International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014

A Contribution to Load Flow in Radial Distribution

System and Comparison of Different Load Flow
Methods
V. V. S. N. Murty, B. Ravi Teja, and Ashwani Kumar, member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India
e-mail:ashwa_ks@yahoo.co.in e-mail: murty209@gmail.com, email : bsvrteja@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper presents a new development for load flow

analysis in radial distribution systems. The aim of this paper is to
reduce data preparation to solve load flow in distribution system.
The proposed method uses simple equations and requires less
computation time and number of iterations. The load flow
algorithm used in this paper is based on forward and backward
sweep method. The method is efficient and easy to implement.
This method does not require formation of BIBC, BCBV [10, 16,
and 17] matrices and separate identification of up/down stream
nodes and branches at any stage of load flow calculations [5, 8,
and 15]. The proposed load flow (LF) analysis has been obtained
in two ways, one is on current basis and another is on power
basis.
The main aim of this paper is to compare different load flow
methods that are used for distribution systems under different
loadings, X/R ratios, static load models and load growth
scenarios. The convergence ability of these methods is evaluated
under these conditions. All these load flow methods are evaluated
on IEEE 15 bus and IEEE 30 bus radial distribution test system
and comparison of voltage profile, total real and reactive power
losses, number of iterations and cpu time is provided. The
proposed method is compared with six existing load flow
methods proposed by Das et al. [5], Ghosh et al. [8],
Aravindhbabu et al. [10], K. Nagaraju et al. [15],
K.V.S.R.Murthy et.al. [16], and J.H.Teng [17] to demonstrate its
effectiveness.
Key words: Radial distribution load flow, load models,
comparison.

I.

INTRODUCTION

HE optimal distribution system planning is very important

for the growth of distribution system network and plays
an important role for effective usage of the distribution
system. With the continuing increase in load demand, the
future expansion of the network depends on the load flow
study of the distribution system network and thus is one of the
most important research fields for electrical engineering. With
the growing effort to reduce system losses, increase in the
efficiency of the system, and proper voltage profile, many
papers refer to optimal distribution system planning [1].
The methods which are adopted for the analysis of radial
distribution systems are based on the concept of the

978-1-4799-3612-0/14/$31.002014 IEEE

backward/forward method [314]. These methods provide the

results of the distribution load flow in one iteration for
constant current loads, or in more than one iteration for other
types of loads (constant power, mixed, etc.). A direct method
for solving radial and meshed distribution networks load flow
is presented by Goswami and Basu [3]. The method has the
advantages that there is no convergence problem and an
accurate solution is guaranteed for any realistic distribution
system and composite loads. The method has the disadvantage
of difficulty in numbering the nodes and branches and
assumes that no node in the network is the junction of more
than three branches. The numerical properties and the
convergence rate of the proposed algorithm in [3] have been
studied by Chiang [4]. The authors used the iterative solution
for three fundamental equations of real power, reactive power,
and voltage magnitude at the receiving end [4].
A load flow method for a radial distribution network (RDS)
based on evaluating the total real and reactive power fed
through any node is presented by Das et al. [5]. Authors
created a unique node, branch, and lateral numbering scheme
to enhance the evaluations of the real and reactive loads which
are fed at any node and receiving-end voltages. The power
flow problem of distribution systems is formulated in terms of
three sets of recursive equations and was analyzed for power
flow results for various voltage dependent load models by
Haque [6]. The effects of various load models on the
convergence pattern of the proposed method were also
studied. The effect of voltage dependency of the load on the
results of the power flow solution was also analyzed by Mok
et al. [7]. Ghosh and Das [8] presented a simple method for
solving distribution networks assuming an initial flat voltage
for all nodes. By numbering the nodes beyond each branch,
the loads and charging currents were calculated and knowing
these, the branch currents were calculated. The modified
nodal voltages were recalculated in each step and thereby the
losses in the system. Nanda et al. presented new findings for
distribution system load flow in [9]. A simple novel load flow
method for radial distribution systems [10] based on the
formation of a constant sparse upper triangular matrix, which

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR RADIAL DISTRIBUTION
is used to determine the bus voltages. Other authors in [10-14]
SYSTEM
presented radial distribution system load flow proposing
iterative technique including voltage dependent load models.
A simple radial distribution system with source at one end
An iterative load flow approach for radial distribution systems and load at the other end with two nodes with voltages and
based on identifying the nodes and branches beyond any node impedance is shown in Fig. 1.
using a sparse technique is presented in [15]. A network The modeling of proposed load flow approach on current
topology based load flow solution for radial distribution basis is explained below.
systems based on bus injection to Node power matrix and

