Aegyptus 90 (2010), pp.

89-97

The Endophoric Use of ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov"

in Philodemuss On Piety

2010 Vita e Pensiero / Pubblicazioni dellUniversit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Introduction

This study describes the endophoric function of ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" in

Philodemuss On Piety, based on the principal oppositions established by the
theory of reference.
Two types of reference may be distinguished: i) exophoric (extratextual),
referring out of the text to an item in the world; and ii) endophoric (intratextual), referring to textual items either by anaphora, that is to say backward reference, or by cataphora, forward reference (1). This study focuses only on endophoric reference.
1. Anaphora

According to the textual theory of anaphora, the textual notion is a central

element of definition. In the works of Ducrot and Todorov (2), anaphora is
defined in terms of interpretation. Both maintain that a segment of discourse
is termed anaphoric if one must refer to another segment of the same discourse
in order to interpret it (even literary).
The segment to which the anaphoric term refers is called the interpretant
(3), the semantic source (4), the referant (5), the antecedent and lastly the controller of the anaphoric.
(1) (The) Linguistics Encyclopedia, ed. by K. MALMKJAER, London - New York 1991, p.
463; see also T. FRASER, Le systme de la dixis (2): Endophore et cohsion discursive en anglais,
Modles Linguistiques 2.2 (1980), pp. 22-51.
(2) O. DUCROT, S. TODOROV, Dictionnaire encyclopdique des sciences du langage, Paris
1972, p. 358.
(3) Ibidem.
(4) L. TESNIRE, lements de syntaxe structurale, Paris 1988, p. 87.
(5) J. DUBOIS, Grammaire structurale du franais: nom et pronom, Paris 1965; M. KESIK,
La cataphore, Paris 1989, p. 30.

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Because anaphoric expressions refer to an antecedent, they may be considered coreferential with it. However, anaphora is not always coreferential. According to Kleiber, sometimes an expression receives its interpretation from
an anterior expression without being its coreferential (6). Those anaphoras are
termed indirect anaphora or in absentia.
The anaphoric uses of the pronouns/adjectives ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" will
be studied on the basis of the following criteria (7):
i) The nature of the antecedent, examining whether the linguistic unit from
which another unit derives its interpretation is a noun, a nominal syntagm
(adjective + noun), a prepositional syntagm (preposition + noun), a subordinate clause, or a sentence.
ii) The length of the textual space between the anaphoric and its antecedent.
When the textual distance that separates the anaphoric operator from its
antecedent is greater than three lines, we will consider the anaphora a long
one.
iii) The distinction between intraphrasal anaphoras and extraphrasal anaphoras.
When anaphoric and antecedent appear within the same sentence (whether
simple or complex), the anaphoric relationship established between them
is called intraphrasal. When this does not occur, the anaphoric relationship is termed extraphrasal.
iv) The coreferentiality, that is taking into consideration those constituents
in a sentence which have the same reference.
1.1.

Coreferential anaphore: anaphoras of a noun and a nominal or prepositional syntagm

1.1.1.

Sequence and succession of anaphoric operators: pronominal

anaphoras

The study of all kinds of chains made by anaphoric operators will outline
their sequence within the spoken sequence as well as the cohesiveness of the
anaphoras.

(6) G. KLEIBER, Peut-on dfinir une catgorie gnrale de lanaphore?, Vox Romanica
48 (1988), p. 3.
(7) We will use the same criteria as those that we have used in our thesis Anaphore, cataphore et deixis chez Plaute: les emplois de is, hic, iste, ille, Paris, Sorbonne, 2003, and in The
Exophoric and Endophoric Usages of Demonstratives in Euripides and Senecas Tragedies,
Quad. Urb. Cult. Cl. 81.3 (2005), pp. 61-77 and 82.1 (2006), pp. 21-57.

