Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Procesos de Manufactura
Procesos de Manufactura
Procesos de Manufactura
(Part 5)
High-speed steels
Cast cobalt alloys
Carbides
Coated carbides
Ceramics
Cubic boron nitride
Diamond
Cutting Fluids
Cutting oils
Emulsifiable oils
Chemical and semichemical fluids
Gaseous fluids
Machining
Chapter 21
Machining
Turning
Drilling
Milling
Bandsawing
Grinding
Nontraditional machining
Lathe Components
Bed
Headstock
Tailstock
Carriage
Quick-change gearbox
Drilling Machines
Light Duty Drill Press
Gang Drilling
Two or more, light duty, single phase
machines on a common base
Drilling Machines
Radial Drilling
Arm which carries adjustable position drill head
that can be raised, lowered, and pivoted around
a column
Turret Drilling
Bench and floor models with indexed drums or
turrets and multiple axis capability
Milling
Milling
Bandsaw
F 21-6 Terminology
Bandsaw
Grinders
Surface
Cylindrical and centerless
Internal
Universal cutter and tool grinder
Nontraditional Machining
Processes
Typically employed when
conventional methods are incapable,
impractical, or uneconomical because
of special material properties,
workpiece complexities, or lack of
inherent rigidity.
Nontraditional Machining
Processes
Waterjet machining
Abrasive waterjet machining
Electrochemical machining
Electrical discharge machining
Laser beam machining
Metal Forming
Chapter 22
Fundamentals
Bulk metal forming
Rolling
Extrusion
Forging
Drawing
Cold forming
below the recrystallization temperature
Warm forming
a cross between hot and cold forming
Metal Forming
Processes
Rolling
Hot Extrusion
Forging
Wire and bar drawing
T 22-1
Forging
Forging
F 22-6 Open-die
Forging
F 22-7 Closed-die
Forging
F 22-10
Sheet Metalworking
Shearing
Bending
Drawing
Process and dies
Shearing
Process of mechanically cutting
sheet metal with the application of
shear force
F 23-1 Fundamentals
Shearing Operations
Punching
Blanking
Notching
Lancing
Dinking
Punching
Blanking
Lancing
Dinking
F 23-5 Dinking
Bending
Used in sheet metal to gain rigidity
and produce a part of desired shape
to perform a particular function.
eg. braces, brackets, supports,
hinges, angles, channels
Flanging
Flange bending
Hemming
Roll bending
Drawing
Straight Bend
Straight Flange
Hem Types
Roll-bending Machine
Drawing
A process of cold forming a flat
precut metal blank into a hollow
vessel without excessive wrinkling,
thinning, or fracturing
eg. oil pans, cookware pots
Drawing
Punch holder
Punch
Stripper
Die
Die shoe
Bolster
Guide pins
Bushings
Blank
Blanking Die
Powdered Metals
Chapter 24
Melt atomization
(Step 1)
Blending
(Step 2)
Compacting
(Step 3)
Compacting
(Step 3)
Compaction Cycle
Sintering
(Step 4)
Continuous Sintering
Temperature Profile
Casting
Chapter 25
Casting
A process in which molten metal is
poured or injected into a cavity and
allowed to solidify
After solidification, the part is removed
and processed for delivery
Casting Processes
T 25-1
Casting Advantages
Casting allow the manufacture of parts from
alloys that are difficult to machine or weld
Complex shapes are easier to produce by
casting than by other processes
Parts with internal cavities are easier and
more economical to produce by casting
Casting Processes
Multiple-use pattern/single-use mold
Welding/Joining
Chapter 26
Welding
Definition: Permanent joining of two
materials by coalescence
Welding categories
Oxyacetylene Welding
Performed with or without a filler at
approximately 6300 degrees
Oxyacetylene Welding
Arc Welding
Process: an electric arc extends from
an electrode to a grounded work piece
creating welding temperatures around
12,000 degrees Fahrenheit
Shielded-Metal-Arc Welding
(SMAW)
Joins metals by heating with an electric
arc between a consumable, flux coated
electrode
Shielding provided by decomposition
of the flux
Filler metal provided by the electrode
Shielded-Metal-Arc Welding
Gas-Metal-Arc Welding
(GMAW)
Joins metals by heating with an electric arc
between a continuous solid wire and work
piece
Shielding provided by an externally
supplied gas
Wire used is consumable and becomes part
of the weld pool
Also known as (MIG) welding
Gas-Metal-Arc Welding
Gas-Tungsten-Arc Welding
(GTAW)
Joins metals by heating with an electric
arc between a nonconsumable tungsten
electrode and workpiece
Shielding provided by an inert gas
envelope
Usually a filler metal is used
Also called TIG welding
Gas-Tungsten-Arc Welding
Solid-State Welding
Process: A welded joint is produced
without melting the parent metal or
filler material.