Line loss to node power matrix is presented in [16]. Jen-Hao

Teng [17] introduces two developed matrices; the busS
injection to branch-current matrix (BIBC) and the branchcurrent to bus-voltage matrix (BCBV), and a simple matrix
multiplication are utilized to obtain load flow solutions.
A novel matrix transformation technique is used in [19],
which directly solves the determination of branch flows in
radial distribution network, consequently it makes forward
backward sweep based load flow method. An efficient method
[20] for solving the load flow problem in radial distribution 1. Load currents calculation
()
()
feeders with laterals is developed. A fast and easy to
[]=
= 1,2,3, .
(1)
()
understand algorithm for determining nodes after branches is
where
given as well as a procedure to accelerate the speed of
are the load currents
convergence. A simple and efficient algorithm is presented in
Fig. 1: Equivalent circuit model of RDS
[21] to solve radial distribution networks based on circuit
are the bus voltages
theory by solving the simple algebraic recursive expression of
,
are the real and reactive power load demand.
voltage magnitude.
is total number of buses.
In this paper we contribute new development to load flow
2. Backward sweep to sum up line section current: starting
analysis which does not requires formation of BIBC, BCBV
from the last branch and moving towards the root node, the
and identification of nodes beyond each node. The proposed
current in branch
is:
load flow algorithm used in this paper is based on forward and
(se (k))= (se (k))+ (re (k)) for k=1,2,3,nb (2)
backward sweep algorithm and it is done in two ways, one is
= ( )
(3)
current basis and other is power basis. In the proposed current
where
basis load flow, the backward sweep is primarily a current
are the branch currents in each phase.
summation based on voltage updates from far end of the
nb is the total number of branches.
feeder to sending end and the forward sweep is mainly a
, are sending and receiving end nodes respectively.
voltage drop calculation from sending end to receiving end of
3. Forward sweep to update nodal voltages: starting from the
a feeder or a lateral. In the proposed power basis load flow,
first node and moving towards the last node.
the backward sweep is used to determine effective power at
3.1. Voltage drops in each branch are:
each node from far end of the feeder to sending end and the
(4)
V( ) = ( ) ( )
forward sweep is mainly bus voltage and power loss
3.2. The voltages at the receiving end node i is:
calculation from sending end to receiving end of a feeder or a
() =
( ) V( )
= 1,2,3, (5)
lateral.
3.3. Voltage deviations in present and previous iterations:
In the proposed approach, no need to consider every lateral
=
(6)
and sub lateral line as an individual main line. The basic
3.4.
Convergence
Criterion
equations that we have used will take care of every lateral and
= (max(
))
(7)
sub lateral lines to determine branch currents and effective
3.5
Updating
Voltages
in
each
phase
powers.
=
(8)
Knowing branch currents, the real and reactive power losses
can be obtained as:
( )= ( ) ( )
= 1,2,3,
(9)
( )=

( )

( )

= 1,2,3,

(10)