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1.1.1.1. ou|to"

Most usages of the anaphoric chain made by ou|to" are characterized by

short corefentiality. In the overwhelming majority of occurrences, the antecedent is mostly one or a couple of sentences (6 occurrences). The same number
of sentences referred to narrations of facts that took place in the past (3 occurrences) (8) and to narrations of facts that took place in the present (3 occurrences) (9). Four usages of tou'to / touvto anaphorize a proposition (10) and
two others anaphorize an infinitive clause (11). When the antecedent is either
a noun (3 occurrences) or a nominal syntagm (6 occurrences), it denotes either
gods (1 occurrence) (12), human beings (13) (1 occurrence) or objects (7 occurrences) (14).
The textual distance between the anaphoric operator and its antecedent is
generally short. In three passages the anaphoric is located at a long textual distance from its antecedent, which in those cases is an infinitive clause (15), a
noun (16) or a nominal syntagm (17).
All anaphoras of sentences are extraphrasal. In contrast, anaphoras of propositions, infinitive clauses, nouns and most of the nominal syntagms (4 occurrences) are intraphrasal.
1.1.1.2. Aujtov" vs ou|to"

This anaphoric chain is characterized by the long textual distance between

auj[t]ov / aujtw'n and its antecedent, which either is a narration of facts that

(8) 24. 678: tau'ta refers to 670-677; 29. 820 : tau'ta refers to 28. 79729. 819; 42. 1202
tau'ta: refers to 1190-1201.
(9) 13. 369: tau'ta refers to 350-368; 28. 791: tau't refers to 783-790; 36. 1041:t[au'tav
refers to 1023-1041.
(10) 25. 706: tou'to refers to 701-707; 49. 1419: tou'to refers to 1412-1218; 59. 1674-1675:
tou't refers to 58. 1670-1674; 77A. 2224-2225: touvtou refers to 2222-2223.
(11) 9. 239: tou'to refers to 235-238.
(12) 2. 45: ou|toi refers to 43-44: to[u;" qe]ou;".
(13) 16. 456-457: touv/twn] refers to 455 tw'n a[ll[w]n.
(14) 7. 202: tauv]th" refers to 199: hJ qeiva fuvsi"; 8. 208: touvtwi refers to 206-207: Peri;
oJsiovth/to" a[llo bublivon; 16. 441: tauvtai" refers to 437-439: ta;" ajnw/tavtwi diarouvme/no"
koinovthta"; 18. 500: touvtwn refers to 494-495: kai; tw'n do/gmavt]wn; 75. 2163: tau't refers to
2160/2161: muvqou" / terateiv/a".
(15) 16. 447: touvtou refers to 432-435.
(16) 17. 466: [touvtw]n refers to 459: a{panta.
(17) 29. 813: t]auvthn refers to 806-807: th;n tw'[n] Cow'n eJorthvn.

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takes place in the present (18) or denotes an object (19). In the first case, the
extraphrasal anaphora contains one sentence. In the second, the anaphora is
intraphrasal. Auj[t]ov is anaphorized by tou'to, which is situated at a short textual distance from its antecedent and makes a transphrasal anaphora (20). This
sort of anaphora is also made by touvtwn when used as an anaphoric operator
to aujtw'n, with a difference in textual distance, which in this case is long (21).
1.1.1.3. ejkei'no"

Anaphoras made by ejkei'no" are rare. The pronoun is used to anaphorize a

long sentence (2 occurrences) narrating, in one case, a fact that takes place in
the present (1 occurrence) (22) and, in the other, a fact which took place in the
past (1 occurrence) (23). The pronoun can also refer to a noun denoting a deity
(1 occurrence) (24), subsequently possessing a laudative connotation, as well as
to a nominal syntagm denoting an object such as an image (1 occurrence) (25).
In this context, the pronoun is endowed with a denigrative connotation. When
referring to a sentence, the anaphora is extraphrasal and characterized by the
short textual distance separating the antecedent from its anaphoric ejkei'no /
ejkei'na. In contrast, when the antecedent is a noun or a nominal syntagm,
ejkeivnwn is used as an anaphoric intraphrasal operator to a noun set at a short
textual distance or to a nominal syntagm situated at a long textual distance.
1.1.1.4. aujtov"

