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Project Report - Praveen Kumar
Project Report - Praveen Kumar
Project Report - Praveen Kumar
Project Guide:
2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank TATA STEEL LTD, for having provided me with an
unbelievable learning experience during the training. It was indeed a joy to be a
part of such a huge organization which is also the worlds sixth largest producer
of steel. It was indeed an experience of a lifetime.
Again, I take this opportunity to thank my guide Mr.MANOJ KUMAR for
having given me all the time I could have asked for to understand the problem,
proceed in the proper direction in order to analyse the problem, and provide
suitable solutions to the problems. I am indeed grateful for the amount of
interest and enthusiasm they displayed in my project work and make sure the
best environment was made available to me which has indeed gone a long way
in helping me successfully complete the project.
It is very important stage to mention another factor which made my stay
in TATA STEEL a very pleasant experience and that would be the warm and
friendly environment that existed in Engineering and Projects department. At
the end of the training period it really feels as if I was part of one big family. It
will definitely be one of the memories that I would cherish for a long time to
come.
Thanking you,
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project report on ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PIPE
CARRYING BRIDGE AND TRESTLES, submitted by DUSI V PRAVEEN KUMAR of
NIT Silchar is a record of efficient work done by him under my guidance. He has
completed the job successfully. His duration of project was from 7th May to 18th
June 2013.
The report contains sufficient calculations & relevant drawings
related to the subject matter under study & do fulfil all the requirements of the
work assigned to him for the vacation training project.
The Tata Steel Group, with a turnover of US$ 22.8 billion in FY '10, has over
80,000 employees across five continents and is a Fortune 500 company. Tata
steel completed 100 glorious years of existence on august 26, 2007 following the
ideals and philosophy laid down by its founder, Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. The
first private sector steel plant which started with a production capacity of
1,00,000 tonnes has transformed into global giant.
Tata Steel is a global player with a balanced presence in developed European
and fast growing Asias market and with a strong position in the construction,
automotive, and packaging markets.
Tata Steel is to be the global steel industry benchmark for value creation and
corporate citizenship.
Tata Steels vision is to be the worlds steel industry benchmark through the
excellence of its people, its innovative approach and overall conduct.
Underpinning this vision is a performance culture committed to aspiration
targets, safety and social responsibility, continuous improvement, openness and
transparency.
Tata Steels larger production facilities include those in India, the UK, the
Netherlands, Thailand, Singapore, China and Australia. Operating companies
within the Group include Tata Steel Limited (India), Tata Steel Europe Limited
(formerly Corus), NatSteel, and Tata Steel Thailand (formerly Millennium Steel).
Types of loads
Dead loads
Live load
Longitudinal load
Impact load
Wind load
Horizontal load
Upthrust load
Earth load
Temp effect
Deformation stress
Secondary stress
Erection stress
Seismic force
Project Details
Project Title: Analysis and Design of Pipe carrying steel structure Bridge and
Trestle.
Given:
10 m
1.65 m
m
1.65 m
m
1.75 m
m
1.65 m
3m
20 m
3m
Other Data:
Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3
Muck (live load) = 1200 kg/m3
[Note: Muck is sediment formation inside CO gas pipe which is assumed to be
occupying 1/3rd area of the pipe (worst case) and is periodically removed.]
The pipes are continuous and the next trestle support is at 6m, hence the
projected pipe influence is 3m in length.
Preliminary Planning:
In order to proceed further, exterior has to be planned judiciously with some
assumptions, which get refined with experience.
Depth of the Bridge:
This depends on the type of loading, ie. Light, medium, heavy. As the loading
increases light to heavy the depth should increase and this is governed by span
to depth ratio which can be enumerated as follows:
Basing on experience our project guide has guided us that this is medium
loading and span to depth ratio is taken as 12 and after fine tuning to a rational
no. depth is arrived at 1.65 m.
No. of panels in front view truss:
Firstly to simplify the design some degree of symmetry is incorporated. Hence
the diagonal members are arranged in back slash up until middle and forward
slash for the rest. Usually to satisfy the above requirement and to avoid
indeterminacy even no. of panels is preferred. Also along with this to ensure
practical feasibility and aesthetics the diagonal member is inclined at around
range.
