SEMINAR REPORT

ON

AERATED LAGOON
- PRESENTED BY

MR. VIRAT V. RAJPUT

Roll No: - CE15ME06

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF PUNE
Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF PUNE
Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007.

CERTIFICATE
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This is to certify that the Project Report entitled

Aerated lagoons
is submitted by
Mr. VIRAT V. RAJPUT,
Roll No: - CE15ME06
Pursuing M.Tech (Civil & Environmental Technology)

GUIDE
DEPARTMENT

HEAD OF

DR. ASHOK MORE

Contents
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Introduction
Special details
Aerated lagoon design parameters
Characteristics of Aerated Lagoons
Introduction to Facultative lagoons
Characteristics of Facultative lagoons
Operation and maintenance
Limitations

1 INTRODUCTION
What actually LAGOONS are3

 Lagoons are deep waste stabilization ponds -like bodies of water or

basins designed to receive, hold, and treat wastewater for a
predetermined period of time by artificial means of aeration.
In the lagoon, wastewater is treated through a combination of
physical, biological, and chemical processes.

TYPES OF LAGOONS
Anaerobic Lagoon - These lagoons are typically 6 to 30 feet deep. They have no
aerobic zones, which may cause the production of odors. The detention time can vary
from 20 - 50 days. These systems have typically been used to treat high strength
wastewater. The low-rate anaerobic process stabilizes organic matter, converting it to
carbon dioxide and methane. If sulfur is present, hydrogen sulfide, an odorous
compound, may be produced. Particulate matter that does not get degraded will settle to
the bottom.

Facultative Lagoon - These lagoons have both an aerobic zone and an anaerobic zone.
They are typically 4 to 8 feet deep, with a retention time around 25 days. Algae thrive
in the top layer of the lagoon and supply oxygen via photosynthesis. Aeration in the top
layer can also come from surface mixing due to wind. As depth increases the lagoon
gradually becomes anaerobic, with a sludge layer at the bottom. Biodegradable organic
matter is stabilized by both the anaerobic an aerobic processes, releasing methane and
carbon dioxide. Since the top layer contains oxygen, reduced compounds (e.g. H2S) can
be oxidized before leaving, preventing the release of odors. These lagoons are also
known as stabilization ponds.

Aerobic Lagoon - These lagoons are designed to be completely aerobic, stabilizing

organic matter at a higher rate than the other lagoons. The mechanism for providing
oxygen can vary greatly. If algal photosynthesis is the only source of oxygen, the
lagoon should allow light penetration through the entire water column. The depth
should not exceed 5 feet, and the detention time should be around 10 to 40 days.
Partial-mix Aerated Lagoon - These lagoons are supplied with oxygen by floating
surface aerators or submerged diffusers. The depth of these lagoons can be from 6 to 20
feet, with a detention time of 5 to 20 days. The combination of a greater depth and
shorter detention time makes the land requirement much less than the other lagoons.
However, the introduction of aeration devices increases the operation and maintenance
costs.
Completely Mixed Aerated Lagoons - These lagoons are used throughout developed
world, and can produce excellent effluent quality. They are designed and operated to
exclude algae by completely mixing the solids, and therefore blocking all light. Algae
can cause the effluent to exceed the total suspended solids (TSS) limit.

2. SPECIAL DETAILS
Distance from Habitation
A pond site should be located as far as practicable from habitation
or any area that may be built up within a reasonable future period,
taking into consideration site specifics such as topography,
prevailing winds, and forests. Buffer zones between the lagoon and
residences or similar land use should be at least 300 feet to
residential property lines, and 1000 feet to existing residence
structures.
Prevailing Winds
If practical, ponds should be located so that local prevailing winds will
be in the direction of uninhabited areas. Preference should be given
to sites that will permit an unobstructed wind sweep across the
length of the ponds in the direction of the local prevailing winds.
Surface Runoff
Location of ponds in watersheds receiving significant amounts of runoff
water is discouraged unless adequate provisions are made to divert storm
water around the ponds and protect pond embankments from erosion.
Water Table
The effect of the ground water location on pond performance and
construction must be considered.
Ground Water Protection
Ground Water Protection's main emphasis should be on site selection and
liner construction, utilizing mainly compacted clay. Proximity of ponds to
water supplies and other facilities subject to contamination and location in
areas of porous soils and fissured rock formations should be critically
evaluated to avoid creation of health hazards or other undesirable
conditions. The possibility of chemical pollution may merit appropriate
consideration. Test wells to monitor potential ground water pollution may
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be required and should be designed with proper consideration to water

movement through the soil as appropriate.
An approved system of ground water monitoring wells or lysimeters may be
required around the perimeter of the pond site to facilitate ground water
monitoring. The use of wells and/or lysimeters will be determined on a caseby-case basis depending on proximity of water supply and maximum ground
water levels. This determination will be at the site approval phase.
A routine ground water sampling program shall be initiated prior to and
during the pond operation, if required.
Floodwaters
Pond sites shall not be constructed in areas subject to 25-year flooding, or
the ponds and other facilities shall be protected by dikes from the 25-year
flood.

