Authors:

Jorge Toledo, Pablo Liedo, Salvador Flores, Sergio E.

Campos, Antonio Villasenor and Pablo Montoya

Presented By: M. Shoaib Saleem

Minimize environmental Pollution.

Reduced Chemical contamination of food and
environment.

Ecological Balance.

Reduce pesticide use.

Per capita land availability

Problem of food security

and Climate Change

GREEN REVOLUTION

GREEN REVOLUTION

Source : Pakistan Strategy Support Programe

Attack to Crops
Bacteria

Insects

Fungi

Weeds
Nematodes

Viruses

Food plants of the world are damaged by more than 10,000 species of
insects, 30,000 species of weeds, 100,000 diseases (caused by fungi,
viruses, bacteria and other microbes) and 1000 species of nematodes (Hall,
1995; Dhaliwal et al., 2007)

Crop production without

pesticide is unimaginable

Complete ban on agrochemicals use in agriculture might

result in 50% reduction in global food production and 4 to 5
times increase in food prices
Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug

New form of pesticide

Environmentally safe

Low residual toxicity

Host specific in action

Active ingredient- Living organisms

Biopesticides are used to control pests, pathogens, and weeds

by a variety of means
Microbial biopesticides may include a pathogen or parasite that
infects the target
Alternatively, they might act as competitors or inducers of plant
host resistance

Bio means involving life or living

organisms

Biopesticide refers introduction of any

living organism such as microorganism
including bacteria , fungi , nematodes
viruses, protozoa and parasitoids and
predators that controls pests by
biological non-toxic means
e.g. Trichoderma sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria etc.
All the living organisms, which are cultivated in the laboratory
on large scale & used and exploited experimentally for the
control of harmful organisms are called biopesticides.

MICROBIAL PESTICIDE
Active ingredient : Microorganism (Fungi, bacteria, virus, nematode etc.)

Woo et al., 2010

Entomopathogenic Fungi
Fungal Antagonists
Bacterial Antagonists
Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Parasites & Predators

Entomopathogenic fungi are fungi that can act

as parasites of insects and kill or seriously disable them

Mode of Action

Grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various
arthropod species,
Causes white muscardine disease

It is being used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests

such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and different beetles.

grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease

in various insects by acting as a parasitoid.
it was originally isolated from: the beetle Anisoplia austriaca.
It is a micosporic fungus with asexual reproduction,
Hyphomycetes

Mexican fruit fly

Scientific Name: Anastrepha ludens

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order:Diptera
Family:Tephritidae
Genus:Anastrepha
Species:A. ludens

Mediterranean fruit fly

Scientific Name:Ceratitis capitata

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order:Diptera
Family:Tephritidae
Genus:Ceratitis
Species:C. capitata

Insects were obtained as larvae and pupae.

Flies were provided with food @ 1:3 sugar,
enzymatic yeast and water.
Between 4 to 7 days old males and females were
collected.

Temperature 26 degree centigrade.

Relative humidity 70 percent.

Photoperiod 12:12 h (L:D).

The viability of conidia was determined by spreadplating of conidial suspension on SDA plates.
90 percent conidia showed germination tubes.

Beauveria bassiana growing

on SDA.

Metarhizium anisopliae
growing on SDA.

1% concentration stock solution was prepared.

1 g of conidia diluted in 100 ml sterile distil water.

Glycerin was used as dispersal agent.

Additional solutions were prepared (for

example: 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001%) for the
different bioassays.
For each concentration, including the
control, a minimum of 5 replicates were
done.

To determine the number of conidia in each

solution, using a hemocytometer.

A concentration series was evaluated (i.e. 0.001,

0.003, 0.006, 0.01, 0.06, 0.1, 0.6, 1.0%, and the
control).

Those strains or products that showed

potential for fruit fly control under laboratory
conditions, were selected for field cage tests.

Insects placed in test

tubes, and were placed in a
refrigerator at 3 degree
centigrade for 5 minutes.

Cooled flies were then

placed in Petri dishes
containing conidia and were
shaken for 1 minute.

The number of mating.

After mating, the flies were placed individually into clear
plastic containers with food and water and daily mortality was
recorded over a period of 20 consecutive days.
Mortality due to direct fungal transmission through mating
and indirect transmission due to male-male interactions or
courtship was estimated.

For Mortality = Abbott correction

for LC50 = Probit Analysis

For LT50 = 95% fiducial limits
For field cage tests = ANOVA