Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ovarian
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Version 1.2015
Ovarian Cancer
Version 1.2015
Ovarian Cancer
NCCN Foundation gratefully acknowledges support from the following individuals
Lisle M. Nabell, MD
Barbara Parker, MD
Brian Garofalo
Peter F. Coccia, MD
Frederick Groves
Gena Cook
Robert C. Young, MD
Terry S. Langbaum
John S. Greene
Linda L. Leach
Joan S. McClure
Robert W. Carlson, MD
Introduction
Ovarian Cancer
Learning that you have ovarian cancer can be overwhelming. The goal of this
book is to help you get the best care. It explains which tests and treatments
are recommended by experts in ovarian cancer.
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) is a not-for-profit
alliance of 26 of the worlds leading cancer centers. Experts from NCCN
have written treatment guidelines for doctors who treat ovarian cancer. These
treatment guidelines suggest what the best practice is for cancer care. The
information in this patient book is based on the guidelines written for doctors.
This book focuses on the treatment of ovarian cancer. Key points of this
book are summarized in the NCCN Quick Guide series for Ovarian
Cancer. NCCN also offers patient resources on breast cancer, kidney cancer,
melanoma, and many other cancer types. Visit NCCN.org/patients for the
full library of patient books, summaries, as well as other patient and caregiver
resources.
Credits
NCCN aims to improve the care given to patients with cancer. NCCN staff work with experts to create helpful programs and resources for many
stakeholders. Stakeholders include health providers, patients, businesses, and others. One resource is the series of books for patients called
the NCCN Guidelines for Patients. Each book presents the best practice for a type of cancer. The patient books are based on clinical practice
guidelines written for cancer doctors. These guidelines are called the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Clinical
practice guidelines list the best health care options for groups of patients. Many doctors use them to help plan cancer treatment for their patients.
Panels of experts create the NCCN Guidelines. Most of the experts are from NCCN Member Institutions. Panelists may include surgeons,
radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and patient advocates. Recommendations in the NCCN Guidelines are based on clinical trials and the
experience of the panelists. The NCCN Guidelines are updated at least once a year. When funded, the patient books are updated to reflect the
most recent version of the NCCN Guidelines for doctors. For more information about the NCCN Guidelines, visit NCCN.org/clinical.asp.
NCCN staff involved in making the guidelines for patients and doctors include:
NCCN Guidelines
Jennifer Burns
Guidelines Coordinator
NCCN Marketing
Susan Kidney, Graphic Design Specialist
NCCN Drugs & Biologics Programs
Rachael Clarke, Medical Copyeditor
Lacey Marlow
Associate Medical Writer
Sponsored in part by
NATIONAL OVarian Cancer COALITION
Endorsed by
The National Ovarian Cancer Coalition is pleased to have provided part of the critical funding necessary
to ensure the production of the NCCN Patient Guidelines for Ovarian Cancer. These Guidelines are an
important resource that informs patients and promotes best practices for healthcare professionals, and aligns
with our mission to save lives by fighting tirelessly to prevent and cure ovarian cancer and to improve the
quality of life for survivors. For support or more information about our history and ground-breaking work to
empower the community, please visit www.ovarian.org or call us at 1-888-OVARIAN.
The NCCN Foundation supports the mission of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
to improve the care of patients with cancer. One of its aims is to raise funds to create a library of books for
patients. Learn more about the NCCN Foundation at NCCN.org/foundation.
2015 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines for Patients and illustrations
herein may not be reproduced in any form for any purpose without the express written permission of NCCN.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
275 Commerce Drive Suite 300
Fort Washington, PA 19034
215.690.0300
Contents
Ovarian Cancer
4
71 Part 6
81
Glossary:
91
92
94
Index
5 Part 1
82
Dictionary
88 Acronyms
13 Part 2
23 Part 3
Cancer staging
31 Part 4
Overview of cancer
treatments
43 Part 5
Treatment guide
1 Ovarian cancer
basics
10
11
12 Review
Figure 1.1
The female reproductive system
The reproductive system is a group of organs that work together to make babies. The female
reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
Figure 1.2
Normal versus cancer cell
growth
Normal cells divide to make
new cells as the body needs
them. Normal cells die once
they get old or damaged.