Keeping the above points in view, the end panels are of length 1.75m and the
intermediate panels are of length 1.65m.
Accordingly the horizontal bracings in the top and bottom truss systems, (that
resist wind loads) are laced continuously.
Estimation of Loads:
1. Dead Load (DL)
a. DL of CO pipe (2 nos.)
Diameter () = 500mm
Thickness (t) = 10mm
Density of steel () = 78.5 kN/m
DL = 2**(0.512 -0 .492)/4 kN/m
= 2.47kN/m.
b. DL of water pipe (1 no.)
Diameter () = 300mm
Thickness (t) = 8mm
Density of steel () = 78.5 kN/m
DL = *(..3082 - .2922)/4 kN/m
= .60kN/m.
c. DL of truss = 2kN/m (assumption)
Total DL acting on Top chords of Vertical Truss = 5.07 kN/m
DL acting on Each Top Chord of Vertical Truss = 2.535 kN/m
Also, DL of projected pipe on ends of truss = 4.605 kN
2. Live Load
a. LL due to running water = 10**0.2922/4 kN/m
= .669 kN/m
b. LL due to Muck in CO pipes (2 Nos) :
Density of Muck = 12 kN/m3
Area of CO pipe, ACO= *.492/4 m2
Assumption : 1/3rd of cross sectional area of CO pipes is filled with
muck (worst case)
So, Maximum LL due to Muck = 2*ACO*12 kN/m
= 1.5 kN/m
Total LL acting on Top chords of Vertical Truss = 2.169 kN/m
LL acting on Each Top Chord of Vertical Truss = 1.085 kN/m
3. Wind Load:
Wind Loads are calculated according to IS 875 : 1984 Part 3
Basic Wind Speed, Vb = 47 m/s
Design Wind Speed at any height z, Vz = k1.k2.k3.Vb
Where,
= 210.693 N/m
Total Udl on all (three) pipes due to Wind, Wpt = 1.5*210.693
= 316.0395 N/m
Wind Load Udl on Lateral Truss :
Total Wind load udl on Windward Side Truss Wt = Cf*Ae*Pz/L
Cf on windward side depends on Solidity ratio ()
Solidity Ratio () =
Assuming ISLC 125 for Top Chord and Bottom Chord, ISA 65X65 for
Vertical and Diagonal members,
Windward Side truss,
Ae = 0.125 * 20 * 2 + (10 * 0.065 * (1.414 * 1.65)+2*0.065*2.405) + (13 * 1.65 * 0.065)
= 8.25 m2
So, Solidity Ratio () =
= 0.25
Cf = 1.35
[as per IS 875 Part 3, Table 28]
So, Wt1 = 1.35*8.25*1003.2/20
= 558.657 N/m
So, WL on Windward side Top Chord = 558.657/2 = 279.32 N/m
and WL on Windward side Bottom Chord = 558.657/2 = 279.32 N/m
Leeward Side Truss,
Total Wind load udl on Windward Side Truss Wt = Cf*Ae*Pz/L
Cf depends on screening factor
Since frame spacing ratio = 1
[as per IS 875 part 3]
= 0.85
Cf 0.85*1.35 =1.14
So, Wt2 = 1.14*8.25*1003.2/20
= 471.754 N/m
So, WL on Leeward side Top Chord = 471.754/2 = 235.877 N/m
and WL on Leeward side Bottom Chord = 471.754/2 = 235.877 N/m
Transferring WL on Pipe to Top chords of Windward Side and Leeward
side we have,
WL on Windward side Top Chord = 158.02+279.32 = 437.94 N/m
WL on Leeward side Top Chord = 158.02+235.87 = 393.89 N/m
WL on Windward side Bottom Chord = 279.32 N/m
WL on Leeward side Bottom Chord = 235.877 N/m
Analysis of horizontal truss system can be done by loading totally on
Windward side top chord and similarly Windward side bottom chord.
