LAB MANUAL

REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

Estd. 2004

Prepared by
(Department of Mechanical Engineering)

LAKSHMI NARAiN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bhawrasala, Sanwer Road, Rewati Range, 453 331 Indore

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,

INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Name of the Lab. Refrigeration & Air-conditioning (ME-803)
S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

DESCRIPTION
Study the Vapour Compression System.
Study the Electrolux Refrigeration.
General Study of a Water Cooler.
Flaring and Swaging of a Copper Tube.
General Study of a Leak Detector (Halide Torch).
General Study of a Window Type Air-Conditioner.
Study of a Deep Freezer.
Study & Analysis of a Force Draft Cooling Tower.
Study of Thermostatic Expansion Valve.
Experiment on Ice Plant to Calculate COP & Heat Loss.
Charging of New Refrigerant by Using Gas Charging Kit.
Study of a Psychrometer.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)

________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 1
OBJECTIVE:
Study the Vapour Compression System (Test Rig).
INTRODUCTION:
The process of refrigeration is most commonly accomplished by the evaporation
of a liquid refrigerant, thereby extracting heat from the medium to be cooled. The
refrigeration cycle is then composed chiefly of four further steps, whose purpose
is to remove this heat from the evaporating refrigerant by again putting it in the
liquid state in order that it may be used repeatedly in a continuous process.
The standard vapour compression cycle consists of the following processes.
Process: 1-2
Reversible adiabatic compression from the saturated vapour to the condenser
pressure.
Process: 2-3
Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure de-superheating and condensation.
Process: 3-4
Irreversible constant enthalpy expansion from saturated liquid to evaporator
pressure.
Process: 4-1
Reversible heat addition at pressure (evaporation to saturated vapour.)
STANDARD VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE:
Refrigerants such as R-12 / R-22 (commonly known as Freon) are used as the
working medium because of their properties, which are required as refrigeration
cycles.
Performance of Standard Vapour Compression Cycle:
Process 1-2 is the compression process wherein mechanical work is to be
supplied (usually in the form of electrical energy) to a compressor. This is the
quantity to be spent.
Process 4-1 represents the useful refrigeration effect.
The index of performance is defined as co-efficient of performance (not as
efficiency, as for heat engines).
C.O.P. is defined as follows:
C.O.P. =

Useful Refrigeration (output)

Net compressor work (input)

(The standard vapour compression can also be shown on a T- chart as shown

below).
A Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of all reversible process:

It will have the highest coefficient of performance when operating between any
temperature limits.
C.O.P. of A Carnot refrigeration is defined as follows:
T1
C.O.P. (CARNOT) = T2 T1
Note:
Carnot cycle C.O.P. depends only on condenser and evaporator temperature.
Carnot is an ideal cycle. It cannot be constructed in practice. However, it is used
as a guideline for comparison.
Difference between Carnot Cycle & Standard Vapour Compression Cycle.
1) Process 1-2 is a wt compression process on Carnot cycle whereas it is a dry
compression process in SVCC.
2) Process 3-4 is a reversible process in Carnot cycle whereas it is an irreversible
process in SVCC.
Actual Vapour Compression Cycle:
The actual vapour compression cycle when practically constructed will differ
from the standard vapour compression cycle.
(Note: This could be because of using an intercooler which actually sub cools the
condensate and slightly superheats the vapour before it enters the compressor).
Standard Vapour Compression Cycle (SVCC) and Actual Compression Cycle
(AVCC) are both drawn on the same p-h chart as shown below:
1234

: Standard Vapour Compression Cycle.

11 21 31 41 : Actual Compression Cycle.

TEST READING:
Duration of Test

= 30 minutes

P1- Suction pressure to the compressor

= 17 PSI

P2- Discharge pressure out from compressor

= 132 PSI

T1- Temp. of vapour refrigerant inlet to compressor

= -5 o C

T2- Temp. of vapour refrigerant outlet from condenser

= 49.3 o C

T3- Temp. of liquid refrigerant outlet from condenser

=33.3 o C

T4- Temp. of liquid refrigerant outlet from expansion device = -6.2 o C

Discharge of the Refrigerant

= 9.5 LPH

Energy meter constant

= 750 rev/Kwh

Time taken for 10 revolution

=123 sec

Mass of water taken in the chiller

= 12.5 kg

Initial water temperature

= 24.1o C

Final water temperature

= 9.9o C

Time taken for drop in initial to final temperature

= 30 min (1800 sec)

Drop in temperature

= 14.2o C

MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR REFERENCE:

1. Power input to compressor =
=
2. Refrigeration effect (Q)

No. of e/m rev 3600

Time taken for no. of e/m rev E/m Constant
10 3600
123 750

= 0.39 KW

Mw cp T = kW
Time taken fro drop in initial to final temp.

Mw = Mass of water in chiller

Cp = Specific heat of water (4.1868 Kj / kg o C)
T = Drop in water temperature
12.5 4.1868 14.2
=
1800
3. C.O.P. actual

Refrigeration effect
= Work done by the compressor
0.412
= 0.390

THEORETICAL C.O.P.

= 0.412 KW

= 1.056

Locate 1, 2, 3, and 4 on P.h Chart for R-12 / 143a using (P1 T1), (P2 T2) T3 & T4
read specific enthalpy values at 1, 2, 3 & 4
h1

= 190 kj / kg

h2

= 215 kj / kg

h3

h4 = 80 kj / kg

h1 - h4
Theoretical C.O.P. = h2 - h1

190 - 80
215 180

= 4.40

OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Before starting the unit please observe and not the following points:
a. All the hand shut valves should be opened except charging line valve which
should not be touched.
b. P1/P2 indicates suction and discharge pressure gauges.
c. Provide a single- phase 15 amp 3-pin socket power supply close to the unit.
d. Now put the main switch on.
e. Decide which system you are going to use first. For thermostatic expansion
valve (TEV) close any one capillary operated valve.
NOTE:
Only one system of expansion can be used at a time.
(Rotate thermostat in clockwise direction to start the compressor, in an anticlockwise direction to stop the compressor).