Cancer cells make new cells
that arent needed and dont
die quickly when old or
damaged.
Cell death
Healthy cell
Injured cell
Uncontrolled
cell growth
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
Figure 1.3
Epithelial ovarian cancer
Most ovarian cancers
start in the epithelial
cells. Epithelial cells form
the outer layer of tissue
around the ovary. This
layer of tissue is called the
epithelium. Cancer that
starts in these cells is called
epithelial ovarian cancer.
Ovary
Epithelium
Epithelial tumor
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
10
Feeling bloated,
Pain in the pelvis or belly (abdomen),
Trouble eating or feeling full fast, and
Feeling the need to urinate often or urgently.
11
Review
The ovaries are a pair of organs that make
eggs for reproduction (making babies). They
also make hormones.
12
13
14
16 Imaging tests
20
Blood tests
21 Tissue tests
22 Review
14
Recommended tests
Blood tests
Imaging tests
Tissue tests
Biopsy
Review of tumor tissue
15
Imaging tests
Ultrasound
16
CT scan
A CT (computed tomography) scan uses x-rays to
take pictures of the inside of the body. It takes many
x-rays of the same body part from different angles. All
the x-ray pictures are combined to make one detailed
picture of the body part.
A CT scan of your chest, abdomen, and/or pelvis
may be given along with other initial tests to look for
ovarian cancer. This type of scan is good at showing
if the cancer has spread outside of the ovaries. But,
it is not good at showing small tumors. A CT scan
may also show if nearby lymph nodes are bigger than
normal, which can be a sign of cancer spread.
Transabdominal ultrasound
Transvaginal ultrasound
Ultrasound picture
Ultrasound picture
Ultrasound probe
Sound waves
Ultrasound probe
Sound waves
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
17
MRI scan
18
PET scan
Chest x-ray
GI evaluation
19
Blood tests
Blood tests
CBC
20
Tissue tests
Biopsy
21
Review
Cancer tests are used to plan treatment.
22
Cancer staging
23
3 Cancer staging
24
Surgical staging
26
Staging systems
26
29
30 Review
Surgical staging
24
Cancer staging
Surgical staging
Figure 3.1
Possible biopsy sites in the abdomen and pelvis
Surgery is used for ovarian cancer staging. Biopsy samples will be taken from the tumor as well as
other organs and tissues near the ovaries. This may include the diaphragm, omentum, peritoneum,
ascites, and nearby lymph nodes.
Diaphragm
Omentum
Peritoneum
Ascites
Lymph nodes
Cancer in ovary
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
25
Cancer staging
Staging systems
Stage I
26
Cancer staging
Stage II
27
Cancer staging
Stage III
Stage IV
28
Cancer staging
Cancer grades
29
Review
Cancer staging is how doctors rate and
describe the extent of cancer in the body.
30
31
4 Overview of cancer
treatments
32 Surgical treatment
35 Chemotherapy
37 Targeted therapy
38
Hormone therapy
39
Clinical trials
42 Review
Surgical treatment
32
Surgical treatment
Figure 4.1
Debulking surgery sites
Debulking surgery removes as
much cancer as possible. The
extent of the surgery depends on
how far the cancer has spread. It
may remove all or part of nearby
organs such as your liver, spleen,
stomach, gallbladder, pancreas,
intestines, appendix, and bladder.
Diaphragm
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Peritoneum
Omentum
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Bladder
Illustration Copyright 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
33
Surgical treatment
Surgery methods
34
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
35
Generic name
Brand name
(sold as)
Altretamine
Hexalen
Capecitabine
Xeloda
Carboplatin
Paraplatin
Cisplatin
Platinol, Platinol-AQ
Cyclophosphamide
Cytoxan
Docetaxel
Taxotere
Doxorubicin
Adriamycin
Etoposide, oral
VP-16
Gemcitabine
Gemzar
Ifosfamide
Ifex
Irinotecan
Camptosar
Liposomal doxorubicin
Doxil
Melphalan
Alkeran
Oxaliplatin
Eloxatin
Paclitaxel
Taxol
Paclitaxel, albumin-bound
Abraxane
Pemetrexed
Alimta
Topotecan
Hycamtin
Vinorelbine
Navelbine
Chemotherapy
36
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is treatment with drugs that target
a specific or unique feature of cancer cells. These
drugs stop the action of molecules that help cancer
cells grow. Targeted therapy is less likely to harm
normal cells than chemotherapy. Two targeted
therapy drugs are approved to treat ovarian cancer:
bevacizumab (Avastin) and olaparib (Lynparza).