Types of solid-state welding:
Forging
Inertia
Diffusion
Ultrasound
F 26-9
Brazing
A process that produces coalescence
of materials by heating them in the
presence of a filler metal having a
liquidus above 840 degrees F and
below the solidus of the base metal.
Soldering
A process that produces coalescence
of materials by heating them to a
suitable temperature and using a filler
metal having a liquidus below 840
degrees F and below the solidus of
the base material.
Adhesive Bonding
One surface is the adhesive while the
other is the adherend. The adherend
is a body that is held to another body
by an adhesive
Structural Adhesives
T 26-1
Finishing
Chapter 27
Electrostatic Spraying
Electrostatic Spraying
Electroplating
In electroplating, the workpiece is
made cathodic in a solution
containing the ions of the metal being
deposited
Proprietary additives can be added to
the plating solution to alter physical
properties of the material
Electroplating Process
Plastics Processes
Chapter 28
Plastics Processes
Extrusion
Blow molding
Injection molding
Thermoforming plastic sheet and film
Rotational molding
Casting
Compression and transfer molding
Also see table 28-1, page 228 and table 28-2,
page 229
Extrusion
Extrusion is a continuous operation
that forces hot plasticized material
through a die opening to produce a
desired shape
Extrusion consumes more plastic
materials than any other process
Nylon
Polycarbonate
Polysulfone
Acetal
Polyphenylene
Extrusion Processes
Categorized by the general shape of
the products:
Profile extrusion
Pipe extrusion
Sheet extrusion
Film extrusion
Filament extrusion
Wire coating
Extruder Components
F 28-1
Blow Molding
A process for shaping thermoplastic
materials into one piece, hollow
articles by heat and air pressure
Two methods:
Extrusion blow molding
Injection blow molding
Injection Molding
Thermoforming Plastic
Sheet and Film
Consists of heating a thermoplastic
sheet to its processing temperature
and forcing the hot, flexible material
against the contours of a mold
Most common: vacuum forming
Vacuum Forming
Thermoforming Advantages
Thermoforming Disadvantages
Rotational Molding
Turret-type Rotational
Molding Machine
Casting
Flash-type
Semi-positive
Positive
Phenolic
Urea
Melamine
Melamine-phenolic
Diallyl phthalate
Alkyd
Polyester
Epoxy
Silicones
Composite Processes
Chapter 29
Composite Processes
Laminating
Filament Winding
Pultrusion
Resin Transfer Molding
Laminating
Filament Winding
Used for making tubes and other
cylindrical structures: pressure bottles
and missile canisters
Glass fibers made of filaments are
drawn though a resin bath and wound
onto a rotating mandrel
Pultrusion
Used for parts with constant crosssectional shapes: tubing, channels, Ibeams, Z-sections, an flat bars
Equivalent of metals extrusion
Process consists of transporting
continuous fiber bundles through a resin
matrix bath and then pulling through a
heated die
Pultrusion Machine
Ceramic Processes
Chapter 30
Ceramic Materials
Glasses
Clays
Crystalline Ceramic Powders
Glass Processes
F 30-1
Clay Processes
Casting
Plastic forming
Dry powder pressing
Casting
Plastic Forming
Pressing
Throwing (using a potters wheel)
Jiggering (used to form a plate)
Extrusion (used to manufacture clay
pipe and drainage tile)
Jiggering
F 30-2
Crystalline Ceramic
Powder Processing
Fabriaction
F 31-1
F 31-2
F 31-3
Automatic Axial-Lead
Insertion Machine
F 31-4
Advantages of Surface
Mount Technology (SMT)
Holes not required for assembly