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 2
OBJECTIVE:
Study the Electrolux Refrigeration (Test Rig).
To determine the C.O.P. of the system
INTRODUCTION:
Laws:1) Pressure is increased when a gas is heated.
2) Liquid flows by the gravitational force. This is based upon the Daltons
law.
3) Some chemicals miscible when they are cool, but if they are heated they gets
separated without any chemical reaction.
In a vapor absorption system ammonia is used as a refrigerant. Water is used as
absorbent and hydrogen is used as a pressure reducing device.
FUNCTION:
1) GENRATOR:
Water and ammonia mixture (aqua ammonia) which comes from the absorber is
heated with any type of heat energy (like- electric heater, blow lamp or candle).
When the aqua ammonia is heated it changes in the vapor form and travels to a
separator.
2) SEPARATOR:
Separator has fins inside it. Due to these fins aqua ammonia vapors are stopped
& water vapors are changed into water drops and falls in the separator. Water flow
to the absorber and ammonia vapors flow to the condenser.
3) CONDENSER:
Ammonia vapors are cooled here and it changes in the liquid state and collects in
U tube. U tube allows flowing only liquid ammonia to the evaporator.
4) EVAPORATOR:
Here a hydrogen as is already available in the evaporator, which acts as a neutral
gas. When high pressure liquid ammonia strikes with hydrogen gas, the pressure
of liquid ammonia is reduced, and starts boiling at low temperature and low
pressure. During boiling it absorbs the heat of the surroundings of an evaporator
and changes into vapor form. These ammonia vapors returns to the absorber with
hydrogen.

5) ABSORBER:
Water comes from separator to the absorber. Ammonia vapors are mixed with
water and flows back to the generator, and hydrogen flows up automatically to
the evaporator as it is light in weight.

DESCRIPTION:
The Electrolux refrigerator is self contained and further mounted on a MS frame
with temperature indicator and selector switch to measure the temperature at
different points.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the mains chord to the 220 V supply.
2. Switch on the switch named mains on now the system is on. Note down the
initial readings.
3. Allow the system to run for about 4 hours and take down the final readings.
An ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system may be regarded as a
combination of a Carnot Engine and a Carnot Refrigerator. So the maximum
C.O.P. may be regarded as:
C.O.P. max = C.O.P. Carnot Carnot
As, the heat is discharged in different temperature in condenser and evaporator the
formula can be written as:
C.O.P. max =

(T5 T4)
(T2 T3) (T5 T4)

Actual C.O.P. of the system is =

C.O.P. Actual =

(T2 T1) (T3 T2)

(T2 T1)

Heat absorbed by Refrigerant

Work done (i.e. heat added by generator)

T5 T4
T2 T1

TEMPERATURE DETAILS:
T1= Refrigerant inlet temperature to generator
T2= Refrigerant outlet temperature of generator
T3= Refrigerant outlet temperature of condenser
T4= Refrigerant inlet temperature of evaporator
T5= Refrigerant outlet temperature of evaporator

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 3
OBJECTIVE:
General study of a Water Cooler.
INDTRODUCTION:
The water cooler is a special use of a refrigerating mechanism. It is used to cool
water on tap at a drinking purpose. The usual hermetic compression
refrigerating system is used. The refrigerant control is a capillary tube.
Since the demand of drinking water is very irregular, it is necessary that it have
some hold-over capacity. Still it must not over cool the water. The necessary
capacity is provided by using either an insulated tank or large cooling surfaces in
the evaporator.
A thermostat with the control bulb attached to the water tank or evaporator, which
maintains the desired drinking water temperature around 10oC
WORKING & THEORY:
The water cooler cabinet usually has a sheet metal housing built around a steel
frame work. Inside this sheet metal housing there is usually a condensing unit,
located near the floor. Above is the water cooling mechanism. Some water coolers
also have a heater providing hot water. This cabinet is made so that one or more
sides may be easily removed to gain access to the interior. The tap water model
uses a variety of evaporator designs.
Liquid refrigerant flows from the bottom of the condenser through the liquid line,
into a filter-drier and into the capillary tube. As it flows into the evaporator, it
vaporizes and absorbs heat from the evaporator surface. The evaporator is either
adjacent to surrounds the drinking water coil or water cooling tank, from the
evaporator, the refrigerant vapour goes into an accumulator in the suction line
(The accumulator stops any liquid refrigerant from flowing into the suction line
and on into the motor-compressor).
From the accumulator, the vapour is drawn into the motor-compressor where it is
pumped into the condenser; here the heat picked up in the evaporator is released.
Meanwhile, the refrigerant returns to a liquid and collects in the bottom of the
condenser. From here, the cycle is repeated.
CONCLUSION:
Thus the water is cooled in a water cooler. Temperature of the cooled water may
be set by the person regulating the cooling unit. Clean materials must be used for
all water passages.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 4
OBJECTIVE:
Flaring and Swaging of a Copper Tube.
INTRODUCTION:
Since copper tubing walls are too thin for threading other methods of joining
tubing to tubing and tubing to fitting are used.
1) Flaring: Flaring is done to join the tubing to fittings.
2) Swaging: Swaging is done to join the tubing to tubing.
1) FLARING:
When connecting tubing to fittings, it is common practice to flare the ends of the
tube and to use fittings designed to grip the flare for a vapour tight seal.
TOOlS REQUIRED:
Flaring tool (flaring block & yoke), tube cutter, reamer and smooth mill file.
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
Copper tube - 15 cm long, flare nut- , connector- and refrigerant oil.
PROCEDURE:
Carefully prepare the end of the 15 cm long copper tube with reamer and smooth
mill file. The burr from the end must be removed. Place the flare nut on the tube
with the open end toward the end of the tube. Insert the tube in the flaring block
so that it extends above the surface of the block. This allows enough metal to
form a full flare. To form the flare first put a drop of refrigerant oil on the flaring
yoke spinner where it will contact the tubing. Tighten the spinner against the tube
end one-half turn and back it off one-quarter turn. Advance it three quarters of a
turn and again back it off one-quarter turn. Repeat the forward movement and
backing off until the flare is formed.
CONLCUSION:
When a proper flare is formed, the flare nut can be easily tightened on a
connector. Thus the tubing to fittings joint is completed.
PRECAUTION:
Copper tube end must be straight and square with the tube. No filing should enter
the tubing. Flare should not be too long or short in size. Do not tighten up the