Pazopanib (Votrient) is another targeted therapy drug
that is sometimes used for ovarian cancer. These
drugs attack cancer cells in different ways.
Bevacizumab
Pazopanib
Olaparib
37
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy
38
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials
New tests and treatments arent offered to the public
as soon as theyre made. They need to be studied
first. New uses of tests and treatments also need to
be studied.
A clinical trial is a type of research that studies a test
or treatment. Clinical trials study how safe and helpful
tests and treatments are. When found to be safe and
helpful, they may become tomorrows standard of care.
Because of clinical trials, the tests and treatments in
this book are now widely used to help patients.
Tests and treatments go through a series of clinical
trials to make sure theyre safe and work. Without
clinical trials, theres no way to know if a test or
treatment is safe or helpful. Clinical trials are done in
a series of steps, called phases. The four phases of
clinical trials are described next using the example of
a new drug treatment:
39
40
My notes
My notes
41
Review
Primary treatment is the main treatment used
to rid the body of cancer.
42
Treatment guide
43
5 Treatment guide
46
50
56
64
44
Treatment guide
Ovarian cancer
45
Treatment guide
Results
Treatment options
No invasive implants
Invasive implants
No invasive implants
Invasive implants
46
Treatment guide
Next steps:
See Chart 5.1.2 on page 48 for followup tests that are recommended during
observation and after surgery.
See Chart 5.2.3 on page 54 for
chemotherapy treatment for epithelial
ovarian cancer.
47
Treatment guide
Next steps:
48
Treatment guide
Clinical relapse
Relapse based on symptoms,
imaging test results, or
increase in CA-125 levels
Next steps
Treatment options
If no invasive implants
Observation with follow-up tests
If invasive implants
Surgery only
Surgery followed by chemotherapy
Next steps:
49
Treatment guide
Treatment options
Stage IA
Cancer is only in one ovary
Stage IB
Cancer is in both ovaries only
Stage IC
Cancer is in one or both ovaries and cancer is on
the ovary surface, the ovary capsule has ruptured,
and/or cancer cells are in ascites or washings
50
Treatment guide
Next steps:
51
Treatment guide
Chart 5.2.2 Primary treatment for ovarian cancer confirmed by prior surgery or biopsy
Results of prior surgery or biopsy
Treatment options
Surgical staging
52
Treatment guide
Next steps:
53
Treatment guide
Treatment options
Stage IC
Cancer is in one or both ovaries and cancer is on
the ovary surface, the ovary capsule has ruptured,
and/or cancer cells are in ascites or washings
Length of a cycle
21 days (3 weeks)
7 days (1 week)
21 days (3 weeks)
54
Treatment guide
Treatment options
For stage IA or IB ovarian cancer, the options depend
on the cancer grade. For grade 1, observation with
follow-up tests is recommended. Observation is a
period of testing to watch for cancer growth after
treatment. For grade 2, observation with follow-up
tests is still an option. A second option is to receive
chemotherapy given in a vein. This is called IV
chemotherapy. For all other stage I ovarian cancers,
IV chemotherapy is the only recommended option.
The number of chemotherapy cycles recommended
depends on whether or not surgical staging was
completed. It may have been completed during the
initial surgery or a second surgery. If so, 3 to 6 cycles of
chemotherapy should be given. If surgical staging was
not completed, then at least 6 cycles should be given.
Next steps:
See Chart 5.4.1 on page 64 for followup tests that are recommended during
observation and after completing
chemotherapy treatment.
