SMK RAJA JUMAAT PORT DICKSON

Multiplication
Rules

PERMUTATIONS
The order of the
in the chosen
AND objects
set is ____ taken
into consideration
COMBINATIONS

The order of the

objects in the chosen
set is taken into
consideration

Permutations

Combinations
NAME:
If event.
A occurs in r
CLASS:
The number of combination
of r objects taken from n
different objects given

ways and event B occurs

in s ways
The number of way is r
xs

PERMUTATIONS
AND
The
number of permutations

The number of
permutation of n different
objects is n! where
n! = n( n-1)( n-2)x2x1

of objects taken from n

different object is given by
0

COMBINATIONS

1. Determining the total number of ways to perform successive events

using
Multiplication Rule
1

Permutations

Multiplication Rule
If event A can occur in r possible ways and event B can occur in s possible
ways, there are r x s possible ways for both events to occur.

Examples
1. Liens Shoe Shops sells 7 different styles of sport shoes, each available in 2
colors (black or brown). How many combinations of color and style are there?

2. If there are 4 ways to go from Pulau Pinang to Kuala Lumpur and there are 3
ways to go from Kuala Lumpur to Batu Pahat, how many different ways are
there to go from Pulau Pinang, passing through Kuala Lumpur?

1.

Sarah has 3 blouses, 2 scarves and 4 pairs of Skirts. How many different
outfits can she put together?

2.

Mr. Nathan wants to create a 3-digit lock combination for his security box
and the digits may be repeated. How many different combinations are
possible?

Exercise
2. Determining the number of permutations of n different objects
2

PERMUTATION
A permutation is an arrangement of objects in different orders.
The order of the arrangement is important.

FACTORIAL
For any positive integer n,
n! = n (n 1)(n 2) (n 3) ...(3)(2)(1)

n! = n P n
0! = 1
Examples
1. 3! =

2. 10! =

3. How many ways are there to lay six balls with the colors of purple, blue,
pink, orange, green and yellow?

4. What is the total number of possible 5-letter arrangements of the letters

HORSE, if each letter is used only once in each arrangement?

Exercise
3. Determining the number of permutations of n different objects taken r at
a time

The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is

n

Pr

n!
n r !

Examples
1.

A key pad lock has 10 different digits. How many possible codes are there
if a sequence of 5 different digits must be chosen in order to open the lock?

2.

How many different signals can be made by 4 flags from 6 flags of

different colors?

3.

A manager is supposed to send two of his five workers to two newly set-up
departments (either Department A or Department B). How many different
choices does he have?

4.

In how many different ways can a club of 20 members select a president,

vice president and treasury, assuming that the same person cannot hold
more than one position?

5.

How many 4-digit numerals can be made from the digits of 2345678 if a
digit can appear just once in a numeral?

Exercise
Skill Practice 3 (Page 150)

4. Determining the number of permutations of n different objects for

given
conditions
Examples
1. How many orderings of the letters of the word FAMILY are there if the letters
FA
must stay together in any order in this ordering.

2. In how many ways can a bride and a groom line up for a photograph
together with their 5 family members if the bride and groom must stand next
to each other?

3. How many 5-digit odd numbers can you make of the digit 0, 5, 6, 7, 8?

5. Determining the number of permutations of n different objects taken r

at a time for given conditions
Steps
1. Arrange the _____________________________ to be filled-in.
2. Fill-in the positions for the
_________________________________________ .
3. Fill-in the other positions using
___________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______.
Examples:
1. How many different 3-digit odd numbers can be made from the digits of 2 3, 4,
5, 6 if

every digit can appear just once?

2.

3.

Seven boys and six girls are the numbers of the Chess Club. In how many
ways can a president, a vice president, a secretary, and a treasurer be elected
if the president and treasurer must be boys and the vice-president and
secretary must be girls?

In how many ways can Julie arrange 5 letters from the word SELANGOR
if she
must choose a vowel as the first letter and every letter can appear just once?

4.

Pn. Renita has 5 different figurines and 6 different display plates. She
wants to arrange in a line 3 of the figurines and 2 of the display plates on hr
console table. In how many ways can she arrange the figurines and the
display plates if the figurines must be placed together and the display plates
must be placed together?

5.

If a four digit number is formed from the digit 56789 with no repetitions,
how many of these four digit numbers will have values between 5000 and
8000?

6. Determining the number of combinations of r objects chosen from n

different
objects.

