Seismic Pushover Analysis

TRB!AFF!50!!Seismic!Design!
Seismic'Pushover'Analysis:'Using'
AASHTO'Guide&Specica,ons&for&
LRFD&Seismic&Bridge&Design!
Michael!D.!Keever,!California!Department!of!Transporta8on!
Elmer!E.!Marx,!Alaska!Department!of!Transporta8on!and!Public!Facili8es!
WenChuei!Phillip!Yen,!Federal!Highway!Administra8on!
Jerey!Ger,!Federal!Highway!Administra8on!
!
1!
Part!1!Overview!
Fundamentals,!hand!methods,!simple!computer!
approaches!for!AASHTO'Guide&Specica,ons&for&
LRFD&Seismic&Bridge&Design&(SGS)!methodology!
!
!
Workshop!focus!is!pushover!analysis!not!modeling!
and!seismic!/!capacity!design!
!
2!
Part!1!Overview!
Flexural!mechanics!
Genera8on!of!MomentCCurvature!(!M"#"")!
Material!models!and!failure!strains!
Hand!checking!M"#""
Analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length,!Lp"
ForceCdisplacement!example!
Hand!checking!forceCdisplacement"
Implicit!SGS!displacement!equa8ons!
Design!example!1!!Two!circular!column!bent!
Other!design!considera8ons!
Design!example!2!!Two!square!column!bent!
3!
But!Before!We!Begin!
Name!
Organiza8on!
Primary!job!func8on!(design,!manage,!etc.)!
Seismic!design!experience!
Workshop!expecta8ons!and!objec8ves!
4!
Why!Pushover?!
SGS!is!primarily!a!displacement!based!approach!
!
More!ra8onal!approach!than!forceCbased!
method!of!AASHTO!LRFD!
Seismic!Design!Category!D!(SDC!D)!requires!
pushover!analysis!
Provides!for!a!beaer!understanding!of!bridge!
response!and!behavior!
!
5!
Flexural!Mechanics!
Rela8onship!between!force,!shear,!moment,!
curvature,!slope!and!deec8on!
!
Integra-on"
Moment!area!
Energy!methods!
S8ness!methods!
!
6!
Force!C!Displacement!
P = load
V = P dx
M = V dx
7!
M = V dx
M
=
EI
8!
M
=
EI
= dx
= dx
9!
Example!C!Can8lever!
P
V =P
L =
o L
2
L =
o L2
3
Mo = P L
Mo P L
o =
=
EI EI
10!
Compa8bility!
BernoulliCEuler!assump8on!!sec8ons!that!are!plane!
(linear)!before!bending!remain!plane!ager!bending!
!
Perfect!bond!between!the!steel!reinforcing!bars!and!
surrounding!concrete!
!
Material!(cons8tu8ve!C)!models!are!
representa8ve!of!actual!material!response!
(connement,!strain!hardening,!buckling,!spalling,!
cracking,!creep,!strainCrate,!shear,!etc.)!
11!
Moment!!Curvature!(!M"#" )!
c
d
12!
Park and Paulay 1975
Curvature,!,!is!calculated!as:!
"
" ="c"/"c"="t"/"(D/2""c)""
"
""="strain"/"distance"from"neutral"axis!
13!
From!equilibrium:!
P!=!FSC!+!FCC!+!FCU!!FST"
Summing!moments!about!the!neutral!axis!
M!=!CGSC*FSC!+!CGCC*FCC!+!CGCU*FCU!+!CGST*FST!+!P*(D/2!!c)!
14!
15!
Predicted Response
Elastic perfectlyplastic used in SGS
16!
SGS 2011
Actual!rela8onship!versus!idealized!
First"yield"Moment!and!Curvature,!My"and!y"
Eec8ve!s8ness,!Ece*!Ie"=!My"/!y"
Idealized"yield!Moment!and!Curvature,!Mp"and"yi"
Expected!nominal!moment,!Mne"at!c"=!0.003"
Balance!the!area!above!and!below!the!curve!
17!
SGS!Material!Models!
Concrete:!Mander!et!al!!model!for!unconned!
and!conned!condi8on!
!
Reinforcing"steel:!elas8c!C!perfectly!plas8c!with!
strain!hardening!
!
Other:!prestressing!steel!(see!SGS)!
!
Any!func8on!/!model!that!accurately!captures!
the!material!#!rela8onship!is!acceptable!
!
!
18!
SGS!Material!Models!C!Concrete!
StressCstrain!rela8onship!for!concrete!
!
f cc' xr
fc =
!
r 1 + xr
where:!
'
'
&
#
7
.
94
f
2
f
'
' $
l
l
!
f cc = f ce 2.254 1 +
1
.
254
'
'
$
!
f
f
ce
ce
%
"
Ece
r=
Ece Esec
c
x=
cc
Mander, Priestley, Park 1988
19!
(con8nue)!
&
, f cc'
)#
cc = 0.002$1 + 5** ' 1''!
+ f ce ("
%
Ece = 1900 f ce'
Esec =
f cc'
cc
20!
Connement!of!circular!columns!
s =
4 Asp
D's
f l ' = K e f l 0.95 f l
fl =
2 Asp f yh
'
Ds
s f yh
2
21!
Connement!of!rectangular!columns!
'
fl
K e ( x + y ) f yh
2
0.8( x + y ) f yh
2
Asx
x =
sH c
y =
Asy
sBc
22!
c!=!strain!in!concrete!(IN/IN)!
fc!=!stress!in!concrete!corresponding!to!strain!c!(KSI)!
f ce!=!expected!nominal!compressive!strength!(KSI)!
fyh!=!nominal!yield!stress!of!transverse!reinforcing!(KSI)!
Rsu!=!reduced!ul8mate!tensile!strain!of!transverse!bars!(IN/IN!
Asx!=!total!area!of!transverse!bars!in!the! x !axis!(IN2)!
Asy!=!total!area!of!transverse!bars!in!the! y !axis!(IN2)!
Asp!=!area!of!hoop!/spiral!bar!for!circular!column!(IN2)!
Hc!=!conned!core!dimension!in!the! y !axis!(IN)!
Bc!=!conned!core!dimension!in!the! x !axis!(IN)!
D !=!diameter!of!spiral!or!hoop!for!circular!column!(IN)!
s!=!pitch!of!spiral!or!spacing!of!hoops!or!8es!(IN)!
23!
24!
Chen 2003
Eec8ve!connement!of!circular!columns!
s' %
(
1
&
#
2 D' $
'
Ke =
1 cc
!
Eec8ve!connement!of!rectangular!columns!
N
.
( wi' ) 2 +(
s ' %(
s' %
&
#
&
,1 6b d )&1 2b #&1 2d ##
i =1
d c *'
c $'
c $
Ke = 1 cc
25!
Chen 2003
s!=!clear!distance!between!transverse!bars!=!s!!dbh"!(IN)!
dbh!=!diameter!of!transverse!reinforcing!bar!(IN)!
D!=!centerline!diameter!of!hoop!or!spiral!(IN)!
cc!=!Ast!/!Acc"
Ast!=!total!area!of!longitudinal!reinforcement!(IN2)!
Acc!=!area!of!conned!concrete!core!(IN2)!
n!=!1!for!con8nuous!spiral!
n!=!2!for!individual!hoops!!
wi!=!clear!distance!between!adjacent!8ed!longitudinal!bars(IN)!
bd!=!conned!core!dimension!in!the!longer!direc8on(IN)!
dc!=!conned!core!dimension!in!the!shorter!direc8on!(IN)!
