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Handout Lecture1 D2
Handout Lecture1 D2
Ananthnarayan H.
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai - 76
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
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Attendance:
Attendance in the first week of classes is mandatory.
Attendance < 80% = you may be awarded a DX grade.
Attendance bonus for everyone: 5% (2.5 marks).
Absent during random in-class attendance: -1 mark.
Academic Honesty: Be honest. Do not to violate the
academic integrity of the Institute. Any form of academic
dishonesty will invite severe penalties.
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
An Example
(2) 3x + y = 4.
Solve the system: (1) x + 2y = 3,
Elimination of variables:
Eliminate x by (2) 3 (1) to get y = 1.
1 3
3 4
= 49 = 1
Cramers Rule (determinant): y =
16
1 2
3 1
In either case, back substitution gives
x=1
We could also solve for x first and use back substitution for y.
Comparison: For a large system, say 100 equations in 100
variables, elimination method is preferred, since computing
101 determinants of size 100 100 is time-consuming.
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
x
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
3 equations in 3 variables
Row method: A linear equation in 3 variables represents a
plane in a 3 dimensional space R3 .
Example: (1)
x+2y+3z=6
represents a plane passing through: (0, 0, 2), (0, 3, 0),
(6, 0, 0).
Example: (2)
x+2y+3z=12
represents a plane passing through:
(0, 0, 4), (0, 6, 0), (12, 0, 0).
The two planes have normal vector (1,2,3) and are parallel to
each other.
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
3 equations in 3 variables
Solving 3 by 3 system by the row method means finding
an intersection of three planes, say P1 , P2 , P3 .
This is same as the intersection of a line L (intersection
of P1 and P2 ) with the plane P3 .
If the line L does not intersect the plane P3 , then the
linear system has no solution.
If the line L is contained in the plane P3 , then the system
has infinitely many solutions.
In this case, every point of L is a solution.
Workout some examples.
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
Linear Combinations
Column method: Consider the 3 3 system:
x+2y+3z=6, -2x+3y=1, -x+5y+2z=6. Equivalently,
1
2
3
6
x 2 + y 3 + z 0 = 1
1
5
2
6
We want a linear combination of the column vectors on LHS
which is equal to RHS.
Observe: 1. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 is a solution. Q: Is it unique?
2. Since each column represents a vector in R3 from origin, we
can find the solution geometrically, as in the 2 2 case.
Q: Can we do the same when number of variables are > 3?
Solve the system by other techniques to answer such questions.
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1
Gaussian Elimination
Example: 2x + y + z = 5, 4x 6y = 2,
2x + 7y + 2z = 9.
Algorithm: Eliminate x from last 2 equations by
(2) 2 (1), and (3) + (1) to get the equivalent system:
2x + y + z = 5,
8y 2z = 12, 8y + 3z = 14
8y 2z = 12, z = 2
Ananthnarayan H.
D2 - Lecture 1