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014
(24)
The total real as well as reactive power loss TPL and TQL is for j=nb,nb-1,.,2,1.
A. Algorithm for proposed load flow solution (Current basis)
given by
Step 1: Read bus data and line data.
(11)
TPL =
Ploss(k)
Step 2: Initialize the bus voltages as ( ) = 1.0
(12)
TQL =
Qloss(k)
Step 3: Calculate load currents [ ] using eqn. (1).
The modeling of proposed load flow approach on power basis
Step 4: Calculate branch currents using eqn. (2-3).
is explained below.
Step 5: Calculate the voltage drops using eqn. (4).
1. Assigning the nominal load to other variable.
Step 6: After calculating voltage drops find receiving end
=
&
=
(13)
voltages in the forward direction
using eqn. (5)
2. Finding effective load at each node.
Step 7: Find
using eqns. (7). Update the voltages as
() =
() +
( ( ))
for
shown in eqn. (8).
j=nb,nb-1,3,2,1.
(14)
Step 8: Find error in voltage . .
. If it is less than
() =
() +
( ( ))
for
0.00001 then load flow is converged otherwise go to step 3.
Step 9: Once load flow is converged bus voltages and branch
j=nb,nb-1,3,2,1.
(15)
currents are known then find power loss using eqns. (9-12)
=
+
(16)
Step 10: Stop.
3. Updating effective load at each node with including losses.
B. Algorithm for proposed load flow solution (Power basis)
+
(17)
=
Step 1: Read system data.
4. Finding voltage at each bus and losses in each branch.
Step 2: Initialize the bus voltages as ( ) = 1.0
( )=
( ) ( )+
( ) ( ) 0.5
Step 3: For first iteration, calculate effective load PLE and
| ( ( ))| for j=1,2,nb
(18)
QLE in backward sweep by using eqn. (14-16).
( ) [ ( ) + ( )]
()=
() +
Step 4: Calculate effective power with including losses by
()
for j=1,2,..,nb
(19)
using eqn. (17).
Step 5: Calculate the voltages at each bus and losses in all
| ( ( ))| = [ ( ) ( )]
branches in forward direction using eqn. (18-22).
for j=1,2,nb
(20)
( )
( )
Step 6: Find
in backward sweep using eqns.
( ( ))
( )=
| ( ( ))|
(23-24).
for j=1,2,nb
(21)
Step 7: Find mismatch in power in two successive iterations.
( )
( )
( ( ))
If it is less than 0.0001 then load flow is converged otherwise
( )=
| ( ( ))|
go to step 4.
for j=1,2,nb
(22)
Step 8: Stop.
5. Finding effective losses to be supplied by each node.
The overview of the load flow methods are explained briefly
() =
() +
() +
()
in Table 1.
for j=nb,nb-1,.,2,1.
(23)
() =
() +
() +
()
Table I
OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ALGORITHMS
Method
Aravindha
babu[10]
J H Teng [17]
K v s murthy[16]
Das & Kothari [5]
Das & Ghosh [8]
K Naga Raju [15]
Proposed LF (PB)

Description
Form C Matrix. Calculate load currents. Calculate the branch currents using [C] and IL. Find voltages &
check for convergence
Form BIBC & BCBV matrices. Calculate load currents. Using BIBC, BCBV & IL find Voltage and check
for convergence.
Form BINP & LLNP matrices. Find out effective load at each bus Using BINP, LLNP & Load. Using Eff.
power, find V and losses and check for convergence.
Form IE, IB and N matrices. Find out effective power at each bus using IE,IB & N. Using Eff. power, find
V and losses and check for convergence.
Form IE, IB and N matrices. Find load currents. Find out branch currents using IE, N & load currents. Find
Voltages & check for convergence.
Form mt, mf, adn & adb matrices. With these, Find out effective power at each bus. Using Eff. power, find
V and losses and check for convergence.
Find the effective power at each bus. Using eff. power, find the voltages & losses and check for
convergence.

Convergence
criteria
Voltage Mismatch
Voltage Mismatch
Voltage Mismatch
Power Mismatch
Voltage Mismatch
Voltage Mismatch
Power Mismatch

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014
Proposed LF (CB)

Find the branch currents in all the branches. Using, IBR, Find Voltages and check for convergence.

C. Model of Load growth

For future expansion and planning of the distribution
systems, it is desirable that a system engineer must know the
future estimate of the system solutions for planning and
expansion or the efficient operation of distribution systems.
The load growth pattern is essential to know for future
planning and expansion of the distribution systems. In this
paper work, load growth is modeled as:
= Load (1 + r)
r =annual growth rate
m=plan period up to which feeder can take the load
In this paper work r=0.07 and m=5. The load growth is
incorporated for all the systems to consider the impact of load
growth on voltage profile, total real and reactive power losses,
number of iterations and convergence time.
D. Load model [13, 15]
In conventional load flow studies, it is presumed that active
and reactive power demands are specified constant values,
regardless of the amplitude of voltages in the same bus. In
actual power systems operation, different categories and types
of loads such as residential, industrial, and commercial loads
are present. The nature of these types of loads is such that
their active and reactive powers are dependent on the voltage
and frequency of the system. Moreover, load characteristics
have significant effects on load flow solutions and
convergence ability. Common static load models for active
and reactive power are expressed in a polynomial or an
exponential form. The characteristic of the exponential load
models can be given as:

Voltage Mismatch

exponents can cause specific load types such as: 0, constant

power; 1, constant current; 2, constant impedance.
E. Polynomial load model
In this paper, a realistic static load model is considered that
represents the power-voltage relationship as a polynomial
equation of voltage magnitude. It is usually referred to as the
ZIP model, as it is made up of three different load models:
constant impedance (Z), constant current (I) and constant
power (P). The real and reactive power
(25)characteristics of ZIP
load model are given as [38].
=

Where, the sum of the ZIP load coefficients for both P, and Q
loads is equal to 1.
+ + =1, + + =1
= =0.2, = =0.5
In this paper work = =0.3,
Po and Qo are the real and reactive power consumed at a
reference voltage Vo.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSONS

The proposed load flow methods are tested on IEEE 15

bus, IEEE 30 bus radial distribution systems. The proposed
method is also compared with six other existing load flow
methods. Table 2 gives total real power loss and number of
iterations for IEEE 30 bus system under different load models,
different load conditions, load growth and R/X ratios. Table
III gives voltage profile for IEEE 15 bus system with six
existing load flow methods along with proposed methods with
=
(26)
constant power load model.
Table IV gives total power losses, number of iterations and
(27)
=
cpu time for IEEE 15 and 69 bus systems. From Table II and
and
stand for load exponents, and
stand for
where
Table IV, it is seen that the proposed method is better than the
the values of the active and reactive powers at the nominal other six existing methods. It can be concluded that the
voltages.
and
stand for load bus voltage and load proposed method is robust and reliable for RDSs in all cases,
nominal voltage, respectively. Special values of the load and it can be said the proposed method has faster convergence
ability than the other six existing methods.
Table II
COMPARISON OF LOAD FLOW RESULTS FOR IEEE 30 BUS RDS WITH DIFFERENT LOAD FLOW METHODS

Diff cases

50% of
Nominal
load
Nominal
Load

Load
model
CI
CP
CZ
ZIP
CI
CP
CZ
ZIP
CI

Aravindh[10], j
h teng [17]
tpl
it
181.042
2
197.464
4
167.307
4
184.326
3
724.167
2
874.411
5
620.875
4
753.738
3
1223.84
2

D & K [5]
tpl
181.137
197.268
166.406
184.515
726.147
869.856
608.136
757.525
1230.46

D & G [8]
it
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

tpl
181.032
197.464
167.137
184.341
724.041
874.411
618.654
754.088
1223.51

K V S M [16]
it
4
4
4
3
5
5
6
5
6

tpl
181.031
197.462
167.216
184.351
724.122
874.420
619.601
754.274
1223.71

it
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
4

K N R [15]
tpl
181.137
197.462
167.235
184.516
726.147
874.426
620.092
754.185
1230.46

it
2
4
3
2
2
4
3
3
2

Proposed LF
(PB)
tpl
it
181.137
3
197.268
3
166.406
3
184.516
3
723.858
4
874.204
4
620.092
4
757.525
3
1222.65
4

Proposed LF
(CB)
tpl
181.0412
197.464
167.307
184.326
724.167
874.411
620.875
753.738
1223.84

it
2
4
4
3
2
5
4
3
2

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014
130% of
Nominal
load

CP
CZ
ZIP
CI
CP
CZ
ZIP
CI

1586.41
1005.18
1293.88
1424.55
1896.12
1153.29
1514.83
796.584

5
5
4
2
5
5
4
2

1585.33
1003.04
1306.21
1434.02
1894.33
1150.49
1532.36
799.379

3
3
2
2
3
3
2
2

1586.41
999.139
1295.04
1424.09
1896.12
1145.39
1516.48
796.405

5
7
5
6
5
8
6
5

1586.51
1001.46
1295.48
1424.39
1896.31
1148.31
1517.06
796.518

4
5
4
5
4
5
4
4

1586.51
1003.04
1295.22
1434.01
1896.31
1150.49
1517.06
799.379

4
3
3
2
4
3
4
2

1585.33
1003.04
1295.22
1422.77
1894.33
1150.49
1516.72
796.124

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

1586.41
1005.18
1293.88
1424.55
1896.12
1153.29
1514.83
796.584

5
5
4
2
5
5
4
2

Increase in
R by 10%

CP
CZ
ZIP
CI

980.67
674.936
832.496
724.167

Increase in
X by 10%

CP
CZ
ZIP

877.224
619.303
754.38

5
5
3
2
5
4
3

974.314
658.560
837.828
726.134
872.509
606.348
758.130

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

980.674
671.508
833.078
724.054
877.225
617.459
754.674

5
6
5
5
5
6
5

980.692
672.896
833.349
724.126
877.234
618.244
754.829

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

980.351
673.477
833.226
726.134
877.006
618.811
754.741

4
3
3
2
4
3
3

980.351
673.477
837.828
723.861
877.006
618.811
758.130

4
4
3
4
4
4
3

980.674
674.936
832.496
724.167
877.224
619.303
754.38

5
5
3
2
5
4
3

Load
Growth

Table II
RESULTS FOR IEEE 15 BUS RDS
Bus No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Aravindh[10], J H
Teng [17]
1
0.97128289
0.95666911
0.95090482
0.94991804
0.95822212
0.95599871
0.95694495
0.96797044
0.96689712
0.94995215
0.94582865
0.94451724
0.94860806
0.94843956