N!=!number!of!spaces!between!longitudinal!bars!
26!
Chen 2003
SGS!Failure!Strain!C!Concrete!
Conned!concrete!crushing!strain!limit,!cu"!
important!
"
"!
cu = 0.004 +
1.4 s f yh su
f
'
cc
< 0.02
where:!
"s!=!transverse!reinforcement!ra8o!(x+y!for!rect.)!
"fyh"=!nominal!yield!stress!of!transverse!steel!
"su"=!rupture!strain!of!transverse!steel:!use!Rsu!=!0.09!
"f
cc!=!conned!concrete!compressive!stress!
27!
StressCstrain!curves!for!concrete!
28!
SGS 2011
StressCstrain!curves!for!concrete!
!
!
!
Conned!concrete!
Spalling!
crushing!strain,!cu,!!
!
strain,!sp,!!not!
cri8cal!component!
to!exceed!
!
0.005!
!
!
cu
!
Limit!cu!<!0.02!for!design!purposes!
29!
SGS!Material!Models!C!Steel!
Actual!stressCstrain!curve!for!reinforcing!steel!
30!
Kowalsky 2013
Design!stressCstrain!curve!for!reinforcing!steel!
31!
SGS 2011
ASTM!A!706!Grade!60!v.!ASTM!A!615!Grade!60!
32!
ASTM 2011, 2012
StressCstrain!rela8onship!for!reinforcing!steel!
s ye
f s = Es s
ye s sh
f s = f ye
sh s suR
2
&
, su s ) #
'' !
f s = f ue $1 ( f ue f ye )**
$%
+ su sh ( !"
33!
Priestley, Calvi, Kowalsky 2007
SGS!Failure!Strains!C!Steel!
Reinforcing!steel!failure!strain,!Rsu!!
Property
Notation
Bar Size
ASTM A706
ASTM A615 Grade

60
Specified minimum yield stress (ksi)
fy
#3 - #18
60
60
Expected yield stress (ksi)
fye
#3 - #18
68
68
Expected tensile strength (ksi)
fue
#3 - #18
95
95
Expected yield strain
ye
#3 - #18
0.0023
0.0023
#3 - #8
0.0150
0.0150
#9
0.0125
0.0125
#10 - #11
0.0115
0.0115
#14
0.0075
0.0075
#18
0.0050
0.0050
#4 - #10
0.090
0.060
#11 - #18
0.060
0.040
#4 - #10
0.120
0.090
#11 - #18
0.090
0.060
Onset of strain hardening
sh
Reduced ultimate tensile strain

Ultimate tensile strain
SGS 2011
suR
su
34!
QuasiCsta8c!cons8tu8ve!models!for!cyclic!response"
35!
Kowalsky et al. 2010
Moment!!Curvature!Example!
Find!the!M#!for!the!column!shown!below!
940 KIP
#5 hoop @ 4IN
L =Ho = 20 FT
2 IN clr.
20 #11
D = 48 IN
ASTM!A!706!Grade!60 !
!!f c!=!4!KSI"
36!
Diameter,!D!=!48!IN!
Gross!Area,!Ag!=!*D2/4!=!1810!IN^2!
20!#11!!!Ast"=!20*1.56!=!31.2!IN^2!
l!=!Ast!/!Ag"=!0.01724!=!1.724%!
#5!spiral!(dsp!=!0.625!IN!and!Asp!=!0.31!IN^2)!!
Hoop!spacing!=!4!IN!pitch!(s!=!4!IN)!
Clear!cover,!cov!=!2!IN!over!transverse!bars!
Core!diameter,!D =!D!!2*cov!!dsp"=!43.375!IN!
s"=!4*Asp!/!(D *!s)!=!0.00715!=!0.715%!
ASTM!A!706!Grade!60!so!fye!=!68!KSI,!fue!=!95!KSI!
f c!=!4!KSI!so!f ce!=!5.2!KSI!
P"=!940!K!Axial!Load!Ra8o,!ALR!=!P!/!(f ce*Ag)!=!0.1! 37!
Conned!concrete!crushing!strain!limit,!cu""
" ""
1.4 s f yh su
cu = 0.004 +
= 0.01232
'
!
f cc
where:!
"s!=!4*Asp/(D *s)!=!0.00715!
"f l"=!Ke*s*fyh/2!~!0.95*0.00715*60/2!=!0.204!KSI!
"fyh"=!60!KSI!(use!nominal!for!horizontal!steel)!
"su"=!Rsu"=!0.09!for!#5!hoops!
'
'
! '
&
#
7
.
94
f
2
f
' $
l
l
f! cc = f ce 2.254 1 +
' 1.254 ! = 6.49
'
$
!
f
f
ce
ce
%
"
!
Spreadsheet"demo"then"check"with"commercial"
38!
Spreadsheet!summary!
39!
How!is!idealized!M"#"!rela8onship!calculated?!
!
Elas8cCperfectly!plas8c!rela8onship!is!dened!as:!
!
Mi!=!idealized!moment!values!=!minimum!of!EceIe*!or!Mp"
Mp"=!idealized!plas8c!moment!
!!=!actual!calculated!curvature!from!M#!results!!
EceIe!=!eec8ve!s8ness!at!rst!yield!=!My!/!y!
(M)!=!dierence!in!actual!and!idealized!=!(M)*() !!
!
!
!(M)!=!sum!of!dierence!=!0!by!changing!Mp"!
!
Spreadsheet"demo"then"check"with"commercial!
!
40!
Idealized!M"#"!rela8onship!(balanced!area)!
41!
42!
P = 940 K
yi = 0.0001109 1/IN
u = 0.001073 1/IN
Mp = 50460 K-IN
EceIeff = 454.85E6 K-IN2
2%
0.2%
2%
0.3%
Comparison"
yi = 0.0001132 1/IN
u = 0.001075 1/IN
Mp = 51626 K-IN
EceIeff = 456.3E6 K-IN2
43!
Approximate!Methods!
the!use!of!curvature!(! )!in!design!is!uncommon!
!
don t!have!a!good! feel !for!curvature!values!
!
simple!method!to!check!the!computer!results!
!
can!help!with!itera8ve!processes!
!
use"these"approxima-ons"with"due"skep-cism!
!
44!
Approximate!Methods!C!yi"
For!a!rough!check!of!conven8onal!circular!
reinforced!concrete!column!sec8ons:!
!
"
!
"
!
where:!
!
!
!
!
"
"
!
!
!
!yi"~!2.25*ye/12Bo!~!1/2300Bo!!
" yi"~!2.25*ye/D!~!1/190D!!
&yi"=!idealized!yield!curvature!(1/IN)!
!Bo"=!column!diameter!(FT)!
"D"=!column!diameter!(IN)!
!ye"=!expected!yield!strain!~!0.002345!(IN/IN)!!
45!
For!a!rough!check!of!conven8onal!rectangular!
!
!
where:!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! yi"~!2.1*ye/12Bo"~!1/2500Bo!!
&yi"=!idealized!yield!curvature!(1/IN)!
!Bo"=!column!width!in!loaded!direc8on!(FT)!
!ye"=!expected!yield!strain!~!0.002345!(IN/IN)!!