55
Treatment guide
Treatment options
Stage II
Cancer has spread to nearby organs and
tissues in the pelvis
Stage III or IV
Cancer has spread outside the pelvis to the
tissue lining the abdomen and/or to nearby
lymph nodes, or cancer has spread to
organs outside the abdomen
Primary treatment
56
Treatment guide
Next steps:
57
Treatment guide
Chart 5.3.2 Primary treatment for ovarian cancer confirmed by prior surgery or biopsy
Cancer stage
Treatment options
Start chemotherapy
Completion surgery
Primary treatment
To plan primary treatment, your doctor will first assess
the results of the prior surgery. If the prior surgery
and staging were complete, then no more surgery is
needed at this time. See Next steps at the end of this
section. If the prior surgery was not complete, the
treatment options depend on how much cancer is left.
Treatment guide
Next steps:
59
Treatment guide
Chart 5.3.3 Treatment after surgery for stage II, III, or IV ovarian cancer
Cancer stage
Stage II or III
Cancer has spread to nearby organs and
tissues in the pelvis, or it has spread to
tissues in the abdomen
Stage IV
Cancer has spread outside the abdomen to
organs and tissues in other parts of the body
Chart 5.3.4 Chemotherapy regimens for stage II, III, and IV ovarian cancer
Chemotherapy regimens
Route given
Length of a cycle
21 days (3 weeks)
21 days (3 weeks)
21 days (3 weeks)
7 days (1 week)
21 days (3 weeks)
21 days (3 weeks)
Treatment options
For stage II or III ovarian cancer, the treatment
60
Treatment guide
Next steps:
61
Treatment guide
Treatment options
Complete response
Tests show that the cancer is completely gone;
all signs and symptoms have disappeared
Clinical trial
Observation with follow-up tests
Maintenance treatment with paclitaxel
Maintenance treatment with pazopanib
Partial response
The cancer has improved but its not completely
gone; some signs and symptoms remain
Clinical trial
Start recurrence treatment
Best supportive care
Clinical trial
Best supportive care only
Start recurrence treatment
Treatment options
62
Treatment guide
Next steps:
63
Treatment guide
Follow-up tests
Follow-up tests are recommended every 2 to 4
months for 2 years, then every 3 to 6 months for 3
years, then once a year. Many of the tests used for
follow-up will be the same as those used to find and
confirm (diagnose) ovarian cancer. Read Part 2 on
page 14 for more details about each test.
64
Treatment guide
Next steps:
65
Treatment guide
Chart 5.4.2 Treatment for ovarian cancer that has come back
Follow-up results
Prior treatment
Treatment options
No prior chemotherapy
Prior chemotherapy
Clinical trial
Delay recurrence treatment until
symptoms appear (clinical relapse)
Start recurrence treatment right away
Finished chemotherapy
<6 months ago
Clinical trial
Start recurrence treatment
Best supportive care
Finished chemotherapy
>6 months ago
Biochemical relapse
(increase in CA-125 levels is the only
sign that cancer has come back)
66
Treatment guide
Treatment options
If cancer comes back and you havent had
chemotherapy yet, then the options are the same
Next steps:
67
Treatment guide
If cancer is platinum-resistant:
Bevacizumab
Bevacizumab
Carboplatin
Docetaxel
Carboplatin/docetaxel
Etoposide (oral)
Carboplatin/gemcitabine
Gemcitabine
Carboplatin/gemcitabine/bevacizumab
Liposomal doxorubicin
Carboplatin/liposomal doxorubicin
Liposomal doxorubicin/bevacizumab
Carboplatin/paclitaxel
Olaparib
Carboplatin/paclitaxel (weekly)
Paclitaxel (weekly)
Cisplatin
Paclitaxel (weekly)/bevacizumab
Cisplatin/gemcitabine
Topotecan
Olaparib
Topotecan/bevacizumab
Other options
Altretamine
Megestrol acetate
Aromatase inhibitors
Melphalan
Capecitabine
Oxaliplatin
Cyclophosphamide
Paclitaxel
Doxorubicin
Paclitaxel, albumin-bound
Ifosfamide
Pemetrexed
Irinotecan
Tamoxifen
Leuprolide acetate
Vinorelbine
68
Treatment guide
69
Treatment guide
My notes
My notes
70
71
6 Making treatment
decisions
72
75
75
76
80
Websites | Review
Cancer information
72
Cancer treatment
73
Survivorship care
74
all day, every day of the week. You can choose to have
hospice care at home or at a hospice center. One
study found that patients and caregivers had a better
quality of life when hospice care was started early.