A combination is a selection of a certain number of objects chosen from a

group of objects without regard to order. In combination, we are concerned
only the objects have been selected.
The number of combinations of r objects chosen from n different objects is
given by:
n

Cr

n!
r!(n r )!

Examples:
1.
There are three types of fruits: apple, banana and chiku. Damia wants to
eat any two of the fruits. How many choices does Damia have in selecting
the fruits she wants to eat?

2.

In how many ways can Lucy select a sample of five chocolates from a box
of nine chocolates?

3.

Ravi has, in his pocket, a 50 sen coin, a 20 sen coin, a 10 sen coin, a 5
sen coin and a 1 sen coin. If he reaches into his pocket and pulls out two
coins, how many different selections may he have?

4.

In how many ways can a committee of twelve people elect three leaders,
whose duties are all the same?

5. In how many ways can En. Rahman pick 11 soccer players out of 20-player
team?

7. Determining the number of combinations of r objects chosen from n

different
objects for given conditions.

Examples:
1.
A bag contains 6 yellow marbles and 3 blues marbles. In how many ways
can Angie draw 5 yellow marbles and 2 blue marbles from the bag?

2.

3.

4.

A department consists of 15 men and 16 women. If 3 men and 2 women

are to be selected for a special project, in how many ways can the selections
be made?

There are 10 top managers in a company. How many ways are there to
form a decision group of 7 top managers if it must consist of the President
and Vice President?

A committee of 3 persons must be chosen from a group of 8 teachers and

12 students. How many different groups of people could be chosen for the
committee if at least one of the committee must be a teacher?

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

1. Four girls and three boys are to be seated in a row. Calculate the number of

possible
arrangements
(a) if all the three boys have to be seated together.
(b) a boy has to be seated at the centre.

Answer:

(a)5040 (b)2880
2. Find the number of the arrangement of all nine letters of word SELECTION in
which
the two letters E are not next to each other
Answer:282240
3. Calculate the number of four digit even number can be formed from the digits
3, 4, 5,
6 and 9 without repetitions.
Answer:48
4. Three alphabets are chosen from the word WALID. Find the number of
possible
choice if

(a) the alphabet A is chosen

(b) the alphabet A and D are chosen

Answer:(a) 60 (b) 120

5. A bowling team consists of 8 person. The team will be chosen from a group of
7 boys
and 6 girls. Find the number of team that can be formed such that each team
consists of
(a) 3 boys
(b) not more than 1 girl
Answer:(a) 210 (b) 6

6.
Refrigerators

Refrigerators

TV

TV

TV

Pak Adams shop has 5 televisions P, Q, R, S and T and 4 refrigerators W, X,

Y and Z
(a) If a televisions and a refrigerator is chosen randomly, calculate the
probability that
television P or Q and refrigerator W are chosen.
(b) Pak Adam wish to display his goods as shown in the diagram above.
Calculate the
number of ways the goods can be displayed.
1
Answer: a
b 2880
10
7.. Diagram 1 shows 5 letter and 3 digits.
A

Diagram 1

A code is to be formed using those letters and digits. The code must consist
of 3
letters followed by 2 digits. How many codes can be formed if no letter or digit
is
repeated in each code ?
Answer:144
8. A debating team consists of 5 students. These 5 students are chosen from 4
monitors,
2 assistant monitors and 6 prefects. Calculate the number of different ways
the team
can be formed if (a) there is no restriction
(b) the team contains only one monitor and exactly 3
prefects
Answer:
(a)792 (b)160

PAST YEAR SPM QUESTION

2003,Paper 1
1.Diagram below shows 5 letter and 3 digits.

10

A code is to be formed using those letters and digits. The code must consist of 3
letters followed by 2 digits. How many codes can be formed if no letter or digit is
repeated in each code ?
[ 3 marks]

2. A badminton team consist of 7 students. The team will be chosen from a

group of 8 boys and 5 girls. Find the number of team that can be formed such
that each team consists of
i.

4 boys

ii.

Not more than 2 girl

[ 4 marks]

2004,Paper 1
3. Diagram below five cards of different letters.

11

i.

Find the number of possible arrangements, in a row , of all the

cards.

ii.

Find the number of these arrangements in which the letters E

and A are side by side .

[ 4 marks]

2005, Paper 1
4. A debating team consists of 5 students. These 5 students are chosen from 4
monitors, 2 assistant monitors and 6 prefects. Calculate the number of different
ways the team can be formed if
i.

There is no restriction

ii.

The team contains only monitor and exactly 3 prefects

marks]

12

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