Wind Loading for Top Horizontal Truss,
Windward side Chord = 437.94 + 393.89 = 831.83 N/m = 0.83183 kN/m
End Joints (due to projected Pipe) = 0.316 *3 = 0.948 kN
Wind Loading for Bottom Horizontal Truss,
Windward side Chord = 393.89 + 235.88 = 629.77 N/m
Load Combinations :
As per IS 800 : 2007, for the design of steel structures as per limit state
design, following load combination have to be used
1. 1.5(DL + LL)
2. 1.2(DL + LL + WL)
Fig3: 1.2(DL+LL+WL) case, Plan view, Top Horizontal truss (kN,m units)
Structural Analysis :
Structural Analysis for above loads has been done manually using method of
joints, and is verified using the software modelling.
The Udls shown above are transformed into joint loads according to their length
of influence.
Method of Joints:
After transforming udls to joint loads the internal Axial forces are calculated by
drawing FBD of each joint and finding out the unknown forces after resolving
into mutually perpendicular axes.
Analysis for Load Combination 1.5(DL + LL):
Reactions:
R0 = R12 =
= 66.09 kN
Joint 0:
F25
R0
Joint 25:
16.541 kN
F25
F24
F26
Joint 1:
F26 F27
F0
F1
Joint 24:
F24
9.231kN
F23
F28
F27
Joint 2:
F28 F29
F1
F2
Joint 23:
F23 8.959kN
F22
F30
F29
Joint 3:
F30 F31
F2
F3
Joint 22:
F22
8.959kN
F21
F32
F31
Joint 4:
F32 F33
F3
F4
Joint 21:
F21 8.959kN
F20
F34
F33
Joint 5:
F34 F35
F4
F5
Joint 20:
F20 8.959kN
F19
F36
F35
Joint 19:
F19 8.959kN
F18
F37
Joint 6:
F36 F37
F5
F38
F6
Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images of this half
section.
Reactions:
R0 = R12 =
= 52.87 kN
Joint 0:
F25
F0 = 0
R0
Joint 25:
13.227 kN
F25
F24
F26
Joint 1:
F26 F27
F0
F1
Joint 24:
F24
7.385kN
F23
F28
F27
Joint 2:
F28 F29
F1
F2
Joint 23:
F23 7.167kN
F22
F30
F29
Joint 3:
F30 F31
F2
F3
Joint 22:
F22
7.167kN
F21
F32
F31
Joint 4:
F32 F33
F3
F4
Joint 21:
F21 7.167kN
F20
F34
F33
Joint 5:
F34 F35
F4
F5
Joint 20:
F20 7.167kN
F19
F36
F35
Joint 19:
F19 7.167kN
F18
F37
Joint 6:
F36 F37
F5
F38
F6
Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.
Analysis for Load Combination 1.2(DL + LL+WL), Plan View, Top Horizontal
truss:
Reactions:
R0,Top = R12 =
Joint 25:
2.013 kN
F23
F24
Joint 0:
F24 F25
F0
R0
Joint 1:
F38
F0
F1
Joint 24:
F23
1.697kN
F22
F25
F26
F38
= 11.12 kN
Joint 23:
F22 1.697kN
F21
F39
Joint 2:
F26 F39
F27
F1
F2
Joint 3:
F40
F2
F3
Joint 22:
F21
1.697kN
F20
F27
F28
F40
Joint 21:
F20 1.697kN
F21
F41
Joint 4:
F28 F41 F29
F3
F4
Joint 5:
F42
F4
F5
Joint 20:
F19 1.697kN
F18
F29
F30
F42
Joint 19:
F18 1.697kN
F17
F43
Joint 6:
F30 F43
F5
F31
F6
Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.