An advance directive describes the treatment youd
want if you werent able to make your wishes known.
It also can name a person youd want to make
decisions for you. It is a legal paper that your doctors
have to follow. It can reveal your wishes about lifesustaining machines, such as feeding tubes. It can
also include your treatment wishes if your heart or
lungs were to stop working. If you already have an
advance directive, it may need to be updated to be
legally valid.
75
76
77
78
My notes
My notes
79
Websites | Review
Websites
Review
www.ovarian.org/
NCCN
www.nccn.org/patients/
80
Glossary
Dictionary
Acronyms
81
Glossary Dictionary
Dictionary
abdomen
The belly area between the chest and pelvis.
cancer stage
A rating of the growth and spread of cancer in the body.
adjuvant treatment
Treatment given after the main treatment used to rid the
body of disease.
cancer staging
The process of rating and describing the extent of cancer in
the body.
allergic reaction
Symptoms caused when the body is trying to rid itself of
invaders.
capsule
A thin layer of tissue that surrounds an organlike the skin
of an apple.
ascites
Abnormal fluid buildup in the belly (abdomen) or pelvis.
cell subtype
Smaller groups that at type of cancer is divided into based
on how the cancer cells look under a microscope.
cervix
The lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
biochemical relapse
A rise in CA-125 levels signals that cancer has come back
after treatment.
chemotherapy
Drugs that kill fast-growing cells throughout the body,
including normal cells and cancer cells.
biopsy
Removal of small amounts of tissue from the body to be
tested for disease.
chest x-ray
A test that uses x-rays to make pictures of the inside of the
chest.
bladder
An organ that holds and expels urine from the body.
clear cell
One of the four main cell subtypes of ovarian cancer.
clinical relapse
Physical signs or symptoms signal that cancer has come
back after treatment.
blood vessel
A tube that carries blood throughout the body.
clinical trial
Research on a test or treatment to assess its safety or how
well it works.
combination regimen
The use of two or more drugs.
complete blood count (CBC)
A test of the number of blood cells.
complete response
All signs and symptoms of cancer are gone after treatment.
cancer grade
A rating of how much the cancer cells look like normal cells.
82
Glossary Dictionary
completion surgery
Surgery to remove the remaining ovary, fallopian tube,
uterus, and all cancer that can be seen.
follow-up test
Tests done after the start of treatment to check how well
treatment is working.
contrast
A dye put into your body to make clearer pictures during
imaging tests.
gastrointestinal tract
The group of organs that food passes through when you eat.
cycle
Days of treatment followed by days of rest.
cytoreductive surgery
Surgery to remove as much cancer as possible. Also called
debulking surgery.
debulking surgery
Surgery to remove as much cancer as possible. Also called
cytoreductive surgery.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Molecules that contain coded instructions for making and
controlling cells.
diagnose
To identify a disease.
diagnosis
The process of identifying or confirming a disease.
diaphragm
The muscles below the ribs that help a person to breathe.
epithelial cells
Cells that form the outer layer of tissue around organs in the
body.
epithelial ovarian cancer
Cancer that starts in the cells that form the outer layer of
tissue around the ovaries.
fallopian tube
A thin tube through which an egg travels from the ovary to
the uterus.
fatigue
Severe tiredness despite getting enough sleep.
fertility-sparing surgery
Surgery that only removes one ovary and fallopian tube so
that a woman can still have babies.
general anesthesia
A controlled loss of wakefulness from drugs.
genes
A set of coded instructions in cells for making new cells and
controlling how cells behave.
genetic counseling
A discussion with a health expert about the risk for a disease
caused by changes in genes.
genetic counselor
A health expert that has special training to help patients
understand changes in genes that are related to disease.
genetic testing
Tests to look for changes in coded instructions (genes) that
increase the risk for a disease.
germ cell
Reproductive cells that become eggs in women and sperm
in men.
gynecologic oncologist
A surgeon whos an expert in cancers that start in a womans
reproductive organs.
hereditary ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer caused by abnormal coded information in
cells that is passed down from parent to child.
hormone
Chemicals in the body that activate cells or organs.
hormone therapy
Treatment that stops the making or action of hormones in the
body.
hot flashes
A health condition of intense body heat and sweat for short
periods.