Pond Shape
The shape of all cells should be such that there are no narrow or elongated
portions. Round, square, or rectangular ponds should have a length to
width ratio near 1:1 for complete mix ponds. Rectangular ponds with a
length not exceeding three times the width are considered most desirable
for complete mix aerated lagoons. However, stabilization ponds should be
rectangular with a length exceeding three times the width, or be baffled to
ensure full utilization of the basin. No islands, peninsulas, or coves are
permitted. Dikes should be rounded at corners to minimize accumulations
of floating materials. Common dike construction should be considered
whenever possible to minimize the length of exterior dikes.
Recirculation
Recirculation of lagoon effluent may be considered. Recirculation systems
should be designed for 0.5 to 2.0 times the average influent wastewater
flow and include flow measurement and control.
Flow Measurement
The design shall include provisions to measure, total, and record the
wastewater flows.
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Level Gauges
Pond level gauges should be located on outfall structures or be attached to
stationary structures for each pond.
Pond Dewatering
All ponds shall have emergency drawdown piping to allow complete
draining for maintenance.
Sufficient pumps and appurtenances should be available to facilitate
draining of individual ponds in cases where multiple pond systems are
constructed at the same elevation or for use if recirculation is desired.
Control Building
A control building for laboratory and maintenance equipment should be
provided.

General Site Requirements

The pond area shall be enclosed with an adequate fence to keep out
livestock and discourage trespassing, and be located so that travel along
the top of the dike by maintenance vehicles is not obstructed. A vehicle
access gate of width sufficient to accommodate mowing equipment and
maintenance vehicles should be provided. All access gates shall be
provided with locks. Cyclone-type fences, 5 to 6 feet high with 3 strands of
barbed wire, are desirable, with appropriate warning signs required.
Provision for Sludge Accumulation
Influent solids, bacteria, and algae that settle out in the lagoons will not
completely decompose and a sludge blanket will form. This can be a
problem if the design does not include provisions for removal and disposal
of accumulated sludge, particularly in the cases of anaerobic stabilization
ponds and aerated lagoons. The design should include an estimate of the
rate of sludge accumulation, frequency of sludge removal, methods of
sludge removal, and ultimate sludge handling and disposal. Abandoning
and capping of the lagoon is an acceptable solution. However, the design
life shall be stated in the report.

3. Aerated Lagoons Design Parameters

Depth
Depth should be based on the type of aeration equipment used, heat loss
considerations, and cost, but should be no less than 7 feet. In choosing a
depth, aerator erosion protection and allowances for ice cover and solids
accumulation should be considered.
Influent Structures and Pipelines
The same requirements apply as described for facultative systems, except
that the discharge locations should be coordinated with the aeration
equipment design.
Interconnecting Piping and Outlet Structures
a. Interconnecting Piping
The same requirements apply as described for facultative systems.
b. Outlet Structure
The same requirements apply as described for facultative systems, except
for variable depth requirements and arrangement of the outlet to withdraw
effluent from a point at or near the surface. The outlet shall be preceded by
an underflow baffle.
Number of Ponds
Not less than three basins should be used to provide the detention time
and volume required. The basins should be arranged for both parallel and
series operation. A settling pond with a hydraulic detention time of 2 days
at average design flow must follow the aerated cells, or an equivalent of
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the final aerated cell must be free of turbulence to allow settling of

suspended solids.

Aeration Equipment
A minimum of two mechanical aerators or blowers shall be used to provide
the horsepower required. At least three anchor points should be provided
for each aerator. Access to aerators should be provided for routine
maintenance which does not affect mixing in the lagoon. Timers will be
required.

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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROBIC LAGOONS

1. Dissolved oxygen is present throughout much of the depth of aerobic

lagoons.
2. They tend to be much shallower than other lagoons.
3. They are better suited for warm, sunny climates, where they are less
likely to freeze.
4. HRT = 3 to 10 days
5. SS concentration between 60 to 300mg/l
6. The BOD removal is of order of 75 to 85%
7. Oxygenation requirement is of order of .7 to 1.3 kg per kg of BOD
removed.

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5. FACULTATIVE AEROBIC LAGOONS

Three types of zones are present
Aerobic Zone-organisms decompose the waste present in wastewater in presence of
OXYGEN
Anaerobic Zone-organisms present in this zone carry out the process of decomposition
in absence of oxygen i.e. they use the combined form of the oxygen that is present in the
organic matter.
Facultative Zone-organisms in this zone adjust according to the zonal change and adjust
themselves according to the conditions.
HRT (HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME) is higher than aerobic lagoons because time
requires for the solids to settle and for many pathogens viruses to either die off or settle out.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF FACULTATIVE LAGOONS

SS concentration is ranging from 30 to 150 mg/l
Detention time ranges from 7 to 10 days.
BOD removal are of order 75 to 90%
Oxygenation requirement is about .8 kg per kg of BOD

7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE-

7.1 For aerated lagoon

Any earthen structures used as impoundments must be

periodically inspected. If left unchecked, rodent damage can cause
severe weakening of lagoon embankments.

In submerged diffused aeration, the routine application of HCl gas

in the system is used to dissolve accumulated material on the
diffuser units.

The use of submerged perforated tubing for diffused aeration

requires maintenance and cleaning on a routine basis to maintain
design aeration rates.

7.2 For Facultative Lagoon

Most facultative lagoons are designed to operate by gravity
flow. The system is not maintenance intensive and power
costs are minimal because pumps and other electrically
operated devices may not be required.
Earthen structures used as impoundments must be
inspected for rodent damage.

8. Limitations for both of the lagoons:

There are certain limitations of both of the types of lagoons which
are discussed belowFor aerobic aerated lagoon
Aerated lagoons may experience ice formation on the water
surface during cold weather periods

Reduced rates of biological activity also occur during cold

weather

Formation of ice on Floating Aerators.

For facultative lagoons
The inability of the process to meet a 30 mg/L limit for TSS due to
the presence of algae in the effluent.

Odors may be a problem in the spring and fall during periods of

excessive algal blooms and unfavorable weather conditions.