Analysis for Load Combination 1.2(DL + LL+WL), Plan View, Bottom Horizontal
truss:
Reactions:
R0 = R12 =
Joint 25:
0.66 kN
F23
F24
Joint 0:
F24 F25
F0
R0
Joint 1:
F38
F0
F1
Joint 24:
F23
1.283kN
F22
F25
F26
F38
= 7.55 kN
Joint 23:
F22 1.245kN
F21
F39
Joint 2:
F26 F39
F27
F1
F2
Joint 3:
F40
F2
F3
Joint 22:
F21
1.245kN
F20
F27
F28
F40
Joint 21:
F20 1.245kN
F21
F41
Joint 4:
F28 F41 F29
F3
F4
Joint 5:
F42
F4
F5
Joint 20:
F19 1.697kN
F18
F29
F30
F42
Joint 19:
F18 1.697kN
F17
F43
Joint 6:
F30 F43
F5
F31
F6
Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.
(WL)
Hence we can see the maximum compression occurs in Windward side top
chord and maximum tensile forces occur in Leeward side bottom chord. The
results of above analysis also prove the same.
So we design the top chords for maximum compressive forces and bottom chord
members for maximum tensile forces, since the direction of wind loads are
reversible in nature.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + LL) as compared to 1.2(DL+LL+WL) combination. This might be
as a result of less wind forces acting because of choice of Terrain, height and
structure factor (k2) while calculating design Wind Speeds.
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISMC 125 for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 73.04 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,
the section is O.K for compression.
Design for Tension Members
[Section 6: IS 800:2007]
Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension
Since,
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for vertical compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,
[Section 6: IS 800:2007]
Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for diagonal tensile members,
Since,
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85
L = length of member
[Section 6: IS 800:2007]
Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension
Assuming ISA 6060, t=6mm for diagonal tensile members,
Since,
TRESTLES:
They are vertical structures that transfer the loads from Pipes and bridge to the
foundations.
As per the problem statement we have a 4 legged trestle and a 2 legged trestle.
Shown below are the frontal and cross sectional views of 4 legged trestle and 2
legged trestle.
1.65 m
1.65 m
1.65 m
Load Combinations:
Since we have DL, LL and WL acting on the trestles, we have following load
combinations:
1. Pipe full condition : 1.2(DL+LL+WL)
2. Pipe empty condition : 1.5(DL+WL)
Structural Analysis :
The forces due to pipes and bridges transferred to trestles as reactions on
trestles. In addition to these loads the wind loads on trestles and Self weight
(DL) of trestle also have to be assumed or calculated.
Analysis for Pipes Full condition :: 1.2(DL+LL+WL) case :
This analysis is split into 1.2DL, 1.2LL and 1.2WL and then superimposed to get
full picture.
Analysis for 1.2 DL:
Reactions from top due to pipe and bridge self-weight:
(assumed)
Longitudinal direction
Lateral direction
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Section view
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
Joint 1:
F14
4.67kN
F1
Joint 14:
5.31 kN
F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15
0.64 kN
F12
Joint 4:
F25
F15
F1
F24
F2
Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
0.64kN
F11
F16
F23
Joint 11:
F11
F17
0.64kN
F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4
Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5
Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9
F21
Joint 9:
F9
0.66 kN
F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6
Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.341 kN
RH
F7
RWL, uplift
RH
RH
R1
R2
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
0.33kN
F1
Joint 14:
0.651 kN
F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15
0.64 kN
F12
Joint 2:
F25
F15
F1
F24
F2
Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
0.64kN
F11
F16
F23
Joint 11:
F11
F17
0.64kN
F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4
Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5
Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9
F21
Joint 9:
F9
0.66 kN
F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6
Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.341 kN
RH
F7
RWL, uplift
(assumed)
Lateral direction
Longitudinal direction
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
5.83kN
F1
Joint 14:
6.63 kN
F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15
0.80 kN
F12
Joint 4:
F25
F15
F1
F24
F2
Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
F16
F23
0.80kN
F11
Joint 11:
F11
F17
0.80kN
F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4
Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5
Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9
F21
Joint 9:
F9
0.83 kN
F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6
Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.426 kN
RH
F7
RWL, uplift
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Windward side
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
Joint 1:
F14
0.407kN
F1
Joint 14:
0.811 kN
F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15
0.8 kN
F12
Joint 2:
F25
F15
F1
F24
F2
Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
F16
F23
0.8kN
F11
Joint 11:
F11
F17
0.8kN
F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4
Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5
Joint 10:
F10
F22
0.8kN
F18
F9
F21
Joint 9:
F9
0.83 kN
F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6
Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.426 kN
RH
F7
RWL, uplift
Self-Weight of trestle
(assumed)
R0
Foundation Reactions
Axial forces induced in each column due to LL of pipes
Longitudinal direction
Lateral direction
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
Foundation Reaction
Self-Weight of trestle
(assumed)
Lateral direction
Longitudinal direction
Wind
Plan view
Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)
TRESTLES:
4-legged Trestle:
Summary of Above Structural Analysis:
As we can see in the Axial force diagrams, the Maximum Compressive force and
Maximum tensile force occurs in pipe empty load combination,
1.5(DL + WLlateral).