The great majority of the instances of aujtov" are used to anaphorize a nominal syntagm (11 occurrences). The anaphora is mainly intraphrasal (9 occurrences) (26), and the textual space set between the antecedent and the anapho-

(18) 37. 1063-1066: k]ajn / t[w'i de; P]eri; th'" eiJ/[marmev]nh" uJpe;r t/[h'" / ejk[eiv]nwn sunergasiva[" /ajpofaivnetai ... 1070: auj[t]ov.
(19) 76. 2209-2210: tw'n ejpi/qumiw'n ... l. 77A. 2212: aujtw'n.
(20) 37. 1070: auj[t]ov ... 1071: tou'to.
(21) 77A. 2212: aujtw'n ... 2219: touvtwn.
(22) 41. 1166-1167: ej/kei'n]o refers to 1160-1165.
(23) 59. 1692: ejkei'na refers to 58. 1666-1691.
(24) 71. 2048: ejkeivnwn refers to 2045-2046: qe/w'n.
(25) 12. 334-334: ejkeiv/nwn refers to 323-324: [eij]d[wv/lw]n.
(26) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433:
tou;" qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038:
tou' qeou'; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJ div]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn;

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93

ric pronoun is generally short (8 occurrences) (27). There are two extraphrasal anaphoras (28) and three others in which the anaphoric operator is situated at a long distance from the antecedent (29), which usually denotes a human
being or a god (10 occurrences) (30). In one passage, the denotation is of an
object (31).
When aujtov" is used as anaphoric operator to a noun (4 occurrences), denotation of a god and human being (3 occurrences) (32) is more frequent than of
an object (1 occurrence) (33). In those first three cases, anaphoras cover long
textual distances; in the latter case, they cover a short one. The distribution of
extraphrasal (2 occurrences) and intraphrasal (2 occurrences) anaphoras is
identical.
When aujtov" anaphorizes a single sentence (1 occurrence), it refers to a narration of facts which took place in the past (34). Aujtov" forms an extraphrasal anaphora characterized by a short textual distance from the anaphorized
segment.
Certain specialized enhancing usages of aujto" preceding a noun are worth

49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404: to;n / Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refers
to 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A. 2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.
(27) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433:
tou;" qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038:
tou' qeou'; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJ div]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn;
46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'n po/htw'n; 49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404:
to;n / Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refers to 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A.
2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.
(28) 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'n
po/htw'n.
(29) 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 14031404: to;n /Epivkouron; 78. 2259: aujtav" refers to 77B, 2237-2239: oujk ejlavttona" / tara/ca;".
(30) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433: tou;"
qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038: tou'
qeou'; 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJ
div]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn; 46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'n po/htw'n;
49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404: to;n / Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refers
to 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A. 2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.
(31) 78. 2259: aujtav" refers to 77B, 2237-2239: oujk ejlavttona" / tara/cav".
(32) 17. 479-480: aujtw'n refers to l. 469: qeouv"; 23. 656: aujtouv" refers to 651: qeouv"; 58.
1665: aujtw'n refers to 56. 1595-1596: A/qhnaivwn.
(33) 3. 65-66: auj/th;n refers to 63: fuvsin.
(34) 29. 830: aujtw'n refers to 820-828.

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noting (35). In these passages, aujtov" declares as true, within a coherent class of
facts, the most improbable fact and thereby suggests the truth of the whole (36);
its presence indicates the existence of other human beings or gods possessing
the property mentioned in the utterance (37). Aujtov" then contains an also.
1.1.1.5. Aujtov" ... aujtov"

In most usages (3 occurrences), aujtov" ... aujtov" form a short anaphoric

chain (38). Only one instance was formed by a long coreferentialy, i.e. by four
anaphoric operators (39). All chains are characterized by the preponderance of
anaphoras referring to a noun (6 occurrences) (40) over those referring to a nominal syntagm (2 occurrences) (41), the almost equal distribution of intraphrasal
anaphoras (5 occurrences) (42) and extraphrasal ones (4 occurrences) (43), and
the preponderance of anaphoras situated at a short textual distance (6 occurrences) (44) over those set over a long textual distance (3 occurrences) (45).

