Learning Objectives

Anatomy & Histology (PHARM-318)

1. Introduction to Human Body
Define anatomy and name several branches of this science.
Describe the bodys six levels of structural organization.
List the 11 systems of the human body, representative organs present in each.
Describe the anatomical position.
Relate the anatomical names and the corresponding common names for various regions of the human body.
Define the anatomical planes, anatomical sections, and directional terms used to describe the human body.
Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings.

2. The Tissue Level of Organization

Name the four basic types of tissues that make up the human body, and state the characteristics of each.
Describe the structure of the five main types of cell junctions.
Describe the general features of epithelial tissue.
List the location, structure of each different type of epithelial tissue.
Explain the general features of connective tissue.
Describe the structure, location of the various types of connective tissue.
Describe the general features of muscular tissue.
Contrast the structure, location, and mode of control of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.
Describe the structural features of nervous tissue

3. The Nervous system

Describe the organization of the nervous system.
Contrast the histological characteristics of neurons and neuroglia.
Distinguish between gray matter and white matter.
Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord.
Explain how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord.
Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve.
Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.
Identify the major parts of the brain.
Describe how the brain is protected.
Describe the blood supply of the brain.
Explain the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Describe the structures of the brain stem and reticular formation.

Describe the structure of the cerebellum.

Describe the components of the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus).
Describe the locations of the sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Identify the cranial nerves by name, number, and type.
Compare the structural and functional differences between the somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous
system.
Describe preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
Compare the anatomical components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic
nervous system.

4. The Endocrine System

Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
Describe the locations of and relationships between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Describe the location, histology, hormones of the thyroid gland.
Describe the location, histology, hormones of the adrenal glands.

5. The Integumentary System

Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them.
Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis.
Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails.
Compare structural differences in thin and thick skin.

6. Cardiovascular system Heart

Describe the location of the heart.
Describe the structure of the pericardium and the heart wall.
Discuss the external and internal anatomy of the chambers of the heart.
Describe the structure and function of the valves of the heart.
Outline the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and pulmonary
circulations.
Discuss the coronary circulation.
Describe the structural characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and the cardiac conduction system.

7. Cardiovascular system Blood Vessels

Contrast the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Outline the vessels through which the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back.
Distinguish between pressure reservoirs and blood reservoirs.
Compare the major routes that blood takes through various regions of the body.
Identify the four principal divisions of the aorta.

Locate the major arterial branches arising from each division

Identify the two primary arterial branches of the ascending aorta.
Identify the three principal arteries that branch from the arch of the aorta.
Identify the visceral and parietal branches of the thoracic aorta.
Identify the visceral and parietal branches of the abdominal aorta.
Identify the two major branches of the common iliac arteries.
Identify the three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Identify the three major veins that drain blood from the head.
Identify the principal veins that drain the upper limbs.
Identify the components of the azygos system of veins.
Identify the principal veins that drain the abdomen and pelvis.
Identify the principal superficial and deep veins that drain the lower limbs

8. The Respiratory System

Describe the anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

9. The Digestive System

Identify the organs of the digestive system.
Describe the structure and function of the layers that form the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.
Describe the nerve supply of the GI tract.
Describe the peritoneum and its folds.
Identify the locations of the salivary glands.
Describe the structure of the tongue.
Identify the parts of a typical tooth, and compare deciduous and permanent dentitions.
Describe the location of the pharynx.
Describe the location, anatomy, histology of the esophagus.
Describe the location, anatomy, histology of the stomach.
Describe the location, anatomy, histology of the pancreas.
Describe the location, anatomy, histology of the liver and gallbladder.
Describe the location and structure of the small intestine.
Describe the anatomy, histology of the large intestine.

10. The Urinary System

Describe the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys.
Trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys.
Describe the structure of renal corpuscles and renal tubules

Describe the anatomy, histology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

11. The Reproductive System

Describe the location, structure of the organs of the male reproductive system.
Describe the location, structure of the organs of the female reproductive system