46!
Approximate!Methods!C!u"
And!for!a!very"rough"check"of!conven8onal!
circular!or!rectangular!reinforced!concrete!
column!sec8ons!with!good!connement:!
!
!
where:!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!u!=!min!(cu/cc"",!!suR/d#c)!!~!suR"/12Bo!
&u!=!ul8mate!curvature!(1/IN)!
!cu"=!ul8mate!conned!concrete!strain!(1/IN)!
!suR"=!reduced!ul8mate!tensile!strain!(IN/IN)!
!cc"=!neutral!axis!to!edge!of!conned!core!(IN)!
!d#c"=!neutral!axis!to!extreme!tension!bar!(IN)!
!Bo"=!column!diameter!/!width!(FT)!
47!
Eec8ve!S8ness!C!Ece*Ie"
"
Ece*Ie"=!My"/"y"
where:!!
!Ece!=!Expected!modulus!of!elas8city!for!concrete!
!My!=!moment!at!rst!yield!(expected!materials!at!rst!yield)!
!y!=!curvature!at!rst!yield!(expected!materials!at!rst!yield)!
!
So,!
Ie"=!My"/("y"*Ece)"
And!typically,!!
!0.7!<!Ie!/!Ig!!<!0.3!
48!
Approximate!Methods!!Ie"/!Ig"
!
!
!
Ie/Ig!~!0.2!+!0.1*l"+!0.5*(P/f
ce*Ag)!
where:!!
!
!l!=!longitudinal!reinforcement!ra8o!in!%!
!
!!!!!=!Ast!/!Ag"*!100!<!3%!prac8cal!limit!
!
!P!!=!axial!load!!keep'below'0.2*Ag*f ce&
"
SGS 2011
49!
Approximate!Methods!C!Mp"
Mp"~"D3"*"[0.05!+!0.2*l"+!P/(f
ce*Ag)]!
where:!"
"
"Mp"!=!idealized!plas8c!moment!for!circular!sec8on!(KCIN)!!
!
!D!!!!!=!column!diameter!(IN)!!>!30!IN!
!
!l!!!!=!longitudinal!reinforcement!ra8o!in!%!
!
!!!!!!!!=!Ast!/!Ag"*!100!!<!4%!but!3%!is!prac8cal!limit!
!
!P!!!!!=!axial!load!on!column!(K)!!!!<!!0.2!*"f ce*"Ag!
!
!f ce!!=!expected!concrete!strength!(KSI)!
!
!Ag!!!!=!gross!area!of!column!(IN^2)!
!
Assumes!!ASTM!A!706!Grade!60!reinforcing!steel!and!f ce!=!5.2!
"
50!
Approximate!Methods!C!Mp"
Mp"~"b*d2"*"[0.15!+!0.25*l"+!1.5*P/(f
ce*Ag)]!
where:!"
"
"Mp"!=!idealized!plas8c!moment!for!rectangular!sec8on!(KCIN)!!
!
!d!!!!!=!column!depth!in!direc8on!of!loading!(IN)!!>!30!IN!
!
!b!!!!!=!column!width!(IN)!!>!30!IN!
!
!l!!!!=!Ast!/!Ag"*!100!!=!longitudinal!reinforcement!ra8o!in!%!
!
!P!!!!!=!axial!load!on!column!(K)!!!!<!!0.2!*"f ce*"Ag!
!
!f ce!!=!expected!concrete!strength!(KSI)!
!
!Ag!!!!=!b!*!d!=!gross!area!of!column!(IN^2)!
!
Assumes!!ASTM!A!706!Grade!60!reinforcing!steel!and!f ce!=!5.2!
"
51!
Moment!!Curvature!Check!
Diameter,!D!=!48!IN!
Ig!=!D4/64!=!260576!IN4!
l!=!Ast!/!Ag"=!0.01724!=!1.724%!
Axial!Load!Ra8o,!ALR!=!P!/!(f ce*Ag)!=!0.1!![P"~!940!K]!
ye!=!fye/Es"=!68/29000!=!0.002345!!!!!!Rsu"=!0.06!(#11)!
yi"~2.25*0.00234/48!=!0.000110!1/IN!v.!0.0001132"1/IN"
u"~!0.06/48!=!0.00125!1/IN!v.!0.001075"1/IN"
Ie!~!(0.2+.1*1.724+0.5*0.1)*260576!=!0.42*260576!
" "Ie!~!109963!IN4!v.!105307"IN4""""""""""4%"
Mp!~!483(0.05+0.2*1.724+0.1)!
" "Mp!~!54713!KCIN!v.!51626"K#IN""""""6%!
52!
Moment!!Curvature!Check!
Approximate Method
Predicted Response
Idealized Response
XTRACT Response
53!
Force!C!Displacement"
Calculate!deec8ons!using!MC!result!
Elas8c!deforma8on!component,!yi"
Plas8c!deforma8on!component,!p"
Founda-on"deforma-on"component""important"
but"not"specically"addressed"in"this"workshop"
Conserva8ve!to!neglect!shear!deforma8ons"
!
54!
Strain penetration
55!
56!
57!
Caltrans SDC Version 1.7
Analy8cal!Plas8c!Hinge!Length!C"Lp"
Approxima8on!used!to!simplify!analysis!
!
Converts!(integrates)!curvature!to!rota8on!!
!
Includes!a!moment!gradient!part!(integra8on)!
and!a!strain!penetra8on!part!(yielding!into!cap,!
foo8ng!or!shag)!
!
Calibrated!to!the!failure!condi8on!only!and!
modica8on!may!be!needed!for!full!strainC
displacement!response!
!
58!
Researchers!have!proposed!a!plas8c!hinge!length!mechanism!
and!a!recommended!cu!
!
Baker:
!
!Lp!=!0.33*(L/D)*c"
"
Maaock: !
!Lp=0.5*D+0.05*L
""
"
Sawyer: !
!Lp=0.25*D+0.075*L"
"
The!SGS!(and!others)!uses!an!analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length!
based!upon!the!work!of!Dr.!Priestley"
59!
Lp!=!k!*!L!+!Lsp!>!2!*!Lsp"
!
Lp!=!0.08!*!L!+!0.15!*!fye!*!dbl!>!0.3!fye!*!dbl!"
where:!
!
k!=!0.2*(fue/fye!!1)!!0.08!
!L!=!length!of!column!from!point!of!maximum!moment!!
! !!!!!!!to!the!point!of!moment!contraCexure!(IN)!
!Lsp!=!strain!penetra8on!component!=!0.15*fye*dbl!!(IN)!
!fye!=!expected!yield!stress!of!longitudinal!bars!(KSI)!
!fue"=!expected!tensile!strength!(KSI)!
!dbl"=!diameter!of!longitudinal!column!bars!(IN)!
60!
SGS 2011
crack""~!!1/3*cr*L2!
!
y""~!!1/3*y*(L+Lsp)2!
!
(M,")"~!!y*(M/My)+!(!C!y!)*Lp*(LCLp/2)!
where:!
!
!
!
!
"
!"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
!y
!L
"Lp
"Lsp
"
"My
"M
"F
!=!curvature!at!rst!yield!
!=!column!height!
!=!analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length!
!=!strain!penetra8on!
!=!curvature!at!point!of!interest!
!=!moment!at!rst!yield!