spinning yoke too much because this will thin the wall of the tubing at the flare
and weaken it.
2) SWAGING:
Swaging permits two pieces of soft copper tubing of the same diameter to be
joined together without the use of fittings. It is more convenient to braze one joint
then to make two flared connections.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Flaring block, punch type swaging tool, hammer, tube cutter, reamer and smooth
mill file.
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
Copper tube (2 pieces of 15 cm long).
PROCEDURE:
Carefully prepare the end of the 15 cm long copper tube with reamer and smooth
mill file. The burr from the end must be removed. Then the copper tubing is
inserted into the correct hole size () is inserted into the copper tubing and
hammered down until it has entered the tubing the desired distance (equal to
diameter of the tubing).
CONCLUSION:
By expanding one end of the tubing, another piece of the tube is fitted together.
Now the joint is ready for brazing.
PRECAUTION:
Copper tube end must be expanded properly so that the clearance between the
tubes should be 0.5 to 0.3 mm only. The length of the overlap should be equal to
the outside diameter (OD) of the tubing. This will help to make a perfect brazed
joint of tubings.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 5
OBJECTIVE:
General Study of a Leak Detector (Halide Torch)
INTRODUCTION:
Leak detectors are used to locate the refrigerant leaks of a refrigerating system.
Leaks in a refrigerating system are usually very tiny. Therefore, detecting devices
must be very sensitive. Most commonly used are soap bubbles, the halide torch
detector and an electronic leak detector.
WORKING OF A HALIDE TORCH:
Halide torch is used to trace a leak of the halogen refrigerants like R-12, R-22, R11, R-500, R-502 etc. Alcohol, propane, acetylene and most other torches burn
with an almost colorless flame. If a strip of copper is placed in this flame, the
flame will continue to be almost colorless.
However if even the tiniest quantity of a halogen refrigerant is brought into
contact with this heated copper, the flame will immediately take on a light green
color. This principle is used tin halide torches to detect leaks in refrigeration
system.
The torch burner is at the top. One end of a rubber tube is connected into the base
of the burner. The other end is free to be moved about to various parts of
refrigeration system. The rubber tube will draw air from the open end into the
burner.
If the open end of the tube is brought near a leaking refrigeration connection,
some of the leaking refrigerant vapour will be drawn up the rubber tube into the
burner. Immediately, the color of the flame will change to green, indicating a leak.
CONCLUSION:
Thus we can trace a leak in the refrigerating system, but now a days Freon gases
are not advised to leak in the atmosphere to save the ozone layer and to avoid
global warming. Hence the refrigeration system is pressurized with dry nitrogen
and soap bubble test is performed to trace the leaky joint.
PRECAUTION:
While performing a leak test with halide torch care must be taken that no Freon
gas is emitted in the atmosphere around the refrigerating system, otherwise it will
change the color of a flame and there may be confusion in finding a leaky joint.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 6
OBJECTIVE:
General Study of a Window Type Air-conditioner.
INTRODUCTION:
Air can be heated or cooled; moisture can be added or subtracted to produce the
exact temperature & humidity required in each individual case. For human
comfort in office or residential rooms/halls the temperature should be between 230
C and the humidity should be between 50 & 60 %. Higher percentage of moisture
than this makes the cooled area uncomfortable and damp; also less moisture
makes it dry and chilly.
The normal temperature of a healthy human is 36.89 0 C or 98.40 F. The body
produces heat from the food intake & dissipates in form of calories. Further this
heat is converted into energy and stored for future use. The conservation process
and also all body movements not only consume the stored energy but add to the
heat generated. The human body constantly rejects the heat by way of convection,
radiation and evaporation. Hence a continuous conditioning of air inside a room is
essential, for human comfort.
DEFINITION OF AIR-CONDITIONING:
Air-conditioning is a process which heats, cools, filters and circulates air and
controls its moisture content. It does all these simultaneously & through out the
year basis. The air-conditioning then makes a change in the condition of air, in an
enclosed area.
WORKING:
The room air- conditioners are designed for cooling, dehumidifying and filtering
the air to make the room comfortable to be in during hot & humid weather. They
are self contained of mounting through the wall or in window. They provide free
delivery of conditioned air to a room. The unit includes a source of refrigeration
for cooling & dehumidification and means for filtering & circulating the air.
THEORY:
The room/window air conditioning unit has basically three functional systems.
1) Electrical 2) Refrigeration 3) Air flow path.
1) ELECTRICAL:
It includes hermetically sealed motor-compressor, electrical controls like selector
switch, and fan with its motor, thermostat, blower, running capacitor & wiring.