83
Glossary Dictionary
hysterectomy
Surgery to remove the uterus.
imaging test
Tests that make pictures (images) of the inside of the body.
implant
Cancer cells that broke away from the first tumor and formed
new tumors on the surface of nearby organs and tissues.
infusion
A method of giving drugs slowly through a needle into a vein.
lymph
A clear fluid containing white blood cells that fight infection
and disease.
intestine
The organ that eaten food passes through after leaving the
stomach.
lymph nodes
Small groups of special disease-fighting cells located
throughout the body.
lymph vessels
Small tubes that carry lympha clear fluid with white blood
cells that fight infection and diseasethroughout the body.
intraperitoneal (IP)
Given directly into the belly (abdomen) through a small tube.
maintenance treatment
Treatment given to continue (maintain) good results of prior
treatment.
intravenous (IV)
Given by a needle or tube inserted into a vein.
medical history
All health events and medications taken to date.
invasion
When one kind of cell grows into organs or tissues where it
doesnt belong.
medical oncologist
A doctor who is an expert in treating cancer with drugs such
as chemotherapy.
invasive implant
Cancer cells that broke away from the first tumor and are
growing into (invading) supporting tissue of nearby organs.
menopause
The point in time when menstrual periods end.
kidneys
A pair of organs that filter blood and remove waste from the
body through urine.
menstrual cycle
Changes in the womb and ovaries that prepare a womans
body for pregnancy.
laparotomy
Surgery with a long, up-and-down cut through the wall of the
belly (abdomen).
metastases
Tumors formed by cancer cells that have spread from the
first tumor to other parts of the body.
large intestine
The organ that prepares unused food for leaving the body.
metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the first tumor to another
body part.
liver
An organ that removes waste from blood and makes a liquid
that helps to digest food.
84
Glossary Dictionary
microscope
A tool that uses lenses to see very small things the eyes
cant.
microscopic metastases
Cancer cells that have spread from the first tumor to another
body part and are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
mutation
An abnormal change in the instructions in cells for making
and controlling cells.
neuropathy
A nerve problem that causes pain, tingling, and numbness in
the hands and feet.
noninvasive implant
Cancer cells that broke away from the first tumor and are
growing on the surface of nearby organs, but are not growing
into (invading) tissue.
observation
A period of testing to watch for cancer growth.
omentum
The layer of fatty tissue that covers organs in the belly
(abdomen).
ovarian cancer of low malignant potential
A tumor in the ovary formed by abnormal cells that arent
clearly cancer cells because, while they can spread and
grow on the surface of organs in the belly, they do not invade
these organs.
ovaries
The pair of organs in women that make eggs for reproduction
(making babies) and make hormones.
ovary
One of a pair of organs in women that make eggs for
reproduction (making babies) and make hormones.
partial response
Cancer improved as a result of treatmenttests show a
decrease in the amount of cancer, tumor size, or CA-125
levelsbut its not completely gone.
pathologist
A doctor whos an expert in testing cells and tissue to find
disease.
pelvic exam
A medical exam of the female organs in the pelvis.
pelvis
The body area between the hip bones.
peritoneal cavity
The space inside the belly (abdomen) that contains
abdominal organs such as the intestines, stomach, and liver.
peritoneal washing
A test in which a special liquid is used to wash the inside of
the belly (peritoneal cavity) to check for cancer cells.
peritoneal washings
Sample of liquid that is tested for cancer cells after it is used
to wash the inside of the belly (peritoneal cavity).
peritoneum
The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the belly
(abdomen) and pelvis and covers most organs in this space.