!=!moment!associated!with "
!=!force!associated!with!!=!M!/!L"
61!
yi""~!!1/3*yi*(L+Lsp)2!
!
!
where:!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"
!"
"
"
"
LC""=!yi!!+!p!!~!!yi!!+!(u!C!yi!)*Lp*(LCLp/2)!
!yi
!yi"
!p"
!L
"Lp
"Lsp
" u
!LC"
"Fp
!
!
"
"
Priestley,"!Calvi, Kowalsky 2007
!=!idealized!yield!curvature!
"=!idealized!yield!displacement!
"=!plas8c!displacement!capacity!
!=!column!height!
!=!analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length!
!=!strain!penetra8on!
!=!ul8mate!curvature!
"=!ul8mate!displacement!
!=!plas8c!force!=!Mp!/!L!!
62!
So!the!deforma8on!values!for!the!example!problem!are:!
"
yi""=!!1/3*0.0001132*(240+14.38)2!=!2.44!IN!
!
LC"=!!2.44!+!(0.001075!!0.0001132!)*33.58*(240C33.58/2)!=!9.62!IN!
where:!
!
!
!
!
"
!
"
!
"
"
"
!
!
"
!
!
!yi
!L
"Lsp
!"Lp
"u
"Mp
!Fp
!D
!=!0.0001132!1/IN!
!=!20!FT!=!240!IN!
!=!0.15*68*1.41!=!14.38!IN!
!=!0.08*240!+!14.38!=!33.58!IN!>!28.8!IN!
!=!0.001075!1/IN!
!=!Myi""=!Mu!=!51626!KCIN!
!=!Mp!/!L!=!51626!/!240!=!215!KIP!
!=!LC"!/!yi""=!9.62!/!2.44!=!3.94!
63!
The!idealized!response!for!the!single!column!example!
Approximate!
Mp,!yi"and!u"
Idealized!
Spreadsheet!
Mp,!yi!and!u"
Predicted!
Response!from!
Spreadsheet!
calculated!M- "
64!
Approximate!Methods"
As!with!M#,!we!prefer!a!simplied!method!to!
check!the!computer!results!
simple!method!to!check!the!computer!results!
!
could!use!the!closedCform!AASHTO!equa8ons!to!
start!but!they!are!developed!for!specic!target!
duc8lity!/!strain!limits!
use"these"approxima-ons"with"due"skep-cism!
65!
For!a!rough!check!of!conven8onal!circular!
"
"
"!
!"""yi""~!!1/3*yi*(12*L+0.15*fye*db)2!!~!!L2!/!42Bo!!
!
!where:!
!yi!=!idealized!yield!displacement!(IN)!
!
!L!=!contraexure!to!plas8c!hinge!distance!(FT)!
!
!db!=!diameter!of!longitudinal!column!bar!(IN)!
!
!yi!=!idealized!yield!curvature!~!2.25*ye/Bo!(1/IN)!
!
!Bo!=!column!diameter!(FT)!
!
!fye!=!expected!yield!stress!(KSI)!
66!
For!a!rough!check!of!conven8onal!rectangular!
!
!"""yi""~!!1/3*yi*(12*L+0.15*fye*db)2!!~!!L2!/!45Bo!!
!
!where:!
!yi!=!idealized!yield!displacement!(IN)!
!
!L"=!contraexure!to!plas8c!hinge!distance!(FT)!
!
!db!=!diameter!of!longitudinal!column!bar!(IN)!
!
!yi"=!idealized!yield!curvature!~!2.1*ye/12Bo!(1/IN)!
!
!Bo!=!column!width!in!direc8on!of!loading!(FT)!
!
!fye!=!expected!yield!stress!(KSI)!
67!
Approximate!Methods!C!cL"
And!for!a!very"rough"check"of!conven8onal!
reinforced!concrete!columns!with!L/Bo!>!4!:!
!
!"""""LC"~!"yi"+!(u"C!yi!)*Lp*(12*LCLp/2)!!~!!L2!/!10Bo"!
!
!where:!
!LC!=!local!displacement!capacity!(IN)!
!
!L"=!contraexure!to!plas8c!hinge!distance!(FT)!
!
!Lp!=!analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length!(IN)!
!
!u!=!ul8mate!curvature!~"suR"/12Bo!(1/IN)!
&
&yi!=!idealized!yield!curvature!(1/IN)!
!
!Bo"=!column!diameter!/!width!(FT)!
!
!
!!
68!
ForceCDisplacement!Check"
Diameter,!D"=!48!IN!=>"Bo!=!4!FT!!
!
Height,!L"=!Ho"="20!FT!
!
Mp!~!54713KCIN/12!=!4560!KCFT!(see!previous!check)!
!
! yi""~!L2!/!42Bo!=!202/(42*4)!=!2.4!IN!v.!2.4"IN!
!
!LC"~!L2!/!10Bo"=!202/(10*4)!=!10!IN!v.!9.6"IN!
!
! !Fp!=!Mp"/!L"=!4560/20!=!228!KIP!v.!215"KIP!
69!
Idealized!response!for!the!single!column!example!
Approximate!
Mp,!yi"and!LC"
Spreadsheet!
calculated!
!Mp,!yi!and!u"
70!
What!about!Double!Curvature?!
Eec8ve!column!height,!L,!is!taken!from!the!maximum!
moment!loca8on!to!the!contraexure!point!
Then!add!the!displacement!results!for!each!part!
L1"
L2"
71!
SGS 2011
What!about!Double!Curvature?!
72!
Caltrans!SDC!Version!1.7!
What!about!Pile/Shag!Extensions?!
For!xed!head!condi8on,!the!eec8ve!column!
height!values,"L1!and!L2,"will!not!be!of!equal!length!
above!and!below!the!contraexure!point!
!
Calculate!yi!from!the!point!of!eec8ve!xity,!LS,!for!
s8ness!calcula8ons!(typically!3Bo!<!LS!<!7Bo)!
!
Calculate!p"from!the!plas8c!hinge!loca8on,!LM,!
below!the!ground!line!(typically!1Bo!<!LM!<!3Bo)!
73!
What!about!Pile/Shag!Extensions?!
F!
F!
F!
For yi
For p
74!
Concrete!Filled!Steel!Pipe!Piles!
75!
What!about!PC!Eects?!
From!equilibrium!and!
summing!moments!
about!the!base!of!the!
column:!
!
Mp!=!Fp"*!Ho!+!P"*!&
76!
The!moment!leg!to!resist!lateral!forces!becomes,!!
!
M p!=!Mp!!P"*" "
"
F P"="M P"/"Ho"
"
But!when!using!an!idealized!elas8c!perfectlyCplas8c!
forceCdisplacement!rela8onship!check!
!
Pdl"* r !0.25!*!Mp"
77!
78!
Adjusted!response!for!the!single!column!example!
Unadjusted!
for!P-"
Adjusted!for!
P-"
79!
Rearranging!the!P#!limit!the!maximum!permissible!
deec8on!for!the!single!column!example!
!
r !0.25!*!Mp!/!Pdl!
"
r !0.25!*!51626!KCIN!/!940!K!=!13.7!IN!
In!this!case,!the!P#!limit!is!greater!than!the!
calculated!LC"!value!
!
With!more!connement,!the!P#!limit!may!govern!
80!
Local!Duc8lity!v.!Global!Duc8lity!
Use!local"member!displacements!
!
DL""<!CL!
!