2) REFRIGRATION:
It includes compressor, condenser, strainer, capillary tube, evaporator and tubing.
3) AIR FLOW PATH:
It comprises of air intake and discharge grille, air, filter, vent control, blower, fan
blade etc.
OPERATION:
The room air is sucked in through the front grille (H) where the air passes through
the filter (G) and over the evaporator coils (C), (as shown in the figure). The filter
purifies the air, and the filtered air passes over the evaporator, through which the
low temperature liquid refrigerant is flowing. The air, being at a higher
temperature than the refrigerant in the evaporator, transfers its heat to the room by
the blower (F) via the front grille. At the exit of the evaporator the refrigerant
converts into a low pressure vapour because of the heat absorbed from the room
air.
This low pressure vapour is fed to the compressor (B). The compressor
compresses the low pressure vapour refrigerant to a higher pressure. Because of
the increase in pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant also correspondingly
increases, and at the entrance to the condenser (A) the refrigerant is a high
pressure, high temperature vapour. This part of the air conditioner is also called
the high-pressure side.
This high temperature refrigerant then flows through the condenser coils. The
outside ambient air which is a lower temperature than the refrigerant in the
condenser is sucked in through the vents in the outer cabinet and is made to flow
(E) over the condenser.
Since the refrigerant flowing through the condenser is at a higher temperature
than the air passing over it, it transfers its heat to the air and then condenses to a
liquid form. Therefore, the refrigerant while flowing out of the condenser is in the
form of a high pressure liquid.
This high pressure liquid refrigerant is then made to pas through an expansion
device, such a capillary tube. The capillary tube reduces the pressure of the
refrigerant, which then results in a corresponding drop in the temperature of the
liquid refrigerant.
Hence, the refrigerant exiting the capillary and entering the evaporator is in the
form of a low pressure, low temperature liquid. This low temperature and low
pressure liquid refrigerant flows through the evaporator coils and absorbs heat
from the rooms air that is passing over the evaporator, and in this way the airconditioning cycle continues. The evaporator side of the air-conditioner is also
called the low pressure side.
CONCLUSION:
Simply stated, a room air-conditioner performs four basic functions for the
human: it cools, dehumidifies, filters and controls the flow of the air, making the
room comfortable to be in when the weather is hot and humid.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 7
OBJECTIVE:
Study of a Deep Freezer (Chest-type).
INTRODUCTION:
The chest-type deep freezer has certain advantages since cold air is heavier than
warm air, the very cold air in a chest-type freezer does not spill out each time the
lid is opened. This stops a considerable amount of moisture from entering the
cabinet. There is little air change when the cabinet is opened.
To make chest-type deep freezers more convenient to use, they are usually fitted
with baskets. That may be lifted out to provide access to frozen food packages
near the bottom. Also, the lids usually have a counterbalancing mechanism which
makes them easy to open. A tight lid gives good illumination. The chest-type deep
freezer provides the most economical type of food freezing mechanism.
Most chest-type deep freezers require a manual defrost. But since so little
moisture enters the freezer, defrosting is usually not needed more than once or
twice a year. Most of the chest-type deep freezers have a drain which makes
removing the moisture from the cabinet quite easy. Remaining moisture must be
wiped out of the cabinet.
Cabinets are available in various capacities. Height and width are quite uniform.
However, the length will vary with the capacity of the deep freezer.
The normal operating temperature range for this freezer should be between -26 oC
and -15o C. The temperature control is wired into the motor circuit. It controls the
running time of the compressor to maintain desired cabinet temperatures.
WORKING & THEORY:
Mechanism consists of common parts. The hermetic compressor is located at the
lower right end.
The liquid refrigerant flows through the capillary tube and into the evaporator.
There evaporation of the refrigerant and cooling takes place.
The compressor draws the vaporized refrigerant through the compressor and
pumps it into the pre-cooler condenser on the back wall of the deep freezer. Here
it releases part of its latent heat of vaporization and sensible heat of compression.
From the pre-cooler condenser, the refrigerant passes back to the machine
compartment and through the oil cooling coil in the compressor dome. Here,
additional heat is picked from the coil. The compressed vapour then flows back to
the main condenser where additional heat is released to the atmosphere. The
refrigerant condenses from high-pressure vapour to high-pressure liquid.

Since the condenser tubes are in contact with the outer shell of the cabinet, heat
from the condenser passes into the outer shell and warms it slightly. This causes a
natural flow of warm air upward over the cabinet shell preventing sweating.
The liquefied refrigerant collects in the bottom of the condenser tubing, flows into
the filter-drier, moves into the capillary tube, on into the evaporator and the cycle
repeats.
The thermostat is fitted at the end of the cabinet near the top of the compressor
compartment. The dial marked for off, normal and cold positions.
CONCLUSION:
Thus a deep freezer preserves food stuff for longer durations. Deep freezers are
used to preserve ice creams, various dairy products, fish, chicken & meat etc.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 8
OBJECTIVE:
Study & Analysis of a Forced Draft Cooling Tower (Test Rig).
a) To determine the tower characteristic Kav L value.
b) To determine the make up water flow rate.
c) To plot end states on a psychrometric chart which can be used to draw up
energy balance.
INTRODUCTION:
The cooling tower is an enclosed device for the evaporative cooling of water by
contact with air. In the forced draft cooling tower, as shown in the figure, a fan
forces the air through the tower. In its operation, the warm water from the
condenser is sprayed at the top of the tower through the spray nozzles. The air is
forced upward through the tower by the propeller fan provided on the side near
the bottom of the tower as shown in the figure.
The condenser warm water is cooled by means of evaporation. The effectiveness
of the cooling tower may be improved by increasing the height of the tower, area
of water surface exposed to air or the velocity of the air. The air velocity from 75
to 120 m / min is recommended with a flow of 90 to 120 m3 / min per tonne of
refrigeration capacity.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COOLING TOWER:
1) Casing or Shell: This is the structure, which encloses the heat transfer
process and also acts as a support for other items.
2) Air Inlet & Outlet: The position at which air enters and leaves the tower.
3) Fan: The blower fan is provided to move the required amount of air through
the water to be cooled.
4) Water Inlet: This is the point at which water enters at the top of tower.
5) Water Distribution System: In order to provide large water surface area to
assist heat transfer and for maximum affect the water entering the tower must
spread evenly inside the duct. It is to achieve this that the nozzle distribution
system is used.
I
INSTALLATION & OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1) Install the Cooling Tower near a 220 V, 50 Hz, 15 Amps power point and a
continuous water supply source.
2) Connect the water supply source to the inlet valve V1 of Rata meter, which in
turn connects to the hot water geyser.
3) Keep the geyser switches and fan switch in OFF position.

