. 7 6 5
: i. 0 4 9
1. 0 8 1
1. 1 0 4
1. 1 1 5
1. 1 1 7
1. 1 1 1
1. 1 0 2
1. 0 9 1
1. 0 8 0
' 1. 0 6 9
u . 05 9
1. 0 4 1
, 1. 0 2 c ,
; i. 0 1 4
1. 0 0 5
0. 9 9 7
;0.98 3
0. 9 74
:o.968
0. 9 6 4
0. 95 9
NUMbEK
0.40
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1.004
1. 0 0 0
1. 0 0 1
1. 0 0 6
1. 0 1 1
1. 0 1 9
1. 0 2 6
1. 0 0 8
1. 0 1 5
1. 0 2 1
:
;
:
1. 0 2 9
1. 0 3 9
1. 0 5 3
1. 0 7 0
1.184
1.181
1.178
1 . 1 71
1.164
1 . 157
1.151
1.147
1.138
1.132
1.128
1.125
1. 0 8 3
1. 1 1 0
1. 1 3 8
1. 1 6 4
1. 1 8 7
1. 2 0 5
1 . 220
1. 2 3 1
1. 2 39:
1. 2 4 5
1. 2 5 0
1.255
1. 2 5 7
1.2 5 7
1. 2 5 7
1. 2 5 7
1. 2 5 6
1.255
1. 2 5 5
1.254
1. 0 9 2
1. 1 1 6
1. 1 4 2
1. 1 6 8
1. 1 9 3
I. 2 1 5
1. 2 3 4
1. 2 5 1
1. 2 6 5
I. 2 7 7
1. 122
1.254: '
:
;
;
,1
1
:
;
:
:
i
1
;
:
:
;
50.0
0.35
1. 0 2 0
1. 0 2 9
1. 0 4 2
1. 0 5 9
1.287
1. 3 0 3
1. 3 1 4
1. 3 2 2
1. 3 2 9
1. 3 3 3
1. 3 4 2
1. 3 4 7
1.350
1. 3 53
1. 3 5 6
1. 0 3 5
1. 0 4 6
1. 0 6 0
1. 0 7 7
1. 0 9 7
1. 1 2 0
1. 1 4 5
1. 1 6 9
1. 1 9 4
1. 2 1 7
1. 2 3 8
1 .!258
i. 2 7 6
1 . 2 91
1.305
1. 3 2 8
1. 3 4 6
1.361
1 . 3 72
1 . 3 81
1.398
1 .409
1. 4 1 6
1 .422
1.428
i ! CASE
0.45
: ;
1.000
I I
0. 5 0
1.029
1.000
1 .0 0 1
1 . 007
1. 013
1 .023
1.0 3 0
1. 038
1.050
1.064
1.081
1. 0 3 9
1.051
1. 0 6 5
1.0 8 2
1.101
1.122
1.146
1 .17 0
1.194
1.217
1.239
1.260
1. 1 0 2
1. 1 2 3
1. 1 4 6
1.170
1.194
1 .217
1.001
1. 007
1.012
1.022
1.2/9
1.296
1.312
1.339
1. 362
1. 380
1.395
1. 4 0 7
1.430
1.445
1.455
1.462
1.471
1 .239
1.260
1.280
1. 2 9 8
1.314
1. 3 4 3
1.366
1.386
1 .402
1.415
1 .4 40
1.4 5 7
1 . 4 68
1.476
1. 4 8 6
Figure 47.
Computer output
! I
I ! i M i l l I I
I I
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OC O O C O 0:0 0:C 0 0 CO c c 00 c O O O O O G
-JO -J V NO \C cxi -JO Vf -p- UJ UJ I\J r\) t t~.c> oOh-trvNUJ^Lr,
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o o c o o c o c do Cio 0:0 0 0 c o C O O
C
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189
Other Programs
Other problems of the same general nature as the one
discussed were also coded.
8 (hi/ ij))
3(x,y)
and
V2(|)
- 0)
1 < i < M
1 < j < N
60)
190
and
[k]
[k+i] ^ Ak]
[k+i]
1 < i < M
1 < j < N .
61)
o,j =
jh
0 < j < N+1
62a)
"0,j = "
Jk+i]
^M+l,j
1
4[k]
M,j
'1,0
=_
62b)
0)[k]
0
>
4:+1
- 0)[k]
i,0
'
191
*i,N+l
(N + l)h
[k+il
,[k]
^i,N+l
, 0<i<M+l
h2
62d)
^ ^ f l<i<M, l<j<N.
n-1
"i,] - "i/i
2AT
1
h2
_ _R_
4h2
.
^
2 (0.n+1. ^Zit}.n-i.
1f U
^ rJ
192
n+i
^if j
i~j
. 2f n
6y(A}
n-ii
63)
If]
jh
jh
lO
i/D
i,0
i,N+l
=
=
-2h
2h
1 < j < N
1 < i < M
1 < i < M .
193
where
points
/ <'M-k-i,j'
the remainder
term given by
A
^ : zg^k+l
(k+1)
h[2h][3h]...[(k+l)h]
4+fl
/,j
where M-k-1 < g < M+1.
n r j
194
and
- 4,1
h2
ifO
+ 0(h)
n > 0
When the
i,l
\n
+ i lii
+
2 3y2
*1,0 ^ '"I7
/ifO
/i,o
\n
+ OCh*^)
6 ay3
/X, 0
Since
- UJ.
^ifi
4
9y I
If]
8 ^ (j)
9x2
3 2 (j)
BP?
/If]
3 ^(j)
ax^ay
i/D
n
/if]
3^*
3y3
in
If]
195
and
I:
= 0
8 ^ (j)
8x2
\n
Of
Of
If 0
n
_lii_
8x23y
'i,0
it follows that
I.
h2 n
*i,o T *1,0
,n
"
n
hi iw
6 By
+ 0(h4)
/ 1,0
Also
n
3 hi
'" , I - "i,o' +
3Y
'
/i,o
so that
n
n
^ifO
h^
+ 0(h2)
196
i,N+i
<
n > 0