D =!DL!!/!yi""!
where:!
"DL"=!Local!member!deforma8on!demand!
"CL"=!Local!member!deforma8on!capacity!
" D =!local!member!displacement!duc8lity!demand"
"yi""=!idealized!yield!deforma8on!
81!
82!
83!
Implicit!SGS!Equa8ons"
For!SDC!B!and!C,!closed#form!member!displacement!capacity!
equa8ons!are!available!
!
!SDC!B: !
!LC"=!0.12Ho(C1.27*ln(x)C0.32)>0.12Ho"
!
!SDC!C: !
!LC"=!0.12Ho(C2.32*ln(x)C1.22)>0.12Ho!!
!
!where:!
!
!x!=!Bo/Ho!
!
!!=!xity!factor,!pinCx!=!1,!xCx!=!2!
!
!Ho!=!clear!height!of!column!(FT)!
!
!Bo!=!column!diameter!/!width!in!direc8on!of!loading(FT)!
!
SGS 2011
84!
Imbsen 2006
85!
Imbsen 2006
86!
Imbsen 2006
87!
88!
Assuming!SDC!B,!determine!the!permissible!deforma8on!for!
the!example!problem"
!
!LC""=!0.12Ho(C1.27*ln(x)C0.32)!>!0.12*Ho!
"
"LC""=!0.12*20"*"(C1.27*ln(0.2)C0.32)!=!4.1!IN!
!
!where:!
!
!x!=!Bo/Ho!=!1*4/20!=!0.2!
!
!!=!xity!factor!for!pinCx!=!1!for!this!example!
!
!Ho!=!founda8on!to!top!of!pier!=!20!FT!
!
!Bo!=!column!diameter!=!4!FT!
!
89!
Assuming!SDC!C,!determine!the!permissible!deforma8on!for!
the!example!problem"
!
!LC""=!0.12Ho(C2.32*ln(x)C1.22)!>!0.12*Ho!!
"
"LC""=!0.12*20"*"(C2.32*ln(0.2)C1.22)!=!6.0!IN!
!
!where:!
!
!x!=!Bo/Ho!=!1*4/20!=!0.2!
!
!!=!xity!factor!for!pinCx!=!1!
!
!Ho!=!20!FT!
!
!Bo!=!4!FT!
!
90!
Prescrip8ve!detailing!for!SDC!B!
!
"s!>!0.003!
"w!>!0.002!
"0.03"*!Ag"">"Al!>!0.007!*!Ag"
Prescrip8ve!detailing!for!SDC!C!
!
"s!>!0.005!
"w!>!0.004!
"0.03"*!Ag"">"Al!>!0.007!*!Ag"
SGS 2011
91!
Other!Considera8ons"
Hollow!column!sec8ons!and!connement!
NonCprisma8c!and!ared!columns!
Essen8ally!elas8c!response!
Direc8onal!load!combina8ons!
Uncoupling!the!deforma8on!verica8on!
Cold!climate!eects!on!material!proper8es!
Frozen!soil!s8ness"
!
92!
Design!Example!1!
#5 hoop
@ 4IN
940 KIP
940 KIP
d = 4 FT
Ho = 24 FT
2 IN clr.
Rigid cap and

footings
20 #11
D = 48 IN
Z = 32 FT
93!
Design!Example!1!
Assume!that!the!point!of!contraexure!is!at!column!midCheight!
L1""=L"="Ho"/"2"
L2""="L"="Ho"/"2"
94!
Design!Example!1!
Use!approximate!methods!to!predict!expected!response!
Diameter,!D"=!48!IN!=>"Bo!=!4!FT!!
Height,!Ho"=!24!FT!so!for!the!transverse!direc8on,!L!=!12!FT!
P!=!PDL!!!PEQ"!
PEQ!=!(Mp#L"+!Mp#R)!*!(1!+!d"/!Ho)!/!Z"""!"why?"
Use!P!=!PDL!=!940!K!for!rst!itera8on!
Mp!~!54720KCIN/12!=!4560!KCFT!(see!previous!calcula8ons)!
!
! yi""~!2!*!L2/42Bo!=!2!*!122/(42*4)!=!1.71!IN!
!
!LC"~!2!*!L2/10Bo"=!2!*!122/(10*4)!=!7.2!IN!
!
!
!Fp!=!(2*Mp#L!+!2*Mp#R)!/!Ho"~!4!*!Mp!/24!=!760!KIP"!"why?!
95!
!
Design!Example!1!
Mp-L*(1 + d/Ho)
Fp
Mp-R*(1 + d/Ho)
L = Ho / 2
d /2
Mp-L
Mp-R
Mp-L
Mp-R
Moment'Diagram''slope'of'line'is'the'shear''shear'in'cap'beam'is'axial'force'in'column'
96!
Design!Example!1!
Perform!a!second!itera8on!to!verify!ini8al!assump8ons!
!
PEQ!=!(Mp#L+Mp#R)*(1+d/Ho)/!Z"~"2*54720*1.167!/12/32!~!332!K!
P!=!PDL"!PEQ""=!940!C/+!332!=!608K!and!1272K![compression]!
Mp#L!~!(0.05+0.2*1.724+0.0643)!*!483!=!50808!KCIN!
Mp#R!~!(0.05+0.2*1.724+0.130)!*!483!=!58612!KCIN!!
PEQ!=!(Mp#L"+!Mp#R)*(1!+!d"/!Ho)!/!Z""
PEQ!=!(50808+58612)(1.167)/32/12!=!332!K!!!
Fp!=!(2!*!Mp#L!+!2!*!Mp#R)!/!Ho"=!760!KIP!!!
97!
Design!Example!1!
Now!use!the!rened!analysis!to!determine!the!forceC
displacement!response!of!the!pier!
!
First!calcula8on!idealized!M#"
Then!calculate!Lsp!and!Lp"
Then!calculate!the!forceCdisplacement!for!each!column!
Then!add!the!results!of!each!column!to!nd!the!total!pier!
response!
!
98!
Design!Example!1!
99!
Design!Example!1!
Verify!that!the!axial!forces!are!reasonably!close!to!the!ini8al!
es8mate!!
!
"PEQ!=!(Mp#L"+!Mp#R)!*!(1!+!d"/!Ho)!/!Z""
"
"PEQ!="(48172+55174)*1.167!/(12*32)!~!314!K!v.!332k!
!
!P!=!PDL"C!PEQ""=!940!C!314!=!626K!v.!608K!!close!enough!@!3%!
!
!P!=!PDL"+!PEQ""=!940!+!314!=!1254K!v.!1272K!!close!enough!@!2%!
!
!
Use!the!ini8al!values!since!they!are!close!
!
100!
!
Design!Example!1!
Order!or!hinge!forma8on!
940 KIP
Ho = 24 FT
940 KIP
Plastic Hinge
Formation
Z = 32 FT
101!
Design!Example!1!
Order!or!hinge!failure!(maximum!strain!limit)!
940 KIP
Ho = 24 FT
940 KIP
Plastic Hinge
Failure
Z = 32 FT
102!
Design!Example!1!
For!the!leg!/!trailing!side!column:!
"
yi#L""=!!1/3*0.0001106*(144+14.38)2!=!0.92!IN!
!
LC#L"=!!0.92!+(0.0011844!0.0001106!)*28.8*(144C28.8/2)!=!4.92!IN!