4) Connect the unit to the main electrical supply (Do not switch on the main
supply until the geyser is filled with water).
5) Open the valve V1 and allow water into the geyser at a desired flow rate.
6) Put ON the geyser switch 1 Allow hot water into the tower record the flow
rate.
7) Put ON the blower switch. The airflow measurement is done by the
manometer.
8) Note down the hot water inlet temperature to tower, humidity of atmospheric
air, humidity at the exit of the tower, air temperatures at the inlet of the tower,
air temperature at the outlet of the tower, wet bulb, dry bulb temperatures at
each stage and water temperature at the exit of the tower i.e. water at the
bottom of the tower.
9) Tabulate all the readings and calculate.
ANALYSIS OF COOLING TOWR PERFORMANCE:
Meskel has analyzed cooling towers based on Enthalpy Potential difference as the
driving force.
Each particle of water is assumed to be surrounded by a film of air and the
enthalpy difference between the film and surrounding. Air provides the driving
force for the cooling process. In the integrated form, the Meskel equation is:

Kav L

dT
--------------- (1)
T2 h1 - h
Where:
K= mass transfer co-efficient, Kg hr m 2 of water.
A = Contact area, M2 / M3 of Tower column.
L = Water rate Kg/h.
h1 = Enthalpy of saturated air at water temperature, K.cal/Kg.
h = Enthalpy of air stream, K.cal/Kg.
V = Active Cooling volume M3/ M2 of pan over
T2 and T3 are entering and leaving water temperatures. The RHS of equ. (1) is
entirely in terms of air and water properties and is independent of tower
dimensions.
READINGS TO BE ENTERED:
1) Ambient air temperature (Dry bulb) T1.
2) Water inlet temperature T2 to C/T
3) Water outlet temperature T3. Of C/T
4) Ambient air temperature (Wet bulb) T4
5) Mass flow rate of water L = Kg / hr.
6) Mass flow rate of air G = Kg / hr.
7) L/G Ratio =
8) Enthalpy of air at temperature T4 ha = Kj / Kg (From psychrometric chart)
9) Density of air at temperature () T4 = m3 / Kg

Mass flow rate of water (L) = Rota meter Reading 1 3.6 = kg / hr

Mass flow rate of air
cd a

2gh

3600 = m3 / hr

Where,
a = area of orifice
d = dia of orifice 17 mm
cd = co-efficient of discharge 0.62
hm = difference of manometer head
h = hm density of water (1000kg/m3 ) (density of air1.18 kg / m3 )
(Density of air 1.1 kg / m3 )
TOWER DEMAND CALCULATION:
( I ) Water Side:
Tw1 = T3 + 0.1 (T2 T3) o C
Tw2 = T3 + 0.4 (T2 T3) o C
Tw3 = T3 + 0.6 (T2 T3) o C
Tw4 = T3 + 0.9 (T2 T3) o C
Enthalpy (hw1) = at temperature Tw1 from steam table Kj / kg
Enthalpy (hw2) = at temperature Tw2 from steam table Kj / kg
Enthalpy (hw3) = at temperature Tw3 from steam table Kj / kg
Enthalpy (hw4) = at temperature Tw4 from steam table Kj / kg
( II ) Air Side:
ha = enthalpy of Inlet Wet Bulb Temperature of Air
ha1 = ha + 0.1 L/G (T2 T3) Kj / kg
ha2 = ha + 0.4 L/G (T2 T3) Kj / kg
ha3 = ha + 0.6 L/G (T2 T3) Kj / kg
ha4 = ha + 0.9 L/G (T2 T3) Kj / kg
Enthalpy difference:
(hw1 ha1) =
(hw2 ha2) =
(hw3 ha3) =
(hw4 ha4) =
H1 = 1 / (hw1 ha1)
H2 = 1 / (hw2 ha2)
H3 = 1 / (hw3 ha3)
H4 = 1 / (hw4 ha4)
Tower demand (NTU) or Kav = h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 / 4 (T2 T3)

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 9
OBJECTIVE:
Study of a Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV).
INTRODUCTION:
Refrigerant in the evaporator must be at a low pressure so it will evaporate at a
low temperature. The liquid refrigerant in the condensing unit is at a relatively
high pressure.
So that the refrigerating unit may operate automatically, an automatic refrigerant
flow control must be placed in the circuit between the liquid line and the
evaporator. This control reduces the high pressure in the liquid line to the low
pressure in the evaporator.
There are six main types of refrigerant flow controls.
1) Hand operated expansion valve.
2) Automatic expansion valve.
3) Thermostatic expansion valve.
4) Low-pressure side float valve.
5) High-pressure side float valve
6) Capillary tube.
THEORY OF A THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE (TEV):
The thermostatic expansion valve functions according to the pressure-temperature
relationship. The valve consists of a brass body and is connected (clamped) to
the evaporator suction line of the evaporator. The needle and seat are inside the
body. The needle is joined to a flexible metal bellows or diaphragm. This bellows
in turn, is made to move by a rod connected at the other end to a sealed bellows or
diaphragm (power element) which is joined to the sensing bulb by means of a
capillary tube.
The inlet flare surface is mounted on the strainer. The pin or needle is usually
made of stainless steel. The needles are usually sharp pointed cones, but spherical
valves (balls) and flat orifice closers may also be used. The cone needle is popular
for small capacity valves, while the ball type or the flat type is used in larger
capacity valves.
WORKING OF A THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE (TEV):
Its operation is governed by the temperature, thus a rise in the evaporator
temperature will increase the temperature of the evaporated gas passing through
the suction line to which the thermostatic expansion valve bulb is clamped. The

