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Laser Feedback 1 PDF
Laser Feedback 1 PDF
1. Introduction
I)1'nanic light-scnttering (DLS) lhcory has been well
i:lcceptedfbr the lrst fbu clecaclcs,rrrcijtas been usecl
to utrcierstandthc. inlelact,ion of.lght with lsvstelr of
lrovrng :articlr:s.r i (lumntins ttl a,l.I fis1;stuclieclthe,
liner.vidth broaderrrirrgof' scattcrecl ligh1, tlirough an
optical herreroclv'c proccss to .bt,ri' i.frrrrirtion
rbrnt thr.i cl.ynalnic:sof' tl-re scat,1,Lll.r,r.s,
sr-rchrs the
cliflir-*io. co'''sr:il'rl
rrclthe size or'1,hciscarterri'g particles. Yelr ancl (lrrrnnrir.rs:ralso str-rclieclloipletr.shifted scattcleci light fi'orn rfluicl florv. Two
icat
lrlrxlllg pt'occsses, hontoclvDe rn<.1
hete|ocl.vnc:,r|e
used is co'figLr.'tio's to ext'act i'fi;r.mai;ir' fior'
scritt,cl"ed
light ils a furnctio' .f'tirne.i, Methocls barsecl
on thcr homodyne' config;lrrat,ion irtvolve the obsei-vi_
tion of self'-beatir-rgoscillations r,vitirin the uurelv
scattered-iight fielcl throrigh an intensity, deicctoi:.
NIethocls based on the heterocivne configru,ltjrnir.rvolver the observrtionof'fi.equoncv beailng signills
produced whr:n the scrtteleclfield ancl a ie{'cience
field are rnixerdon ln intensitv cletector.
Nlore.recently, self'-rriixing in t,t.,r.fer
rornetry i n a I aser diode has been i-rseclas a teclinjquc to extr:ct
infonnrtinn from backscattelecl 1ight ihat lccntels
t he las er c a v i l r .sr{ rA p p l i c ,rti o ,rs fi t' th i s techni que:
( 1)
\2)
The autocorrelation function arid the power spoctrum aLe related through the Fourier translbrrn.,l
Therefor:e it is possible to obtain the light-intensity
power spectrum or heterodyne spetctrurn, Z\q, tIL as
follows:
d.l
df
Z(.q , {I):
1_
(5)
Gl n.E t)l U f
( 6)
(,' ,.
E (1)cxp(rtof) -
i, ' : 1 ri'
ll
2 lf
; t n . ll-t t r t , t lf
-)
_t
I' lf
^ttt
,r:
: lEn(q,
t)z' U2rlr)i{C1q,
;)exp(lf)/)dl,(3)
L+l i i
(7 )
E1t t ,)]fc(t)t
)
r*Ett,,J/.
(8)
1 A p r i f2 0 0 6 i V o l . 4 5 , N o . 1 0 , r A p p L l E DO p T t C S
2241
\!'htrelwrchrvcrclefir-retdEcr,(/)
cr(/)clxpf
l(q . r)
* t n/ 2t 1.
Ii'or smrll-lcvel fbcclbrck,the systen crn ber cle_
sclibccl rsslnrll fluct-ratir.l-rs
rr.or_rncl
stationar..yvalur , ' s . r S
9 plitti l ts EO. i B )i n l tp l i tl rc l e//,.
r. (/),,1nclp[ase.
<lr{l},n,ctcan krt i,ire statirnalv va.lur:sbe lerpreicntecl
b"f ir.,,'., Lncl2- ftrr thc cifriol clensity. tire anrpli_
tr"rcle,
and the phtrse of'thc, ljelcl, rc,spectivel.1,.
By crr.rsidering
gtrin does not chnge sigirilicantlv
_that the
: r r or : nc J . 1Ji .e
., ., Gf n , E ,ftJ ' !l ...,(i ,,{ tt i r,,l t1' u..' ,1,
ii
is possible to Illlv lineru-izer
the system ,rncl
sol,,,cfbl
the timu-vai".yingpzirts of'1,hercrrrier clensit.,v.J,,(l).
arnplitucle, lc (/), ancl phasc,r,'\,,,(),of'the, fieicl c,nve_
1o:e.
