Fifth

Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the
h additional
ddi i l support as redundant
d d andd apply
l
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L
P
AE
thermal expansion coef.

Th
The thermal
th
l deformation
d f
ti andd the
th ddeformation
f
ti from
f
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0

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PL
0
AE
P AE T
P
E T
A

T L

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

2.11 Poissons Ratio

P is directed along the x axis, we
have x = P/A,
P/A where A is the
cross-sectional area of the bar, and
from Hookes Law,,
X= x/E
E is the modulus of elasticityy of
the material.
The normal stresses on faces
respectively perpendicular to the y
and z are zero. Y = Z = 0
X= x/E , Y= Y/E , Z= Z/E
Y 0
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Z 0

Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

For a homogeneous & isotropic

material.
Isotropic
Isotropic- it
itss mechanical
properties are independent of the
direction.
When an axial force is applied to a
member it undergoes a
d f
deformation
i in
i the
h x-direction
di i as
well as in the y & Z directions.

X= x/L ; Y= Y/L , Z=
Z/L
The ratio between the lateral
deformation to the axial
deformation is called Poisson
Poissonss
Ratio.
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Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.07:

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
2.12: Multiaxial Loading
If our element is loaded on
aall sides.
s des.
Taking strains
p
y then addingg
independently,
together we get:
Stress Component,
X , Y , Z

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
2.14: Shearing Strain
When we derived the relations
between normal stress & normal
strains in homogeneous isotropic
material, we assumed no
shearing stresses.
stresses
In the more general stress
condition,
diti shearing
h i stresses
t
will
ill
be present.

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

These stresses have no direct effect in the normal strains, as

long as the deformations are small.
* The shearing stresses will tent to deform a cubic element into
an oblique parallelepiped.
Consider only the cube as shown with only the shear stresses
shown:
h

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

XY = shearing strain (in radian)

It is positive when the angle
reduces.
reduces
Plotting XY vs XY , gives us a
shearingg stress-strain diagram.
g
Hooke
Hookess Law for shearing stress & strain
G= modulus of rigidity has the same units as (Pa, KPa, etc.)
Considering the other plane:
G is the same as above.
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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Under the most general stress conditions:

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Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Example 2.10
62 mm

200 mm

50 mm

A rectangular block of material with

modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates.
Th lower
The
l
plate
l t is
i fixed
fi d, while
hil the
h
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 1 mm under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing
g strain in the material,, and b))
the force P exerted on the plate.
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SOLUTION:
Determine the average
g angular
g
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
A
Apply
l H
Hookes
k llaw ffor shearing
h i stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
Use the definition of shearing stress to
find the force P.

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
xy tan xy

1mm
50mm

xy 0.020 rad

Apply Hooke
Hookess law for shearing stress and
strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.

xy G xy 630
630MP
MPa 0.020 rad
d 12.6
2 6 MPa
MP

1 mm

50 mm

Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P xy A 12.6
2 6 MPa 200 mm 62 mm 156.2 103 N
P 156.2 kN

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

2.17: Saints Venants Principal

Load applied by plates.

The member gets shorter and increase in width.
Assume all elements deform the same way.
Y is constant
X = - Y is constant
& Y = EY and is constant
therefore Y = (Y )ave P/A

O
On th
the other
th hand,
h d if the
th load
l d is
i
concentrated, the elements in the
immediate vicinity of the points of
application are subjected to very large
stresses, while elements near the ends are
unaffected.
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Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Large strains & deformations near the load application

no deformation at the corners
Further & further down, there is a progressive equalization of
deformation.
By experimentation:
At a distance equal or greater than the width of the
member, the distribution of stresses across the section is
the same.
same
This is called :
Saint-Venants Principle

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Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

2.17: Stress Concentrations

There are stress concentrations around holes & fillets in
members in tension.
Ratio of the maximum stress over the average stress computed
in the critical (narrowest) section of the discontinuity,
Stress concentration factor, K= max/ave

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Stress Concentration: Hole

(a) Flat bars with holes

Discontinuities of cross section may result in

high localized or concentrated stresses.

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max
ave

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Stress Concentration: Fillet

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Example 2.12
SOLUTION:

Determine the largest axial load P

that can be safely supported by a
fl steell bar
flat
b consisting
i i off two
portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide,
connected by fillets of radius r = 8
mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.

Determine the geometric ratios and

find the stress concentration factor
f
from
Fi
Fig. 22.64b.
64b
Find the allowable average normal
stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
Apply the definition of normal stress to
find the allowable load.

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Determine the geometric ratios and

fi d the
find
th stress
t
concentration
t ti factor
f t
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm

1.50
d 40 mm

r
8 mm

0.20
d 40 mm

K 1.82

Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
ave
(b) Flat bars with fillets

max
K

165 MPa
90.7 MPa
1.82

Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
load
P A ave 40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa
36.3 103 N

P 36.3 kN
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Fifth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Elastoplastic Materials
Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship,
p i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
Assumption is good for brittle material
which
hi h rupture without
ih
yielding
i ldi
If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded then plastic deformations occur
exceeded,
Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified
p
by
y assuming
g an idealized
elastoplastic material
Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress
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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Plastic Deformations

A Elastic deformation while maximum

P ave A max
stress
t
is
i less
l than
th yield
i ld stress
t
K

PY

Y A
K

Maximum stress is equal

q to the yyield
stress at the maximum elastic
loading
At loadings above the maximum
elastic load, a region of plastic
d f
deformations
ti
develop
d l near the
th hole
h l

As the loading increases, the plastic

PU Y A
region expands until the section is at
a uniform stress equal to the yield
K PY
stress

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Fifth
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek

Residual Stresses
When a single structural element is loaded uniformly
beyond its yield stress and then unloaded
unloaded, it is permanently
deformed but all stresses disappear. This is not the general
result.
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations
Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or
cooling of structures or structural elements

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