1.1.1.6. Ou|to" vs aujtov"

The antecedent of touvtou" is a nominal syntagm denoting human beings

(35) 25. 702-703: Swkravthn / aujtovn; 29. 833-834: auj/tw'i ... Di[i;]; 33. 935-936: su;n
auj[tw'i / Mavtrwni; 84. 2424-2425: daiv/mona" aujtouv".
(36) R. MARTIN, Sur lunit du mot mme, Travaux de langue et de littrature de lUniversit de Strasbourg, 13.1 (1975), p. 233.
(37) J.-C. ANSCOMBRE, Mme le Roi de France est sage, Communications 20 (1973), p.
42.
(38) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujtovn ... 946: a[ujt]ou';
71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034: aujtoiv ... 2037: aujtw'n.
(39) 53. 1523-1524: Epiv/kouro" ... 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou" ... 1553: aujtovn ...
1555: aujt[w']i.
(40) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou" ... 1153: aujtovn; 71. 2034: ... aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n; 53.
1523-1524: Epiv/kouro" ... 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou" ... 1553: aujtovn ... 1555: aujt[w']i.
(41) 33. 938: to;n aujto;n ... 946: a[ujt]ou'; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034:
aujtoi;.
(42) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 53. 1523-1524: Epiv/kouro" ... 1525:
auj]tw'i; 54. 1553: aujtovn ... 1555: aujt[w']i; 71. 2034: aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n.
(43) 53. 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou' ... 1553: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujtovn ... l. 946:
a[ujt]ou'; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034: aujtoi;.
(44) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujto;n; 54. 1553: aujtovn
... 1555: aujt[w']i; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou' ... 2034: aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n.
(45) 53. 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou' ... 1553: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujto;n ... 946:
a[ujt]ou'.

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95

and set over a short textual space. Touvtou" forms an intraphrasal anaphora that
is anaphorized by the extraphrasal anaphoric operator aujtouv" appearing in an
eight-line text (46).
1.1.2.

Sequence and succession of anaphoric operators: the nominal anaphoras

1.1.2.1. Ode + Article + Noun

At 39, 1129-1130, [tovnde to;n] trovpon anaphorizes one sentence contained in l. 1117-1124 concerning conducting oneself in a religious manner.
The extraphrasal anaphora covers a long textual distance.

1.1.2.2. Ou|to" + Article + Noun

At 37, l. 1057-1058, [tauv]th" th'" wjfevl[ia"] forms an extraphrasal anaphora referring to the sentence at l. 1050-1054, where the issue is that of the
favor or hostility which god has for some people. The anaphoric operator is
separated from its antecedent by a short textual distance.
1.1.2.3. Article + aujtov"

There are two occurrences of anaphoras made by the article followed by

aujtov". At 33, l. 935-936, aujt[w'i / Mavtrwni is anaphorized by l. l. 938 : to;n
aujto;n. The intraphrasal anaphora is situated at a short textual distance.
At 79, l. 2277, ta; d aujta; refers to the sentence contained in l. 2273-2277
concerning the teaching about sacrifices, festivals, and similar practices. The
textual space between the anaphoric operator and its antecedent is short and
the anaphora formed transphrasal.
2. Cataphora
Cataphora deals with the subsequent context and is defined as a nonstructural relation of an indexical expression along with the subsequent context that permits the identification of the referant of the indexical expression (47).

(46) 86A. 1281-1282b: sem]nw'n qeolovgwn / kai; p]ohtw'n ... 1283: touvtou" ... 2491: aujtouv".
(47) M. KESIK, op. cit., p. 56; J. HARM, La cataphore pronominale en franais, Neophi-

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Philodemuss On Piety contains three cataphoras of postposed relative

clauses, which belong to the correlative systems of pronouns-adjectives. The
study will be based on the structure of diptyches and the grammatical functions and genders of correlatives.
2.1.