Llsing the Laplace translbr.r .yieids ther soiutjon
I rsr
#,il
5'l
l-l
F;d
trgcr
ffi-d
gfl
':il
Li,iit
Co ntpu1er
. A\,0falr
nil
. l r i ltl ng
?1i.5rrr
l'
:- i nU '
t_l
i
i
i r)
fil.Fi;t
|
. fi
pp
.l
u) t)ri'c,r
t:1,. ..::l
0sciI krscope
(IrF'fhrncl i on)
Anrlitier
l...orv,Pass
Iriltcr
2 l )l - t,,J E ,
.t" * (J -Fp l t.r)s * p r(r _, _ rtu8.2
(g)
5. lntensitySpectrum
In a rerl
_experirnenlal ernvir'cxlrleut the cluantity
measnrcrdby usin{arphotoclioclein its lineu.r.egrnrc
of operation is the cur.rent, which is
ltroportionai to
the ligit intensitv, S(). This js ci'efine,clas ,S(l)
= lE lt lU_, k ( /)
, fl ,. (i l .H e re i s rc o rstrntof propr.irtionality ancl ',, stands fbr the cornplex conjufater
operation. By consiclering a ncgligible orcler oi'riiog_
nitucle fbr the second-order" snia fltictlration tt:r,rii,
i.c., fJr, {tt]' ,.,.0. r.r,efincl
6. ExperimentalDetails
The approacli of'the moclel presentecl is tested by
sensing the intensity power spectrun-i of'light scai_
tered bv (a) a solid object tnouirrg at constant speed,
(b) r monodispersed *.,rp"rr*ion
of polvstyrene
spheles, and (c,)a suspension of polvstyrrr" rpir"r*.
set to laminar" flow.
-lhe hcterodvne spectrum is cibtained
by using the
sc,l1-nllxlngrnte'r'tcrornetlytecirnique with a lasel
cli_
odc. Iigure 2 shorvs the exper.inieirtill setup. The ia_
sel diode beart (\
- 785 nm, P,, : 1b rlW at If Ir,,
1.9, 1:injetction current, 1,,:thresholclcurr.ent) is
S ( l , - t[ .] 1 2 j ,l /. (1 )1 .=j ,,_ rj ,s(r).
(12)
..
iircuseclinto the curresponcling.target.The rneasure_
nrents wetlc takt:n r-rsing a fast Foulier transfbrm
Note that tite inti:trsit-y wi]l also consist of smrll
(Flr'f ) digttal oscilloscope,introducecl
valirtions rr.ouncl
a slationary valuer.llencc it fcllor,r,s
into a computer
ancl averaged tver ten meastireclspectra.
fiorn Eq. (12) that thetlrse
inlensity power.specllultl
The lrserintensit.y power spectrr-unobtainecl whcn
wiil be plorortionnl to the olectric'fii:lcl po\rer.sp]c_
a lot.ating whecl is placed as extelnal target is shown
tnrm; and, together: with ltrq. (10), wer cin srytirrt,
ur .l:'rEi.iJ. Al bsor-bing filter is
when the l)C cortrponent is ornitieci, it u,ill'ber cle:laceidbetween the
lrser rnclthe wheel tij ecluce tie f'eedback power
sclibecl bv
reir-rjecteclinto tire cavity. 'I,he tangential velocity
oi'
the rvlrcel rvas sert;to t, -.. 14 rnm/s and acll.rst"d
to an
Z1 {t7 4lE ,)H,.,,if);:ls(Y ,ir iif ); lr,u S ) angle
of'() ^- BI-'with respect to the inciclent bearn.
bac:kscattering.config-riration,i.e., scattering
I-:t', "
where
anlc
of rr, the Doppler shif't can be calcuiated ai
.- 82kHz,.It is possible
\It, - lz'trr,/^,)cos(f))
to seethat
a single Doppler-shift flrequency p-eahcorresponding
pE,:)
r
lio
1^7
II
II.1,i{) -=
lo tire.tang'ential velocity bt Ule, wheel is clerly
clisl
nt ) E. t - ( Y t il)(r t p_')
lt r n,
playrd in the sperctrum.
]
2 24 2
APPL TF D
O p' f t O S Voi.45. No. 10 . , . 1Apn l 2 i t 0 6
:)
5 o.s
o
o v. o
0.5
n
T
E V.
q) ^ A
.N
5000
>
tt
10000
sc)
z
n
:
Frequency
(Hz)
x 10o
o
o_
c)
.N
6
tr
O
10000
z
Difl'usion-broaclenrng rneasLrrclr(lnLs were obtained bv ulacing a dilutc sllspellsiolt of polystvrcnct
sllhere)sas a target. 'Jlhcconcentr.ltionof' jpher:eiswas
less than 0.5% in volllme. 'I'his c.rseis lvell uncLrr.stood by quasi-elasticlight-scattering (etrLS) t,ireory;
thc spectrum is expecteclto fbllor.vr,orentzirn lirrrition with half-width rthalf'-maximum (HWFIM). IO.
inversiiy proportioni.ilto the raclius of'the sphee. i.c...