!
where:!
!
!
!
"
!
"
!
"
"
"
!
"
!
!yi
!L
"Lsp
!"Lp
"u
"Mp
!Fp#L
!=!0.0001106/IN!
!=!Ho!/!2!=!24!FT!/!2!*!12!=!144!IN!!
!=!0.15*68*1.41!=!14.38!IN!
!=!0.08*144!+!14.38!=!25.9!IN!<!28.8!IN!
!=!0.0011844!1/IN!
!=!48172!KCIN!
!=!Mp!/!L!=!48172!/!144!=!335!KIP!
103!
Design!Example!1!
For!the!right!/!right!side!column:!
"
yi#R""=!!1/3*0.00011231*(144+14.38)2!=!0.94!IN!
!
LC#R"=!!0.94!+(0.0009898!!0.00011231)*28.8*(144C28.8/2)!=!4.21!IN!
!
where:!
!
!
!yi
!=!0.00011231/IN!
!
!
!L
!=!Ho!/!2!=!24!FT!/!2!*!12!=!144!IN!
"
"
"Lsp
!=!0.15*68*1.41!=!14.38!IN!
!
!
!"Lp
!=!0.08*144!+!14.38!=!25.9!IN!<!28.8!IN!
"
"
"u
!=!0.0009898!1/IN!
"
"
"Mp
!=!55174!KCIN!
!
!
!Fp#R !=!Mp!/!L!=!55174!/!144!=!383!KIP!
104!
Design!Example!1!
LeH'Column'
Right'Column'
608!
1272!
Eec8ve!s8ness,!(EI)e"
4.36E9!
4.91E9!
Plas8c!moment,!Mp"
48172!
55174!
Idealized!yield!curvature,!yi"
0.00011060!
0.00011231!
Ul8mate!curvature,!u"
0.0011844!
0.0009898!
Plas8c!curvature,!p"
0.001074!
0.000877!
Analy8cal!Plas8c!Hinge!Length,!Lp"
28.8!
28.8!
yi!(per!half!of!column!height)!
0.92!
0.94!
p"(per!half!of!column!height)!
4.00!
3.27!
u!(per!half!of!column!height)!
4.92!
4.21!
Plas8c!shear,!Fp"
335!
383!
Axial!compression,!P"
105!
Design!Example!1!
Adding!the!columns!together!
SGS!2011!
106!
Design!Example!1!
Total!eec8ve!lateral!force!
!
! !
!Fp!=!Fp#L!+!Fp#R""=!335K!+!383K!=!718!K!!
!
!
Idealized!yield!displacement!
!
! !yi"~!(2*yi#L!+!2*yi#R)!/"2!=!0.92!+!0.94!=!1.86!IN!
!
!
Ul8mate!displacement!(rst!hinge!failure!on!right)!
!
! !
!Lc!=!2!* Lc#R!!=!2!*!4.21!IN!=!8.42!IN!
107!
Design!Example!1!
Combined"
Right!/!
Leading!
Column"
Leg!/!Trailing!
Column"
108!
Design!Example!1!
Idealized!force!displacement!for!the!two!column!pier!
Approximate!
Mp,!yi"and!LC"
Spreadsheet!
Idealized!
!Mp,!yi!and!u"
109!
Design!Example!1!
The!maximum!deec8on!based!on!P#!limits!
"
r !0.25!*!48172!KCIN!/!940!K!=!12.8!IN!!!(per!half)!
And!as!a!check!using!SDC!C!deec8on!(D!!~!2.1!with!Lsp)!
!
!LC"=!0.12*24*(C2.32*ln(0.33)C1.22)!=!3.83!IN!
And!the!displacement!duc8lity!capacity!
!
!
!
!D!<!Lc!/yi"=!8.42!/!1.86!=!4.5!
110!
Capacity!Design"
Designer!dictates!the!bridge!response!(e.g.,!column!hinge!
response!mechanism!!Type!I)!
Preclude!all!failure!modes!that!would!prevent!the!forma8on!of!
the!predicted!forceCdeec8on!response!including:!
Shear!failure!inside!and!outside!the!plas8c!hinge!region!(not!
the!same!as!analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length,!Lp)!
ColumnCcap!and!columnCfoo8ng!joint!failure!
Cap!beam,!foo8ng!or!shag!moment,!shear,!and!axial!
overload!/!hinging!
Foo8ng!overturning,!sliding,!uplig!and!rocking!failure!
Any!other!failure!that!occurs!prior!to!reaching!LC!
!
111!
Capacity!Design"
Use!overstrength!plas8c!hinging!forces!for!connected!elements!
!
Mpo!=!mo*!Mp""
"
mo!=!1.2!for!ASTM!A!706!Grade!60!(must!use!in!SDC!D)!!
Associated!shear!forces,!Vpo,!and!axial/overturning,!mo*!PEQ"!
!
Use!for!!joints,!shear!in!hinges,!foo8ngs,!cap!beams,!etc.!
!
May!use!expected!nominal!moment!resistance,!Mne!,for!
capacity!design!of!caps,!foo8ngs,!shags!at!concrete!
compression!strain!of!0.003!and!a!resistance!factor,!!,!of!1!
112!
Shear!Resistance!in!Plas8c!Hinges"
!
! Vn!!=!
(Vc"+!Vs)!>!Vpo"
where:!
"!=!resistance!factor!of!0.9!for!shear!in!plas8c!hinge!region!
"Pu!=!PDL!!!!!mo!*!PEQ"
!If!Pu!<!0!!(tension)!then!vc!=!0!otherwise!
!
*
$! 0.11 f c%
P
u
( ! f c% min#
vc = 0.032 %+1 +
+ 2A (
!"0.047 % f c%
g )
,
!
Vc!=!vc!*!Ae!!
!
Ae!=!0.8!*!Ag"
!
SGS 2011
113!
For!circular!columns!with!spirals!or!hoops!
!
fs
'
0.3 < =
+ 3.67 D < 3
!
0.15
!
' nAsp f yh D ' $
" 0.25 f c' Ae

!
Vs = %
"
2 %&
s
#
!
n!=!number!of!individual!interlocking!spiral!or!!hoop!core!sec8ons!!
fs!=!s*fyh!<!0.35!
Asp!=!area!of!hoop!or!spiral!bar!(in.2)!
fyh!=!yield!stress!of!spiral!or!hoop!reinforcement!(ksi)!
D!=!core!diameter!measured!from!center!of!spiral!or!hoop!(in.)!
s"=!spacing!of!spiral!or!hoop!reinforcement!(in.)!
114!
SGS 2011
!
For!rectangular!columns!with!8es!
!
fw
'
0.3 < =
+ 3.67 D < 3
!
0.15
!
' Av f yh d $
!
"" 0.25 f c' Ae
Vs = %%
& s #
"
Av!=!area!of!shear!reinforcement!in!the!direc8on!of!loading!(in.2)!
fw!=!2*w*fyh!<!0.35!
D!=!displacement!duc8lity!demand!
d"=!depth!of!sec8on!in!direc8on!of!loading!(in.)!
fyh!=!yield!stress!of!8e!reinforcement!(ksi)!
s"=!spacing!of!8e!reinforcement!(in.)!
115!
SGS 2011
*Vn!plas8c!
hinge!shear!
resistance"
Vpo!overstrength!
shear!in!plas8c!
hinge!(mo!=!1.2)"
116!