Pronominal Correlative and Pronominal Relative

2.1.1.

Ou|to" ... Preposition + o{"

2.1.1.

Ekei'no" ... o{per

2.2.

Adjectival Correlative and Pronominal Relative

2.2.1.

Article + aujtov" + Noun ... o{per

Within this diptych, the relative clause is not contiguous with the relative
(48). The characteristics of the sequence are the neuter accusative plural and
the function object-prepositional syntagm of cause.
The diptych is marked by non-contiguity between the correlative and the
relative pronoun, the neuter nominative and accusative singular and the function subject-object (49).

The contiguity between the correlative adjective and the relative pronoun,
the masculine accusative and the function accusative of manner accusative
of manner are the main characteristics of the sequence (50).

lologica Fennica 45 (1987), pp. 53-69; H. PERDICOYIANNI-PALOLOGOU, Le concept danaphore,

cataphore et deixis en linguistique franaise, Rev. Qubc. Ling. 29.2 (2001), pp. 55-77;
EAD., The Exophoric, cit., Quad. Urb. Cult. Cl. 81.3 (2005), p. 63.
(48) 11. 304-308: tau'[ta d eJpomevnw" / pro[shvg]ago[n e[nioi, / di] a{ g eijkav[zonte" /
oJm]oivoi" pavq[esi tau"/t ejdogmavtiz[on.
(49) 80. 2320-2323: ouj mov[non d ejkei'/nov ge to;n a[[dikon / uJpotrevcei, [o{per de; / Er[m]acov"
[fhsin.
(50) 38. 1089-1099: kai; th;n wjfev/lian t[iv]qentai [to;n auj/to;n t[r]ovpon, [o{nper / Poluv[ai]no" ej[n tw'i / prwv[twi] Pr[o;" to; Pe/ri; filosofiv[a" Aris/t[evl]ou" [th;n touv/twn [t]w'n
aj[gaqw'n / aijtivan hJme[i'n ajpe/fhvn[a]t ei\na[i] t[h;n / qeivan fuvsin.

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3. Conclusion

The study on endophoric usages of o{de, ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" in Philodemus On Piety leads us to the following conclusions:
i) In pronominal anaphoras, aujtov" is more frequent than ou|to". The usage
of ejkei'no" is rare.
In the totality of usages of ou|to", the antecedent is more often a sentence
or a nominal syntagm than a proposition or a noun. The anaphora of an
infinitive clause is rare. Ou|to" makes mostly intraphrasal anaphoras. Most
anaphoras are characterized by a short coreferentiality.
In contrast, aujtov" is used to anaphorize nominal syntagms more frequently
than nouns. The anaphora of a sentence is uncommon. The formation of
intraphrasal anaphoras and short coreferentiality are features shared by
ou|to" and aujtov".
Ekei'no" is used to a lesser extent than ou|to" and aujtov". Anaphoras of a
sentence are more frequently than those of a noun or a nominal syntagm.
The number of extraphrasal anaphoras is equal to that of intraphrasal ones.
Anaphoras are mostly characterized by the short textual distance covered
by the anaphoric and the anaphorized segment.
ii) The pronominal anaphoras formed by o{de, ou|to", and aujtov" are more
widely distributed than the nominal ones. All three demonstratives are used
to anaphorize a sentence and subsequently to make extraphrasal anaphoras.
It is worth noting that aujtov" also serves as an intraphrasal anaphoric of a
nominal syntagm. In contrast to the anaphoric expression made by o{de, all
anaphoric chains are characterized by a short coreferentiality.
iii) Cataphoras occur less frequently than anaphoras. Each sort of cataphoric
sequence appears only once. Ou|to" and ejkei'no" are used as pronominal
correlatives and share the characteristics of non-contiguity to the relative
pronoun, as well as the use of neuter in both parts of the dipthych. In contrast, as a correlative adjective aujtov" is used in the masculine and is contiguous to the relative pronoun.
Brookline (USA)

HLNE PERDICOYIANNI-PALOLOGOU