.\f ) l), where D .' 1/o is therdiffusion conilant anci.
according to the Stokes-Einstein approximation, is
inversely proportional to the sphere radius, , unclergoing Brownian motion. lt has recentlv been shown
thrt, fbr this sensing conligulation, the iJWHM does
fbllow this functional depenclence.LrjFigule 4 slrorvs
the intensity power spectltul ol'the lrst,r:obtrineci fbr
thrc-.edifferent samples: The first contains pure water
only (no poivst.vrenespheres in suspension) lnciis
used as a ref'erencc; the, othel trvo sarlples tlrc)l
suspension of'spheres (PolyscieucesInc. ) n'ith dirnreters of 58.8 and 20 nm. lt curbe seen that herspec:trum is well clcscribeclbv i Lole.ntzian ciisl,riitution.
as expecect.
Ii'igure 5 shor,vsa signa.l obtainecl when a tljlutcr
suspension of' polystylene spheres with radius
1.15 pm (IiolysciencesInc.) is set intcl laminrr liou,.
The concelntrationof'spheres was iess than 0.5?1,in
volume. 'I'his case is also lvell under"stooclb.y CJELS
theory, and the spectrum is expected to ibllw r
Lorentzian f'uncticin centrcd at th Doppler-shift frequency corresponcling to the averag.e vclocity of, the,
particies. The fiuid wrsplrmpecl rt ,1
constant l"ate
into the tuber(intelnal diauleter of 1.b mm), Lrsing r
controlied sydnge pump set at 65 ml/h, vielcling: ri
maximurn velocity at the cenlrcr'of'the tube of' r,,,
,.' 20.4 mnl/s. 'lhe hvciraulic system ensured
a lor,v
Revnolds' number to plriduce the clersilcldllminar.
flow profile.2r T'he r:.ngle of incicleltce betrveen the
laser (incident) wave vector ancl the veioclty \crctor
wls rdiustedto 0 ..' 6{J"._F'orl blcksciLtetring
config-
5000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
F-Jg..1. Ool or oul i nt,,)N onl al i zerl phot<rci l ocll
t,)l )r vol tugc spec _
t.u'r sh.rvi.g tjre dilY'Lrsionbroarlc'irg ca'sed b_va r,n'orlisrr,,rs.cl
sr-rsre
n-slorr<il lt6lvsl.r,l'trt9 slthr.cs 1,it.lt fliautct,r,l.11.'I!:. pur,-wu_
{.cr (no i roh'st.vrcnu srhel r_.-st;
nl i cl cl i o. 11 ., 5g.i l n: bert,tom.r/
20 l r.r.'l 'l rt'P 'i rrs c.r'r't'sp.rc1t,1.hc'.xreri r'ertal drt.aarl tl rt
sol i c.lcu|r'ts t.0thr,'f i i ,t.oriL0 tnt.zi i Il fi rncti ol r. J)ata *'el .r:
J)rc\.r0us l .\,
.t:1to'tr:dl 'l srt*'hr:rel ,il *rt ,r.t i rl r,l Lrrl .<ll t.r, fi ,. co.r1tl t,t.rtr.rss.
A ppLl E D
OpTtC S
224 3
so
^ ..a
o) u
o
^
o-
n4
c)
N
=
^,
(-tt4
z 0 .2
Froquency
(Hz)
xi0
L o r e n t z i L tlfu n cti,.s. o tltl tte ltt.r e d
r it zo r r r f) e cl trcncr'.arcl 1,l l t,st'r,..cl ,'e
at 26.s l i l l z),
['-rec1uency-shifted
o:tical i'eoclb,ic]i
iri rlrselr
cliocle ples;tr rz.t+.r5here it is demonstratecl
rvlsfirst str-rcliecl
that, fbr low_
by Richter ucl l{iisch,r,, bl"ellorr
concentration sarnples,.the^spectrum
the.LKequations;anclconsider'"lii.i.u*r,
is in ugl""niurrt
fbr strong
with thc one e*peclea Uy
f'eedback
levels.Nlartin t:t o,1..)s
etit_S th;;;;.,
in"esiigateathe crse
lvloleover', it his been observeds.li
firr f'eedbackle.velslowerl thrn thert recir_rirecl
that Doppler_
jn,, fbr cro_ shift measulerner-its macle with this iechniq;.
ancl
M.
Zakian
CONACYT.
acknowleclges
suppolt
flom
References
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ol ciifTir,
sion brorclening
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I)i,ol.og.t',
atul [:'h.t,sics
{Wilov, ]gZ6l,
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I l gS 4r.
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cr'i 1.i .sr'i t.h l i c'r1ut:..r'-*hi ft.cl fcr.db,cl i ." ()r1.(i rrrr.rrr. g1 -r,
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1 A p r i l2 0 0 6 ; V o l .4 5 , N o . 1 0 APPLIEDOPTICS
2245