bulb absorbs heat and since its change reacts in accordance with the pressuretemperature relations, the pressure tending to open the valve needle is increased
and it opens proportionally.
Briefly, the greater the evaporator gas temperature rise in the evaporator, the
wider the valve opens, and vice versa. The wider the valve opens the greater is the
percentage of coil flooding. This improves the heat transfer. It also causes the
compressor to operate at a higher average suction pressure. Hence, an increase in
compressor capacity will also increase overall system capacity.
Thermostatic element is charged with a volatile substance (using a refrigerant that
is the same as that used in the refrigeration system in which the valve is
connected).
CONCLUSION:
Thermostatic expansion valve maintains constant pressures and temperatures,
makes sure that all of the evaporator has full charge of refrigerant and reduce
pressure drop through the evaporator.
PRECAUTION:
A thermostatic expansion valve selected or specified for any installation should be
matched to the individual application.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 10
OBJECTIVE:
Experiment on Ice Plant to calculate C.O.P. & Heat Loss (Test Rig).
DESCRIPTION:
The Ice Plant works on vapour compression principle. The brine tank is perfectly
insulated to prevent flow of heat from atmosphere to inside the tank. The
temperature of brine is kept constant by agitating it by a stirrer.
It requires considerable time to obtain equilibrium conditions. A small change in a
rate of flow of one medium affects other. Hence observations should be taken
after elapse of enough time after a small change of valve setting is effected
corresponding to adjustment.
SPECIFICATION:
20 Kg Ice Plant:
20 kgs. Of ice in 24 hours in blocks of about 0.85 kgs. At an Ambient
Temperature.
Capacity:
Evaporation Capacity 116 Kcal per hour (Refrigeration Capacity).
Compressor:
THK1352 YCF (Tecumseh Make)
Compressor, Brine tank inner Dimensions:
375 (L) 280 (B) 300 (H)
Displacement:
5.01 cc / rev
Thermo Cole Insulation Thickness:
150 mm.
No. of Ice Cans:
8 Nos.
Evaporator Coil:
Length 32 feet / 35 feet.
Diameter 5/16 OD (7.9 mm)

Material: Copper
N
Actual C.O.P. = W

Actual refrigerant effect

= Energy supplied to the compressor,
As noted from energy meter.

Actual refrigerating effect is the sum of heat abstracted by brine outside the can
and water in cans. Volume of brine in tank is the apparent volume less the volume
of evaporator coils dipped in the tank.
Theoretical C.O.P. =

hB - hA
hC - hB

Relative C.O.P.

Actual COP
Theoretical COP

PRECAUTION:
1. The plant should not be left with frozen Ice Moulds and with the refrigerating
unit cut-out.
2. The brine agitator should be greased with any non freeze lubricants at
greasing points.
3. A rust prevention power like Sodium Dichromate should be added to brine to
prevent rusting.
4. The plant has to be continuously used for long service.
5. Plant should be free of dust.
6. Smear the oil inside the can after removal of Ice cubes.
CONDENSER:
Plate and tube type air cooled condenser with a surface area 784 cm. of copper
tube which is sufficient for cooling Refrigerant (HFC) 134a. Provision is made
for measuring the temperature.
ACCESSORIES:
1. One filter drier
2. One compound gauge
3. One pressure gauge
4. Digital temperature indicator for brine temperature at suction and expansion.
The instrument panel consists of pressure gauge, suction gauge, E/M for
measurement of power to the unit.
Refrigerant used = HFC 134a.
Quantity of ice formed during 24 hours.
Work done in Kcal per 24 hours.

Heat extracted (in kcal) per kg of ice.

Work done in kcal per minute = work done per kg. Of refrigerant Refrigerant
flow rate in kg. per minute.
W = Work done per kg. of refrigeration = (total heat at 2 total heat at 1) kcal /
kg.
Heat extracted per kg. Of Ice formed = (t .water t .ice) (Sp. Heat of water)
Latent heat of ice kcal per kg.
Kcal
Total heat at point 1 = (Liquid heat at 1 + Q1 L1) kg.
(From tables proportion of refrigerant HFC- 134a)
Kcal
Total heat at point 2 = Liquid heat at point 2 + Q2 L2 kg.
(From tables proportion of refrigerant HFC- 134a)
Cooling effect = N = (total heat at1 total heat at 4)
= (total heat at 1 total heat at 3)
= Total liquid heat at T2
N
Actual COP = W
Actual COP = Relative COP COP (Theoretical)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Put on the ice plant in a proper position.
2. Give the single phase AC-230 volts connection to the unit.
3. See that the energy meter should record the reading and check the rotation.
4. Prepare brine solution approx. 180 Liters of water with 100 kg of calcium
chloride (ANHYDROUS GRADE). Allow the calcium chloride to be
dissolved in the water.
5. Check the density of the brine by immersing a potato (Potato should float) or
Hydrometer.
6. Start the compressor by putting the switch ON.
7. Check the pressure gauge and compound gauge for readings. (These are only
initial readings).
8. a) Pressure gauge will indicate about 105 to 110 Psi (approximate reading
only)
b) Compound gauge will indicate about 5 Psi after stabilization.

9. Allow the unit to run for 24 hour to bring down the temperature of the brine (5o C to -15o C).
10. After attaining required temperature fill the ice cans with water up to the mark
and insert the cans.
11. Take all the readings (temperature at various points and pressure). Allow the
unit to run for a minimum period of 6 hours and maximum 8 hours, between
this period check for formation and note down all the readings. After
formation of ice, remove the ice blocks from the can by pouring tap water on
the outside of the container. Do not hammer the container to remove the ice
block. Weigh the same.
12. Repeat the same if needed.
ICE PLANT CALCULATIONS:
Vapour Compression System:
Displacement = 5.01 cc/ rev
Evaporation temperature = 14o C
Brine temperature = -3o C
From table for R-134a properties,
Density of R-134a at -14o C is (vapour) = 0.01138 kg / sec
.
. . Mass flow rate of R-134a at -14o C = (1.0226) (0.01138)
.
. . m 1 = 0.01166371 kg / s
Rota meter reading = velocity of flow of liquid R-134a at 27o C
= 25 lph = 6.94444 10 -4 lps
Density of R-134a liquid at 27o C = 1.30347 kg / sec
.
. . Actual mass flow rate, m = 6.94444 10 -3 1.30347
= 9.05187 10 -3 kg / sec
.
9.0158710 X 100
. . Efficiency of compression = 0.011637 L
= 77.78 %

