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PSY 310 Week 4 Gestalt Psychology Reflection-Sara Covey
PSY 310 Week 4 Gestalt Psychology Reflection-Sara Covey
1. Explain and give an example for each of the following types of variables:
a. Equal interval: a variable in which the numbers stand for approximately equal amounts of
what is being measured. Ex. Age
b. Rank-order: Also called ordinal variables, variables stand only for relative ranking.
Ex.Ranking a restaurant on how much you like it.
c.
d. Ratio scale: A scale that allows comparison of different values, has a fixed zero value
Ex. Number of silibings I have, which is four
e. Continuous: A variable where in theory, there are an infinite number of values between any two
values. Ex. A persons weight
f.
Discrete: A variable that has specific values and that cannot have values between these
specific values. Ex. Number of times I visited the doctor in the last 12 months
15. Following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a particular road in a 35-mph zone on a
particular afternoon:
30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31, 35, 20
24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40
Make a frequency table and a histogram, then describe the general shape of the distribution.
A)
For each number from 15 (the smallest number here) to 52 (the largest number here), count
how many times that number shows up in the given list to make the frequency table shown
below. Eg. 36 shows up 6 times. So you'll write "6" as the frequency of 36.
a. Usingthistableasanexample,explaintheideaofafrequencytabletoapersonwhohas
neverhadacourseinstatistics.
Inresearchstudies,afrequencytableiscreatedforthepurposeofaneasierunderstanding
oftheresultsfromthatstudy.Inthefrequencytablebelow,youcanseethat84adolescentswere
apartofthisstudy(N=84)andthatthestudywastodeterminehowmanyoftheseadolescents
wereavictimofdifferentformsofbullyingandhowmanyoftheseadolescentswerebulliesin
differentforms,inwhichthedifferentcategoriesarelistedundertheFormsofBullying
section,thenumberofadolescentsthatagreedtobeingapartofbeingbulliedorbeingabully
underN,andthenumbervalueinpercentageformunder%thatstateshowmany
adolescentswereinvolvedineachformofbullyingcomparedtothewholeamount(84).
b. Explainthegeneralmeaningofthepatternofresults.
Ingeneral,moreadolescentsadmittedtobeingvictimizedthantobullying.60
adolescents(71.4%)admittedtobeingvictimizedtraditionallywith50adolescents(59.5%)
beingvictimizedtraditionallythroughteasing.Thehighestadmittanceofelectronic
victimizationwasthroughtextmessagefrom27adolescents(32.1%).Thehighestadmittanceof
traditionalbullyingwasthroughteasingfrom38adolescents(45.2%)andelectronicallythrough
textmessagingfrom18adolescents(21.4%).Therefore,thehighestadmittancefrombothbeing
thevictimandthebullywereintheformoftraditionalteasingandelectronictextmessaging.
IncidenceofTraditionalandElectronicBullyingandVictimization
(N=84)
FormsofBullying
Electronicvictims
41
48.8
Textmessagevictim
27
32.1
Internetvictim(websites,chatrooms)
13
15.5
Picturephonevictim
9.5
TraditionalVictims
60
71.4
Physicalvictim
38
45.2
Teasingvictim
50
59.5
Rumorsvictim
32
38.6
Exclusionvictim
30
50
ElectronicBullies
18
21.4
Textmessagebully
18
21.4
Internetbully
11
13.1
TraditionalBullies
64.3
29
34.5
Physicalbully
Teasingbully
38
45.2
Rumorbully
22
26.2
Exclusionbully
35
41.7
22.Krnandcolleagues(2013)testedtheeffectsofanewantibullyingprogram,calledKiVa,
amongstudentsingrades13andgrades79in147schoolsinFinland.Theschoolswere
randomlyassignedtoreceivethenewantibullyingprogramornoprogram.Atthebeginning,
middle,andendoftheschoolyear,allofthestudentscompletedanumberofquestionnaires,
whichincludedthefollowingtwoquestions:Howoftenhaveyoubeenbulliedatschoolinthe
lastcoupleofmonths?andHowoftenhaveyoubulliedothersatschoolinthelastcoupleof
months?Thetablebelowisafrequencytablethatshowsstudentsresponsestothesetwo
questionsattheendoftheschoolyear(referredtoasWave3inthetitleofthetable).Notethat
thetableshowstheresultscombinedforallofthestudentsinthestudy.Inthetable,
victimizationreferstostudentsreportsofbeingbulliedandbullyingisstudentsreportsof
bullyingotherstudents.
a. Usingthistableasanexample,explaintheideaofafrequencytabletoapersonwhohas
neverhadacourseinstatistics.
Frequencytablesareusedinresearchtohelpeasilyunderstandtheresultsfromthat
particularstudy.Inthisstudy,youcanseethatstudentsingrades13andgrades79wereasked
howfrequentlytheywereavictimofbullyingandhowoftentheyweretheonesdoingthe
bullying.Inthisstudy,thevariablesrepresenthowofteneachvictimizationorbullying
occurred,brokendownintofivecategories.Thefrequencyamountingrades13and79show
howmanystudentsadmittedtovictimizationand/orbullyingcomparedtothetotalamountof
students,aswellaswhatthisamountconfigurestoinpercentageformat.Atthebottom,youcan
seehowmanystudentsparticipatedinthisstudy,howmanydidnot,andhowmanystudents
totalthereareineachgradelevelinterval.
b. Explainthegeneralmeaningofthepatternofresults.(Youmaybeinterestedtoknowthat
theKiVaprogramsuccessfullyreducedvictimizationandbullyingamongstudentsin
grades13buttheresultsweremixedwithregardstotheeffectivenessoftheprogram
amongthoseingrades79.).
Thisfrequencytableshowsthatapproximately6,000outof7,000studentsingrades13
andapproximately14,000outof15,500studentsingrades79participatedinthisstudyto
determinetheadmittedfrequencyvalueofbeingthevictimofbullyingandbeingthebullyby
answeringfivedifferentcategories.Sincethereisadifferentamountofstudentsingrades13
and79thatparticipatedinthisstudy,thepropermannerinwhichtolookatthesefigureswhen
comparingthetwointervalsisbylookingatthepercentages.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthat
themajorityofthestudentsingrades13and79havenotbeenavictimorabully,andoutof
thestudentsthathavebeenavictimorabully,themajorityadmittedtoonlybeingavictimora
bullyonlyonceortwice.
FrequenciesofResponsesintheFiveCategoriesoftheSelfReportedBullyingand
VictimizationVariablesatWave3
Grades13
Victimizati
on
Variable
Freq.
Occurrence
Grades79
Bullying
Freq
.
Victimizatio
n
Freq.
Bullying
Freq.
Notatall
3,20
3
53.
6
4,29
6
72
10,66
0
77.
4
10,88
0
79.
5
Onlyonceortwice
1,74
5
29.
2
1,33
3
22.
3
2,031
14.
7
1,987
14.
5
2or3timesamonth
446
7.5
197
3.3
402
2.9
344
2.5
Aboutonceaweek
297
90
1.5
312
2.3
196
1.4
Severaltimesaweek
281
4.7
49
0.8
375
2.7
279
Participants
Respondentsn
5,97
2
Missingn
955
962
2,723
2,817
TotalN
6,92
7
6,92
7
16,50
3
16,50
3
100
5,96
5
10
0
13,78
0
10
0
13,68
6
10
0