Accordingly,
Maximum Compressive force, column = -114.13 kN
Maximum tensile force, column = -39.63 kN
Maximum Compressive force diagonal members = -21.6 kN
Maximum tensile force diagonal members = 23.47 kN
Again, since the Wind forces are reversible in nature, we design the Column
section for Max compressive forces and diagonal members also for maximum
compressive forces.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + WLLateral), Pipe empty condition as compared to the case of
1.5(DL+WLlongitudinal), Pipe empty condition. This might be as a result of greater
Wind loads in Lateral direction as compared to longitudinal direction as the
effective area in contact with wind forces is greater in lateral direction
Structural Design for Induced Forces:
As shown in summary the column section are to be designed for maximum
compressive forces and the diagonal members also should be designed for their
maximum compressive forces.
Design is done using IS 800 : 2007 :
Maximum compressive forces are produced in columns for the case of
1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -114.13 kN
Design of Compression Members
Where,
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
OR
Assuming ISA9090 t=10mm for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 85.4 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,
Maximum compressive forces are produced in case of diagonal member for the
case of 1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -21.6 kN
Design of Compression Members
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for vertical compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,
The same section can be provided for horizontal member or ISA 6060 t=6mm
can be provided.
2-legged Trestle:
Summary of Above Structural Analysis:
As we can see in the Axial force diagrams, the Maximum Compressive force and
Maximum tensile force occurs in pipe empty load combination,
1.5(DL + WLlateral).
Accordingly,
Maximum Compressive force, column = -337.10 kN
Maximum tensile force, column = -234.288 kN
Maximum Compressive force diagonal members = -67.73 kN
Maximum tensile force diagonal members = 71.60 kN
Again, since the Wind forces are reversible in nature, we design the Column
section for Max compressive forces and diagonal members also for maximum
compressive forces.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + WLLateral), Pipe empty condition as compared to the case of
1.5(DL+WLlongitudinal), Pipe empty condition. This might be as a result of greater
Wind loads in Lateral direction as compared to longitudinal direction as the
effective area in contact with wind forces is greater in lateral direction
Structural Design for Induced Forces:
As shown in summary the column section are to be designed for maximum
compressive forces and the diagonal members also should be designed for their
maximum compressive forces.
Design is done using IS 800 : 2007 :
Maximum compressive forces are produced in columns for the case of
1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -337.10 kN
Design of Compression Members
Where,
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Maximum compressive forces are produced in case of diagonal member for the
case of 1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = - 67.73 kN
Design of Compression Members
[section 7 : IS 800:2007]
Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
The same section can be provided for horizontal member or ISA 6565 t=10mm
can be provided.
180
75
= 392.69 mm2
70
36
37
38
200
37
38
350
220
220
So, choose 25 mm thickness base plate for 4-legged trestles (ISA 9090 t=10mm).
2-legged trestle
Maximum uplift = 234.20 kN
25 % increase for future consideration = 1.25*234.20 = 292.75 kN
70
75
200
75
350
240
= 392.69 mm2
100
70
REFERENCES
www.google.com
www.Tatasteel.com
IS : 875 (Part 3)-1897
IS : 800 : 2007
SP : 6 steel tables.
Books :
Design of Steel structures SK Duggal.
Design of steel structures Ramamrutham