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Words:: Thus Enhancing The Power Output. With Low Temperature Resources
Words:: Thus Enhancing The Power Output. With Low Temperature Resources
GARY SHULMAN
Key Words: low temperature flash steam, low temperature geothermal reservoirs, two stage separation,
dual flash cycle, low pressure flash plants, Brady Hot Springs Power Plant.
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
The world's great geothermal resource was first used in electric power
generation at Larderello, Italy, in 1904, where boron was being mined
for boric acid production from fumaroles in the area. Electric power
generator driven by a one
was first generated by a small 10
cylinder engine, fed with pure steam raised in a boiler heated by
geothermal steam. From this early development with heat exchange
boilers, the state of the art has turned to direct use of the geothermal
steam in turbines.
The Lardarello wells produced dry steam with no brine, similar to
Cove Fort in Utah, USA, and
The Geysers in
Kamojang, Java, Indonesia. The first power production from a liquid-dominated hydrothermal resource began in Wairakei, New
Zealand in the early 1960s. Since that time, almost all geothermal
power has been produced by steam turbines, with a world installed
capacity of over six thousand megawatts.
Although current exploration has discovered large resource areas
the focus for geothermal power genwith temperatures below
eration has been on resource temperatures of 177C or higher. This
is due to the fact that most current geothermal developers consider
177Cas the lowest resource temperature for flash steam power generation. This paper will illustrate the use of lower temperatures for
this purpose and show that low pressure flash plants can compete
economically with more complex, higher cost binary plants for this
service, and should be considered favorably by developers and utilities.
In 1992 a discovery well drilled at Brady Hot Springs, Nevada, USA,
indicated a reservoir temperature of 174C at a depth of 335 meters.
A power sales contract was secured by the developers from Sierra
Pacific Power Company, the nearest public utility, at approximately
per kwh. A geothermal power plant was designed and inUS
stalled for the generation of 26
This plant serves as an example of the utilization of a dual flash cycle for power production at
temperatures below 177C.
2. PROCESS
There are three basic flash steam cycles to be considered in geothermal power generation. Listed in order of increasing cost and complexity they are:
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SHULMAN
Figure 1.
Single
Figure 2 9.7
Figure 3 shows a dual flash condensing cycle. It is a simple extension of the single flash cycle which makes use of the energy remaining in the separated brine. By directing this brine to a low pressure
separator, additional steam can be generated which can increase the
total power generated by more than 50%. This additional power
generation is limited by the low pressure flash separation pressure,
which is generally maintained above atmospheric. There have been
recent investigations into lowering the pressure to less than atmospheric, thereby providing additional steam for turbine expansion
entirely within the vacuum range. Although technically feasible, this
has not been done commercially to date.
separators,
pres-
sure separation.
Hot
net)
Aftemndem
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SHULMAN
piped to the inlet of a condensing turbine at a pressure of 3.87
and condensed at a pressure of
to generate 9
in each of the two turbine generator sets. The brine at 4.22
from the first stage separators is then admitted to a second stage low
for further separation of brine and
pressure separator at 2.11
steam. The steam from this unit is piped to a third turbine generator
set with an inlet pressure of 1.76
and condensed at
with a generator output of 8
The brine from the separator at
is piped to reinjection wells approximately 1.5 kilometers distant from the production wells.
making a power supply to
The total parasitic load is about 5
This plant has been in operation
the transmission line of 21
for two years at 95% availability.
Figure 3. 15.1
150C
1,380,300
130C
2,329,740
Reservoir
170C
4. CONCLUSION
Net)
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