From table for R-134a,

Enthalpy of R-134a vapour at -14o C = hb = 345.365 kj / kg
Enthalpy of R-134a liquid at -14o C = hc = 197.233 kj / kg
.
. . Refrigeration effect per unit mass = qe = hc hb
= 345.365 197.233
= 148.132 kj / kg
.
Q = actual refrigeration achieved = m qa
= (9.05187 10 -3 ) (148.132)
= 1.3408718 kj / sec = KN
Qe = Theoretical refrigeration = m qe
= (0.0116371) (148.32)
= 1.7238269 KW
.
. . Refrigeration efficiency = qa / qe
= 1.3408718 / 1.7258269
= 0.777
= 77.7 %
Energy consumed by the compressor shown by readings,
V= 230, Amps =3.1
.
. . Qc = 230 3.1
= 713 W
Compression ratio = COP = 1.3408718 / 0.713
= 1.86

Absolute pressure of R-134a saturated vapour.

At 14o C from tables = 1.8950 bar
At -3 o C from tables = 1.474 bar
ICE MAKING CALCULATIONS:
Temperature of brine
Temperature if ice in chamber
Initial water supply temperature
Specific heat of water Cpw
Specific heat of ice Cpi
Latent heat of ice at 0 o C

= - 3o C
= -3 o C
= 25 o C
= 4.187 kj / kg o C
= 2.093 kj / kg o C
= 332.432 kj / kg

.
. . Heat required making 1 kg ice at -3 o C
= 4.187 (25-0) + 332.432 +2.093 (-3)
= 443.3866 kj / kg
Assuming heat leakage losses at 20 %
Actual refrigeration effect to manufacture of 1 kg of ice
= (1.2) (443.386)
= 532.0632 kj / kg. Ice
For 1 ton of ice refrigeration required
=1000 532.0632
= 5.32063 105 kj
But 1 ton of refrigeration = 288000 BTU = 303875.71 kj
Ice making capacity =

303875.71
5.32063 105

=0.571134 OR 57.11 % of refrigeration capacity

Heat required per kg of ice exclusive of heat losses = 443.386 kj / kg
Heat per ton of ice = 443.386 1000

= 4.43386 105 / ton of ice

Plant capacity

= 150 kg / day
= 0.150 303875.71 = 45581.351 kj / day

.
. . Capacity to produce ice exclusive of
45581.357
Heat losses = 4.43386 10-5
= 0.1028028 tons of ice
Tons of ice duce to heat losses = 0.120 0.102
= 0.0472
.
0.0472
. . % heat loss = 0.150 100
= 31.46 %

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
________________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 11
OBJECTIVE:
Charging of New Refrigerant by using Gas Charging Kit.
INTRODUCTION:
To service refrigerating units successfully, one must know how they should
perform when in good condition.
Always check the system date before trying to locate the cause of the trouble, one
should have in mind before beginning any service operation. Servicing of
refrigerators with hermetically sealed system may be divided into three major
areas:
1) External servicing
2) Internal servicing
3) Overhaul of hermetically sealed system.
OVERHAUL OF HERMETICALLY SEALD SYSTEM:
The various work stages to rectify a sealed system are explained in details. These
work stages must be followed religiously to achieve optimum working efficiency.
PROCEDURE:

Shift refrigerator to a well ventilated area (while doing repair work at site).
Normally refrigerator is installed in kitchen where it is unsafe to carry out any
major repair work. Hence shift it to a more open area in the house.

To reconfirm the defect, run the refrigerator (when possible). Evaluate

refrigerators condition. Use piercing vale to confirm system defect or compressor
pumping efficiency.

Recover CFC, HFC or vent HC refrigerant safely. CFC (R-12) and HFC
(R-134a) being ozone depleting and global warming gases should not be released
to atmosphere. Recover up to 3 psig/0.2 Bar in the system. Hydrocarbons being
environment friendly gas may be released but with due care and outside the work
area. After releasing and before proceeding to de-braze the sealed system joints, it
is a safe practice to evacuate the system up to 20 Hg/0.7 Bar and remove all
residual refrigerants. Break the vacuum up to 3 psig/0.2 bar pressure using dry
Nitrogen before removing the piercing valve.


De-braze necessary system joints, ensuring no positive pressure inside
system, using brazing torch and gas combinations.

Replace system components like compressor, condenser, evaporator,

suction line, capillary etc. (as required). It is necessary to replace drier/filter every
time system is being processed. While retrofitting CFC based refrigerators with
HCs, ensure al electrical components of the refrigerator are non-sparking type
(sealed).

Polish/ clean and flush the system joints and tubing. Use emery
cloth/paper for polishing the tube ends. Polishing with emery paper clears the tube
surface of all impurities like rust, paint etc. This helps to achieve a proper brazed
joint. After polishing, flush the system tubing with dry Nitrogen at 65 psig/4.5 bar.
It helps to flush out all contaminants like non-condensable gases, moisture, oil
etc. from inside the tubing.

Braze all joints and process lines using recommended filler alloys and
flux. It is a good practice to brush all joints with a wire brush, after brazing, to
remove flux.

Choke and leak test system using dry nitrogen at 150psig/10 bar. For
choke testing allow nitrogen through the high side process line of system and
observe flow through the low side process line. Also allow nitrogen through low
side process line and observe flow through high side process line. If flow is
available, it confirms that the system joints are free from any restriction or choke.
Apply soap solution on all joints and check for leak. Bubbles can be observed on
leaking joints.

