VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM

Visceral motor system (autonomic targets)

List three divisions
How is different from the somatic motor system
Basis neuronal set up
Know that there are different receptors and subtypes which promote inhibition
or stimulation and NTs include Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and
epinephrine
Homeostasis vs. Allostasis
Sympathetic division
Anatomy
Neurotransmitters
General functions (effects on target tissues)
Ganglia
Mass activation
Sympathoadrenal stress response
Parasympathetic division
Anatomy
Neurotransmitters
General functions (effects on target tissues)
Ganglia
Hormonal stress response
Enteric nervous system
Anatomy, function, relationship to sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Visceral sensory system,
Visceral SDUs (3 types)
Ganglia
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Location, function
Diagram
Picture
Central autonomic network
Ascending sensory, descending pre-motor
STRESS
stressors, stress responses
Two broad stressor categories, but same stress responses to each category
Nature of stress responses (overall effect achieved by three main response components)
Hypothalamus (PVN) controls all three components
See diagram in notes
Two-system view of physical stress response
Endocrine: hypothalamus pituitary adrenal cortex increase plasma
glucocorticoids (role?)
Autonomic: hypothalamus sympathetic adrenal medulla increase plasma
epinephrine/norepinephrine (a.k.a. mass activation; role?)
Corticotropes in anterior pituitary

EMOTIONS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM

Emotion
Physiological body responses vs. cognitive feelings
James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard theories
Embodied appraisal theory
Pyramidal vs. Extrapyramidal motor pathways
pyramidal smile vs. Duchenne smile
Limbic System
Main components (Limbic lobe)
Special role of amygdala (esp. for emotional body responses, i.e., fear responses)
emotional learning significant events are learned and remembered better than
insignificant events; role of arousal
Emotional reward circuits
All drugs of abuse increase dopamine release/action in ventral striatum (nucleus
accumbens) via mesolimbic pathway
know the 3 major central dopamine pathways, structure and function of each,
how dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists would affect functions controlled
by each pathway
Dopamine pathways relevant to Schizophrenic patients
Phineas Gage
LANGUAGE
Lateralization of the brain, in particularly with language
Left brain functions
Right brain functions
Split-brain subjects
Competencies and limitations of left and right hemispheres acting independently
Wada test
Brocas Area, Wernickes Area
Location, function, types of aphasias produced by damage to each are
What is conduction aphasia caused by?
Importance of language areas of brain and attention for conscious awareness
Definitions for learning, memory
Necessity for consciousness, experience
Retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia
LEARNING AND MEMORY
Qualitative categories (declarative, procedural) examples of each
Temporal categories of declarative learning and memory
Immediate, short term (working), long term
Long term requires consolidation, via hippocampus and parahippocampal rhinal
cortex
Henry Molaison, Clive Wearing
No declarative learning/memory consolidation; procedural learning and memory
intact