*Vn!plas8c!
hinge!shear!
resistance!!limit!!
8.35!IN!on!right!
column"
Vpo!overstrength!
shear!in!rights!
plas8c!hinge!!
(mo = 1.2)"
Vpo!overstrength!
shear!in!leg!
plas8c!hinge!
(mo = 1.2)"
117!
Joints!and!Connec8ons"
Average!principal!joint!stresses!are!used!as!
an!indicator!of!joint!performance!
!
Take!cap!beam!forces!at!the!face!of!column!
(not!centerline)!including!mo"!
!
Resultant!tensile!force!from!MC!analysis!or!
use!approximate!value!of!T!~!0.7!*!Ast!*!fye"
118!
Splices!and!Transverse!Bars"
Plas8c!hinge!region!larger!than!analy8cal!
plas8c!hinge!length,!Lp"
No!Splice!Zone!in!Plas8c!hinge!regions!
!
May!reduce!transverse!reinforcing!outside!
plas8c!hinge!region!
Development,!anchorage,!and!other!details!
119!
Design!Example!2!
Very high transverse
reinforcing for this example
likely hard to construct
2 IN clr.
4 legs #5
stirrups @ 4IN
500 KIP
500 KIP
Ho = 18 FT
Bo = 36 IN
d = 3 FT
Rigid cap and

footings
24 #10
Z = 24 FT
Bo = 36 IN
120!
Design!Example!2!
Use!approximate!methods!to!es8mate!forceCdisplacement!
Width!and!depth,!Bo!=!3!FT!,!b!=!36!IN!and!d!=!36!IN!
Height,!Ho"=!18!FT!so!for!the!transverse!direc8on,!L!=!108!IN!
Longitudinal!bars!#10,!Lsp!=!13.0!IN,!Lp!=!25.9!IN,!l!=!2.35%!!
"
"""""Mp"~"36*362"*"[0.15!+!0.25*2.35"+!1.5*0.074]!~!39600!KCIN!
!!!!!yi"~!2.1*ye/12Bo"=!2.1*0.002345/36!=!0.0001368!1/IN!
"u"~!suR"/12Bo!=!0.09/36!=!0.002500!1/IN!
!yi"~!1/3*yi*(L+Lsp)2!=!0.0001368*(108+13)2/3!=!0.67!IN!
LC"~!yi!!+!(u!C!yi!)*Lp*(LCLp/2)!
"LC"!~!0.67!+!0.002363*25.9*(108C13)!=!6.50!IN!
!
"Fp!=!(2*Mp#L!+!2*Mp#R)!/!Ho"~!4!*!Mp!/18/12!=!733!KIP!
!
121!
Design!Example!2!
Es8mate!the!axial!force!per!column!
!
PEQ!=!(Mp#L+Mp#R)*(1+d/Ho)/!Z"~"2*39600*1.167!/12/24!~!321!K!
P!=!PDL"!PEQ""=!500!C/+!321!=!179K!and!821K![compression]!
Mp#L!~"36*362"*"[0.15!+!0.25*2.35"+!1.5*0.027]!~!36300!KCIN!
Mp#R!~"36*362"*"[0.15!+!0.25*2.35"+!1.5*0.122]!~!42900!KCIN!
PEQ!=!(Mp#L"+!Mp#R)*(1!+!d"/!Ho)!/!Z""
PEQ!=!(36300+42900)(1.167)/24/12!=!321!K!v.!321K!!!OK!
Fp!=!(2!*!Mp#L!+!2!*!Mp#R)!/!Ho"=!733K!v.!733K!!!OK!
122!
Design!Example!2!
Spreadsheet!
Idealized&
123!
Design!Example!2!
LeH'Column'
Right'Column'
185!
815!
Eec8ve!s8ness,!(EI)e"
2.44E8!
2.77E8!
Plas8c!moment,!Mp"
36442!
41280!
Idealized!yield!curvature,!yi"
0.0001494!
0.0001492!
Ul8mate!curvature,!u"
0.003611!
0.002682!
Plas8c!curvature,!p"
0.003461!
0.002533!
Analy8cal!Plas8c!Hinge!Length,!Lp"
25.9!
25.9!
yi!(per!half!of!column!height)!
0.73!
0.73!
p"(per!half!of!column!height)!
8.52!
6.24!
u!(per!half!of!column!height)!
9.25!
6.96!
Plas8c!shear,!Fp"
337!
382!
Axial!compression,!P"
124!
Design!Example!2!
Total!eec8ve!lateral!force!
!
! !
!Fp!=!Fp#L!+!Fp#R""=!337K!+!382K!=!720!K!!!OK!
!
!
Idealized!yield!displacement!
!
! !yi"~!(2*yi#L!+!2*yi#R)!/"2!=!0.73!+!0.73!=!1.46!IN!
!
!
Ul8mate!displacement!(rst!hinge!failure!on!right)!
!
! !
!Lc!=!2* Lc#R!!=!2!*!6.96!IN!=!13.9!IN!
125!
Design!Example!2!
Combined"
Right!/!
Leading!
Column"
Leg!/!Trailing!
Column"
126!
Design!Example!2!
The!maximum!deec8on!based!on!P#!limits"
r !0.25!*!36442!KCIN!/!500!K!=!18.2!IN!(per!half)!>!13.9!IN!!!
And!as!a!check!using!SDC!C!deec8on!(D!!~!2.1!with!Lsp)!
!LC"=!0.12*18*(C2.32*ln(0.33)C1.22)!=!2.87!IN!
And!the!displacement!duc8lity!capacity!
!
!D!<!Lc!/!yi"=!13.9!/!1.46!=!9.5!>>!6!"!exceeds!limit!
!
Thus,!limi8ng!deec8on!due!to!maximum!duc8lity!(SGS!4.9)!
"
"LC"=!D!*!yi""=!6!*!1.46!=!8.75!IN!"!maximum!
127!
Design!Example!2"
Now!check!the!shear!in!the!hinge!at!maximum!deec8on"
""
"
"
"
" Vn!!=! (Vc"+!Vs)!>!Vpo"
where:!
"!=!resistance!factor!of!0.9!for!shear!in!plas8c!hinge!region!
!
"Pu!=!PDL!!!!!mo!*!PEQ"~!122K!and!878K!
!
*
$! 0.11 f c%
P
u
( f c% min#
! vc = 0.032 %++1 +
(
2
A
!"0.047 % f c%
g
,
)
!
"Ae!=!0.8!*!Ag"=!0.8!*!36!*!36!=!1036!IN2!
!
128!
Design!Example!2"
For!rectangular!columns!with!8es!
!
fw
'
0.3 < =
+ 3.67 D < 3
!
0.15
!
' Av f yh d $
!
"" 0.25 f c' Ae
Vs = %%
s #
&
"
"Av!=!4!*!0.31!=!1.24!IN2!
"fw!=!2*w*fyh!=!1.17!>>!0.35!so!fw!=!0.35!"!maximum!
"D!=!6!maximum!so!"=!0.3!"!minimum!value!governs!
"d"=!36!IN!
"fyh!=!60!KSI!
"s"=!4!IN!
129!
Design!Example!2"
vc!=!0.032*0.3*(1+122/2/1296)*2!=!0.02!<!min(0.220,!0.028)!
!
Vc!=!0.02*1036!=!20!K!"!not!much!Vc!at!large!D"
!