Evacuate system from both high and low pressure side for accurate and
faster vacuum using gauge manifold. Use of double stage rotary, high vacuum
pump is recommended. Release nitrogen charged into the system before
connecting to vacuum pump. Draw vacuum up to 500 microns or below and
perform vacuum holding test to confirm no leakage or presence of moisture in the
system. For conducting vacuum holding test, isolate vacuum pump form the
system and observe rise in vacuum reading. If the rise is continuous, it is an
indication
of leak in the system. If the vacuum reading increases and then
steadies off, it is an indication of incomplete evacuation. If the vacuum reading
rises but remains within the specified limit, it indicates proper evacuation having
been achieved.

Charge refrigerant of specified type and quantity into the system (refer
label on the appliance).Use weighing scale (charge by weight) or calibrated
measuring jar (charge by volume) for accurate charging. Ensure compressor is not
working while gas charging. Charge blends in liquid form only. Charging by
weight is the most accurate form of charging as weight remains same at any
atmospheric temperature where as volume varies as per change in temperature.

Performance testing After gas charging, wait for 3 minutes before

switching ON the compressor. Check for current drawn by the compressor (refer
rating plate on compressor for value). Check suction and discharge pressures,
which should be within specified limit. Check for frost formation till the end of
header. Also check temperature inside the refrigerator.


After confirming that the refrigerator is performing to specifications, seal
process tubes. Use sealing pliers/inch-off tool. Double pinch the process lines of
hydrocarbon system. After pinching, remove the process valves from the lines and
check with soap solution for leak before brazing the tube ends.

Shift refrigerator to its original location. Plug in and start. Inform

customer about work done and necessary care to be taken.

LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING (ME-803)
______________________________________________________________________

Experiment No.: 12
OBJECTIVE:
Study of a Sling Psychrometer.
INTRODUCTION:
Humidity is a term used to describe the presence of moisture or water vapour in
the air. The amount of moisture that the air will hold depends upon the
temperature of the air. Warm air will hold more moisture then cold air. This
moisture (humidity) is in vapour form and it is invisible. Sling psychrometer is
used to determine the relative humidity of the air, which is expressed as a
percentage.
It is computed by multiplying the amount of moisture in the air at a given
temperature, dividing by the maximum amount of moisture the air could contain
at that same temperature, and then multiplying the quotient by 100.
Dry Bulb Temperature: Air temperature measured by an ordinary thermometer
is called dry bulb temperature.
Wet Bulb Temperature: Air temperature measured by an ordinary thermometer
but the bulb of which is covered by a wick/cloth which dipped into water is called
wet bulb temperature.
Relative Humidity: Actual amount of moisture in the air compared to maximum
moisture air can hold.
Dew Point Temperature: Temperature at which vapour (at 100% humidity)
begins to condense and deposit as liquid is called dew point temperature.
CONSTRUCTION:
Dry and wet bulb thermometers are mounted on a common flat base. Both the
thermometers should be matched when the wick or wet cloth is removed from the
wet bulb thermometer. A device designed to whirl a pair of thermometers (dry
bulb & wet bulb) is called a sling psychrometer.
The wick on a sling psychrometer must be clean cotton fabric, preferably white.
Because evaporation is taking place from the surface of the wick, there is likely to
be a deposit of lime substances on the wick. Therefore, to get accurate
measurement, a clean wick should be used. Also, use distilled water on the wick.
Sling psychrometer come in a variety of sizes.
WORKING & THEORY:
The temperature spread between the dry and wet bulb readings depend upon the
amount of moisture in the air. To insure that the recorded wet bulb temperature is
accurate, airflow over the wet bulb should be quite rapid. After twirling the sling

psychrometer for 10 to 20 seconds, take readings (in oC) from both thermometers
and record the results.
You may use Table given below to determine relative humidity. The numbers in
the center of the chart represent relative humidity in percentages. Relative
humidity is determined by finding the differences in degrees between the dry-bulb
and wet-bulb readings on the horizontal scale at the top, and then reading off
where this column intersects the horizontal row containing the dry-bulb
temperature reading. In this example, the dry-bulb temperature is 20 oC and the
wet-bulb temperature is 14 oC. The difference between the two readings (dry-bulb
depression) is 6 oC. According to the table, when the dry-bulb depression is 6 oC
and the dry-bulb temperature is 20 oC, the relative humidity is 51 percent (%)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

Dry-Bulb
Temp.,oC
1

Dry-Bulb Temperature Minus Wet-Bulb Temperature

(Dry-Bulb Depression), oC
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 12 14 16 18

84

68

52

37

22

85

71

57

43

29

16

86

73

60

48

35

24

11

87

75

63

51

40

29

19

10

88

77

66

55

44

34

24

15

12

89

78

68

58

48

39

29

21

12

14

90

79

70

60

51

42

34

26

18

10

16

90

81

71

63

54

46

38

30

23

15

18

91

82

73

65

57

49

41

34

27

20

20

91

83

74

66

59

51

44

37

31

24

12

22

92

83

76

68

61

54

47

40

34

28

17

24

92

84

77

69

62

56

49

43

37

31

20

10

26

92

85

78

71

64

58

51

46

40

34

24

14

28

93

85

78

72

65

59

53

48

42

37

27

18

30

93

86

79

73

67

61

55

50

44

39

30

21

13

32

93

86

80

74

68

62

57

51

46

41

32

24

16

34

93

87

81

75

69

63

58

53

48

43

35

26

19

12

36

94

87

81

75

70

64

59

54

50

45

37

29

21

15

38

94

88

82

76

71

66

61

56

51

47

39

31

34

17

11

40

94

88

82

77

72

67

62

57

53

48

40

33

26

20

14

42

94

88

83

77

72

67

63

58

54

50

42

34

28

21

16

44

94

89

83

78

73

68

64

59

55

51

43

36

29

23

18

20

CONCLUSION: This activity is important to familiarize the learner with the

process of using tables and graphs to interpret data.