D & K [5]

D & G [8]

K V S M [16]

K N R [15]

1
0.9712879
0.95667458
0.95091029
0.94992352
0.95822716
0.95600374
0.95694999
0.96797545
0.96690213
0.94995765
0.94583415
0.94452273
0.94861354
0.94844503

1
0.971282891
0.956669112
0.950904819
0.949918044
0.958222123
0.955998708
0.95694495
0.967970438
0.966897118
0.949952153
0.945828654
0.944517237
0.948608061
0.948439559

1
0.97128276
0.95666889
0.95090456
0.94991778
0.95822193
0.9559985
0.95694475
0.96797029
0.96689697
0.94995188
0.94582836
0.94451693
0.94860779
0.94843928

1
0.97128283
0.95666896
0.95090463
0.94991784
0.95823132
0.95600792
0.95695416
0.96797036
0.96689703
0.94995194
0.94582841
0.94451698
0.94860785
0.94843935

Proposed LF
(PB)
1
0.97128798
0.95667466
0.95091038
0.9499236
0.95823659
0.9560132
0.95695943
0.96797553
0.96690222
0.94995773
0.94583423
0.94452282
0.94861362
0.94844512

Proposed LF
(CB)
1
0.9712836
0.95667145
0.95091209
0.94993872
0.95823345
0.95601418
0.95696041
0.96797232
0.96690295
0.9499595
0.94584994
0.94456411
0.9486288
0.9484603

Table IV
Aravindh[10], J
h teng[17]
TPL
TQL
ITER
TIME

61.7940
57.3041
4
0.03125

COMPARISON OF LOAD FLOW RESULTS FOR 15 BUS SYSTEMS

D & K [5]
D & G [8]
K V S M [16]
K N R [15]
Proposed LF
(PB)
15 bus system
61.78014
61.79404
61.7946
61.7943
61.7798
57.2905
57.3041
57.3047
57.2976
57.2835
2
4
3
3
3
0.056441
0.054306
0.043566
0.03604
0.03125

From the load flow analysis, the observations are

summarized as follows:
1. The load flow results obtained by [10] & [17] are same in
point of voltage profile, total power losses and number of
iterations. These methods are based on BIBC formulation.
2. D. Das, et. al [8] load flow method is converging in more
number of iterations than other methods.
3. The proposed load flow method (Current basis) is giving
same results with [10] & [17] without forming any matrices
(BIBC, BCBV)

Proposed LF
(CB)
61.79073
57.29705
4
0.03125

4. CI load model is converging with less number of iterations

than other load models.
5. CP load model is converging with more number of
iterations than other load models.
6. D. Das, et. al [5] is converging in less number of iterations.
But it is taking more time to converge.
7. The proposed load flow method (Power basis) is giving
same results with [5] without forming any matrix (IE).
8. Convergence time in descending order is D. Das, et. al [5] ,
D. Das, et. al [8] , K.V.S. Murty, et. al [16] , K. Nagaraju, et.
al [15], proposed method on current basis & power basis.

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 10 January 2014
[6] M. H. Haque, Load flow solution of distribution systems with voltage
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
The load flow methods which are widely used for
distribution systems load flow solution is analyzed on 30 bus
radial systems with different static load models. Six methods
have been applied to 30-bus distribution system. The results
have been evaluated under different loading conditions,
different R/X ratio, different static load models and
considering load growth also. The results show that the
proposed load flow method is simple and has fast convergence
ability. The proposed approach gives better results for bigger
systems also. The same proposed algorithm can be easily
applied to unbalance radial distribution systems also.
Two different RDSs have been considered for the analysis of
the proposed LF method. A comprehensive comparison has
been presented on the computation time and number of
iterations with five superior load flow methods. The effect of
load growth also has been investigated on IEEE 30 bus
system. This will be quite useful in making decisions at the
time of distribution system expansion and for planning the
future. It has been found from the case studies that the
proposed method has good and fast convergence
characteristics. Also, the proposed method is compared with
the standard existing load flow methods.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This is a part of the work that has been carried out under
the project sponsored by the Department of Science and
Technology, DST, New Delhi under the project grant:
SR/S3/EECE/0035/2012, SERB, New Delhi. The authors
acknowledge DST, New Delhi for the grant of the project.
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