persistent disease
Cancer that stayed the samedidnt get better or worse
during treatment.
physical exam
A review of the body by a health expert for signs of disease.
platinum agent
A cancer drug that is made with platinum. These drugs
damage DNA in cells, which stops them from making new
cells and causes them to die.
platinum-based chemotherapy
Treatment with two or more chemotherapy drugs and
the main drug is made with platinum. Such drugs include
cisplatin and carboplatin.
platinum-resistant
When cancer drugs made with platinum, such as cisplatin
and carboplatin, do not work well against the cancer.
platinum-sensitive
When cancer drugs made with platinum, such as cisplatin
and carboplatin, work well against the cancer.
poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)
A protein that helps repair damaged DNA in cells.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
A test that uses a sugar radiotracera form of sugar that is
put into your body and lets off a small amount of energy that
is absorbed by active cellsto view the shape and function
of organs and tissues inside your body.
85
Glossary Dictionary
reproductive system
The group of organs that work together to make babies. In
women, this includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
cervix, and vagina.
serous
The most common cell subtype of ovarian cancer.
primary chemotherapy
The first or main chemotherapy drugs given to treat cancer.
side effect
An unhealthy or unpleasant condition caused by treatment.
primary treatment
The main treatment used to rid the body of cancer.
sigmoid colon
The last part of the colonorgan that changes unused food
from a liquid to a solid formthat connects to the rectum,
which hold stool until it leaves the body.
primary tumor
The first mass of cancer cells in the body.
prognosis
The likely or expected course and outcome of a disease.
small intestine
The digestive organ that absorbs nutrients from eaten food.
progressive disease
Cancer that continued to grow (progress) during or after
treatment.
spleen
An organ to the left of the stomach that helps protect the
body from disease.
radiographic relapse
Imaging tests show signs that cancer has come back after
treatment.
stromal cell
Cells that form the connective and supporting tissues that
hold the ovary together.
radiologist
A doctor whos an expert in reading imaging teststests that
make pictures of the inside of the body.
sugar radiotracer
A form of sugar that is put into your body and lets off a small
amount of energy that is absorbed by active cells.
rectum
The last part of the large intestine that holds stool until its
expelled from the body.
supportive care
Treatment given to relieve the symptoms of a disease. Also
called palliative care.
recurrence
The return of cancer after treatment. Also called a relapse.
surgeon
A doctor who is an expert in operations to remove or repair a
part of the body.
recurrence treatment
Treatment that is given after prior treatments failed to kill all
the cancer or keep it away.
surgery
An operation to remove or repair a part of the body.
regimen
A treatment plan that specifies the drug(s), dose, schedule,
and length of treatment.
surgical staging
The process of finding out how far cancer has spread by
performing tests and procedures during surgery to remove
the cancer.
relapse
The return of cancer after treatment. Also called a
recurrence.
surgical treatment
Treatment with surgeryan operation to remove or repair a
part of the body.
reproductive organs
Organs that help make babies.
symptom
A new or changed health problem a person experiences that
may indicate a certain disease or health condition.
86
Glossary Dictionary
targeted therapy
Treatment with drugs that target a specific or unique feature
of cancer cells.
taxane
A type of cancer drug that blocks certain cell parts to stop a
cell from dividing into two cells.
uterus
The female organ where babies grow during pregnancy. Also
called womb.
treatment plan
A written course of action through cancer treatment and
beyond.
vagina
The hollow, muscular tube in women through which babies
are born.
treatment response
An outcome or improvement related to treatment.
vein
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from all
parts of the body.
tumor
An abnormal mass formed by the overgrowth of cells.
tumor marker
A substance found in body tissue or fluid that may be a sign
of cancer.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
A federal government agency that regulates drugs and food
in the United States.
washings
Sample of liquid that is tested for cancer cells after it is used
to wash the inside of the belly (peritoneal cavity).
white blood cell
A type of blood cell that helps fight infections in the body.
ultrasound
A test that uses sound waves to take pictures of the inside of
the body.
