ADVANCED TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Assignment 1
Shinta Leonita (0906635772)
Problem 1
A viscous fluid is in laminar flow in a slit formed by two parallel walls a distance 2B apart.
Make a differential momentum balance and obtain the expression for the distributions of
momentum flux and velocity. What is the ratio of average to maximum velocity in the slit?
Obtain the analog of the Hagen-Poiseuille law of the slit.
Answer:
Laminar flow in a narrow slit:

Figure 1. Flow Through a Slit, with B << W << L

From figure above, thickness of a system is x, length L, and listing the various distributions
to the momentum balance in the z-direction:

Rate of momentum in across slit surface at x

( WL xz ) x
Rate of momentum out across slit surface at x + x
( WL xz ) x+ x
Rate of momentum in across beam surface at z = 0
( x W v z ) ( v z ) z =0
Rate of momentum out across beam surface at z = L

(1)
(2)
(3)

( x W v z ) ( v z ) z =L

(4)

Gravity force acting on slit shell

( x WL ) g
(5)
Pressure force acting on beam surface at z = 0
( x W ) p0
(6)
Pressure force acting on beam surface at z = L
( x W ) p L
(7)
Momentum balance (assuming fluid is incompressible, vz is the same at z = 0 and z = L):
( WL xz ) x ( WL xz ) x+ x +( x W v z ) ( v z ) z=0 ( x W v z )( v z ) z= L +( x WL ) g+ x W ( p0 p L )
(8)
Dividing eq. (8) by WL x and take the limit as x goes to zero; this gives:


( p0 p L )
lim xz x+ x xz x =
+ g
x
L
x 0
The expression on the left side is the definition of the first derivative, and

(9)

P= p+ gh=pgz . Hence eq. (9) may be written as:

( P P L )
d
xz= 0
(10)
dx
L
Integrating eq. (10) gives:
( P P L )
xz = 0
x+ C1
(11)
L
The constant C1 must be zero if the momentum flux is not to be infinite at x = 0. Hence the

momentum flux distribution is:

xz =

( P0 PL )
L

Substituting Newtons law of viscosity xz =

(12)

d vz
dx

to eq. (12) gives:

d v z (P0P L )
=
x
dx
L

(13)

Integrating eq. (13) gives:

(P0P L ) 2
x +C2
(14)
2 L
Because of the boundary condition that vz be zero at x = B, the constant C2 has the value
v z=

( P0P L ) 2
B . Hence the velocity distribution is:
2 L
( P PL ) 2
x 2
v z= 0
B 1
2 L
B
The maximum velocity vz,max at the middle of the slit occurs at x = 0 and has the value:
(P PL ) 2
v z ,max = 0
B
2 L
Hence the ratio of the average to the maximum velocity is then:
vz
x 2
=1
v z ,max
B

[ ( )]

( )

(15)

(16)

(17)

W B

1( x / B) ] dxdy ( 12 ) d
[

v z 0 B
1
=
=0
= 1
2

v z ,max

dxdy
0 B

( 3 )= 23

(18)

The analog of the Hagen-Poiseuille law:

Q=( 2 BW ) v z =( 2 BW )
Q=

( 23 ) v

z , max

3
2 (P0 PL )B W
3
L

(19)
(20)

Problem 2
A droplet of substance A is suspended in a stream of gas B. The droplet radius is r1. We
postulate that there is a spherical stagnant gas film of radius r2. the concentration of A in the
gas phase is xA1 at r = r1 and xA2 at r = r2.
a) By a shell balance, show that for steady state diffusion r2NAr is a constant and set the
constant equal to r12NAr1 at the droplet surface.

r12 N Ar1
b) Show that:

cD AB 2 dx A
r
1 x A dr

c) Integrate that equation between the limits r1 and r2 to get:

N Ar1

cD AB r2
x
ln B 2
r2 r1 r1 xB1

d) If a mass transfer coefficient kv is defined by NAr1 = kv (pA1 pA2), show that:

kv

2cD AB / D
p B ln

Answer:

Figure 2. Diffusion through a Spherical Film

(a) Showing that for steady state diffusion r2NAr is a constant and set the constant equal to
r12NAr1 at the droplet surface:
A mass balance on A over a spherical shell of thickness r is (in molar units) at a steady
state:
2

4 r . N Ar r =r4 ( r + r ) . N Ar r =r+ r=0

(1)

Or, equivalently:
r=r ( 4 r 2 . N Ar ) r =r+ r=0
4 r 2 . N Ar

(2)

Dividing eq. (2) by 4r and take the limit as r goes to zero gives:
d 2
(r . N Ar ) =0
dr

(3)

Eq. (3) may be integrated to give r 2 . N Ar =C1 and we may use the boundary condition
that

N Ar=N Ar 1 at r = r1 (the gas liquid interface) to evaluate the constant and obtain

that r2NAr = r12NAr1

(b) Equation for the radial component in spherical coordinates is:
dx
(4)
N Ar=c D AB A + x A ( N Ar + N Br )
dr
If gas B is not moving, then N Br may be set equal to zero and the equation may be
solved for the molar flux of A:

c D AB dx A
1x A dr
2
Multiplying by r and using the result obtained in (a), then we get:
N Ar=

(5)

r 21 N Ar 1=

c D AB 2 dx A
r
1x A
dr

(6)
x A2

r2
2
1

r N Ar 1 1/r dr=c D AB

(c)

r1

x A1

d xA
(1x A )

(7)

Integrated that equation gives:

(1x A 2 )
1 1
=c D AB ln
r1 r2
(1x A 1 )
r 2 r 1
( x B 2)
2
r 1 N Ar 1
=c D AB ln
r2 r1
( x B 1)
c D AB r 2
(x )
N Ar 1=
ln B 2
r 2r 1 r 1
(x B 1)
r 21 N Ar 1

(d) At r

But, ( x B ) ln =

r 1 N Ar 1

So,

(8)

(9)

( )

(10)

( xB2 )
1 1
=c D AB ln
r1 r2
( x B 1)
c D AB ( x B 2)
N Ar 1=
ln
r1
( x B 1)

(11)

( x B 2x B 1)
ln ( x B 2 / x B 1 )

Therefore,

But,

c D AB 1
( x x )
r 1 ( x B )ln B 2 B 1
c D AB 1
N Ar 1=
( x x )
r 1 ( x B )ln A 1 A 2
c D AB 1
N Ar 1=
( p pA2)
r 1 ( p B )ln A 1

N Ar 1=

(12)
(13)
(14)

N Ar 1=k v ( p A 1 p A 2 )
k v=

c D AB 2 c D AB
=
r1 (p )
D ( p B )ln
B ln

(15)