87
Glossary Acronyms
Acronyms
BSO
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
CA-125
cancer antigen 125
PARP
poly ADP-ribose polymerase
CAM
complementary and alternative medicine
PET
positron emission tomography
CBC
complete blood count
PET/CT
positron emission tomography/computed tomography
cm
centimeter
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
CT
computed tomography
USO
unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
NCCN
National Comprehensive Cancer Network
FIGO
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
FNA
fine-needle aspiration
NCCN Guidelines
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
GI
gastrointestinal
IP
intraperitoneal
IV
intravenous
LHRH
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
LMP
low malignant potential
mm
millimeter
88
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Patient-friendly versions of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines)
NCCN.org/patients
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90
Ardeshir Hakam, MD
Paul Sabbatini, MD
Laura J. Havrilesky, MD
Joseph T. Santoso, MD
Ronald D. Alvarez, MD
Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MD
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center
Kian Behbakht, MD
Lee-may Chen, MD
Larry Copeland, MD
Carolyn Johnston, MD
University of Michigan
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Shashikant Lele, MD
Lainie Martin, MD
Ursula A. Matulonis, MD
David M. OMalley, MD
Steven C. Plaxe, MD
David M. Gershenson, MD
Matthew A. Powell, MD
Heidi J. Gray, MD
Elena Ratner, MD
Rachel Grisham, MD
Steven W. Remmenga, MD
91
Theresa L. Werner, MD
Huntsman Cancer Institute
at the University of Utah
Baltimore, Maryland
410.955.8964
hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org
Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona
Jacksonville, Florida
Rochester, Minnesota
800.446.2279 Arizona
904.953.0853 Florida
507.538.3270 Minnesota
mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/mayoclinic-cancer-center
Tampa, Florida
800.456.3434
moffitt.org
University of Michigan
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Dana-Farber/Brigham and
Womens Cancer Center
Massachusetts General Hospital
Cancer Center
Boston, Massachusetts
877.332.4294
dfbwcc.org
massgeneral.org/cancer
Durham, North Carolina
888.275.3853
dukecancerinstitute.org
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
888.369.2427
foxchase.org
Columbus, Ohio
800.293.5066
cancer.osu.edu
Aurora, Colorado
720.848.0300
coloradocancercenter.org
92
Notes
My notes
93
Index
Index
adjuvant treatment 35, 54, 60
surgical staging 21, 24, 25, 30, 32, 34, 46, 47, 5053,
5558, 67
symptom 6, 11, 12, 14, 34, 38, 49, 62, 63, 66, 67, 73, 74,
77
cancer stage 24, 2628, 30, 45, 50, 5256, 58, 60, 72
clinical trial 32, 39, 40, 42, 62, 62, 66, 67, 73, 78
completion surgery 4648, 52, 53, 58, 59, 65
computed tomography (CT) 15, 1719, 64, 66
debulking surgery 33, 34, 49, 57
fertility-sparing surgery 33, 46, 48, 50, 65
follow-up test 44, 4649, 54, 55, 6264, 66
genetic counseling 14, 15, 22, 64, 65
hormone therapy 32, 38, 42, 68
imaging test 1419, 22, 49, 55, 61, 62, 6466
implant 10, 27, 46, 47, 49
IP chemotherapy 36, 60, 61
IV chemotherapy 36, 55, 60, 61
low malignant potential (LMP) tumor 9, 10, 12, 4449
primary chemotherapy 35, 54, 6062
primary treatment 32, 35, 42, 4654, 5660
recurrence 49, 62, 63, 66
recurrence treatment 62, 63, 6669
relapse 49, 64, 66, 67, 69
reproductive 7, 24, 32, 73
side effect 20, 34, 3639, 55, 61, 63, 64, 67, 73
supportive care 62, 63, 66, 67
surgery 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 3236, 42, 4650, 5261,
6567, 73, 74
94
Ovarian
Cancer
Version 1.2015
NCCN Foundation gratefully acknowledges our advocacy supporter National Ovarian Cancer Coalition. NCCN independently
develops and distributes the NCCN Guidelines for Patients. Our industry supporters do not participate in the development of the
NCCN Guidelines for Patients and are not responsible for the content and recommendations contained therein.