Vs"=!(1.24*60*36/4)!=!670K! !518K!so!Vs!=!518K!"!limi8ng!value!
!
Vn!!=! (Vc"+!Vs)!=!0.9*(20+518)!=!484K!>!Vpo"~!1.2*382!=!458K"
!
!
Therefore,!at!a!duc8lity!of!six,!the!shear!capacity!of!the!plas8c!
hinge!exceeds!that!of!the!overstrength!shear!demand!!!OK!
130!
!
Performance!Objec8ves!
If"-me"permits,"more"discussion"on"performance"
objec-ves"and"strain"limits"/"damage"index"
131!
User!expecta8ons,!down!8me,!economics!
!
Need!for!beaer!seismic!bridge!performance!
Minimal!damage!!~!some!yielding!
Repairable!damage!~!spalling!!
No"collapse""~!buckling!or!rupture!
!
A! func8onal!level !EQ!may!be!needed!(100!
year!event)!with!minimal!or!repairable!damage!
132!
CALTRANS"MTD!20C1!(July!2010)!
!
!
!
!
!
South!Carolina!and!Oregon!DOTs!also!have!a!
mul8ple!hazard!level!design!approach!
133!
Performance!Objec8ve!
How!to!design!for!performance!objec8ves?!
!
Displacement!duc8lity!/!damage!index!
Plas8c!hinge!rota8on!
Material!strain!limits!
!
SGS!provides!strain!limits!(e.g.!Table!8.4.2C1)!
!
Perhaps!performance!objec8ve!strain!limits!!
134!
DI = (LD yi) / (u yi)
Caltrans!~!2001!
135!
No!Collapse!Performance!
SGS!strainCbased!deforma8on!limits!
!
Figure 8.4.4-1
Table 8.4.2-1
SGS 2011
Figure 8.5-1
136!
Some!performance!strain!limits!of!interest!
Concrete!tensile!cracking!
Concrete!compressive!spalling!
Conned!concrete!core!crushing!
Longitudinal!bar!tensile!yielding!
Longitudinal!bar!buckling!
Longitudinal!bar!tensile!rupture!
Transverse!bar!yielding!
Transverse!bar!rupture!
137!
Sample strain limits
Performance'
ObjecLve'
Concrete'Strain'Limit'
(Compression)'
Steel'Strain'Limit'
(Tension)'
!
Minimal!
(proposed)!
!
~!0.004!in/in!
~!0.003!in/in!
Repairable!
(proposed)!
!
No!Collapse!
(from!SGS)!
!
Spalling!of!cover!concrete,!
onset!of!bar!buckling,!etc.!
sh!onset!of!strain!hardening,!
residual!concrete!crack!width!less!
than!about!1/16!IN.,!2/3*Rsu"","etc.!
cu!=!0.004+1.4*s*fyh*su/f
Rsu"=!0.09!in/in!for!db!!#10!
!
Rsu"=!0.06!in/in!for!db!!#11!
cc"
138!
But!it!is!more!than!just!strain!limits!
Permanent!drig!and!sealement!limits!
Mul8ple!EQ!hazard!levels!
Sta8s8cal!calibra8on!/!fragility!curves!
Indirect!seismic!hazards!
User!expecta8ons!ager!EQ!event!
139!
EQ!Load!History!Eects!
Comparison!between!quasiCsta8c!and!the!
standard!threeCcycle!loading!protocol!
140!
SGS!reduced!ul8mate!tensile!strain,!Rsu,!
based!upon!3Ccycle!laboratory!loading!
! protocol!
!
SGS!appears!conserva8ve!but! oneCsizeCtsC
all !may!be!inadequate!
!
Strain!limits!based!upon!an8cipated!EQ!
deforma8ons!may!be!warranted!
141!
FHWA"Seismic"Retromng"Manual!
!!
! !!!!!!!!!!ap"=!0.08!*!(2!*!Nf)C1/2"
where:!
!ap"=!lowCcycle!fa8gue!strain!amplitude!
!Nf!=!equivalent!equal!amplitude!cycles!
!Nf""=!3.5*(Tn)C1/3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!<!Nf"!<!10!
!Tn"=!natural!period!of!bridge!
!p!=!2!*!ap!/!(D )"
142!
Inclusion!of!direc8onal!considera8ons!
143!
Strain!to!Deforma8on!
Integra8on!:!load!!shear!!
moment!(curvature!M#)!!slope!!
deec8on!!
!
Numerous!approaches!to! integrate !
!
Analy8cal!plas8c!hinge!length!is!a!
simplica8on!used!to!transform!
curvature!to!rota8on!(slope)!and!is!
used!in!the!SGS!!
144!
Plas8c!Hinge!Length,!Lp"
yi ~ yi * (L+Lsp)2 / 3
u ~ y + p
p ~ p * (L Lp / 2)
p ~ (u - yi)* Lp
SGS 2011
145!
Analy8cal!Plas8c!Hinge!Length!C!Lp!
Lp!=!0.08!*!L!+!0.15!*!fye!*!dbl">"0.3"* fye * dbl "
!
where:!
!L!=!distance!from!hinge!to!zero!moment!
!fye"=!expected!bar!yield!stress!!
!dbl!=!longitudinal!column!bar!diameter!
!
Moment!gradient!part!(column)!and!a!strain!
penetra8on!part!(foo8ng!/!cap!/!shag)!
146!
SGS 2011
Reducing!either!the!moment!gradient!part!
or!the!strain!penetra8on!part!will!reduce!LD!
Calibrated!to!the!ul8mate!strain!limit!and!
corresponding!deforma8on!
!
Modica8ons!may!be!required!to!beaer!
correlate!deforma8ons!at!lower!strain!
values!
!
147!
Curvature!dependent!plas8c!hinge!length!
148!
Sidetrack!C!ABC!Connec8ons!
Method!of!connec8ng!and!anchoring!
reinforcement!to!prefabricated!elements!
! !
!Grouted!Bar!Couplers!
!Mechanical!Bar!Couplers!
!Grouted!Ducts!
!Welded!Bar!Splices!!
149!
150!
Coupler!can!develop!full!tensile!strength!of!bar!
!
!
Couplers!have!s8er!stressCstrain!than!unCspliced!
bar!
!
These!devices!may!reduce!the!analy8cal!plas8c!
hinge!length!
!
Smaller!Lp!suggest!higher!strains!at!smaller!
displacement!(performance!objec8ves?)!
151!
Longitudinal!Bar!Buckling!
SGS!denes!bar!failure!on!tensile!rupture!
! !
Under!cyclic!loading,!tensile!bar!rupture!is!ogen!
preceded!by!bar!buckling!which!is!preceded!by!a!
large!tensile!strain!and!yielding!of!the!transverse!
reinforcement!
!
Will!likely!need!strain!limits!for!bar!buckling
152!
Bar!buckling!performance!limit!
!
153!
FHWA!Seismic!Retrong!Manual!
!!
!
!
!b"=!2!*!fy!/!Es"
!
where:!
!b"=!bar!buckling!strain!=!2!*!y!
!fy!=!yield!stress!
!Es"=!modulus!of!elas8city!
!p!=!b!/!(c!!d )!C!y"
154!
Compressive!stress!during!tensile!strain!
155!
UW!(Berry!and!Eberhard)!bar!buckling!drig!
limits!based!upon!the!column!test!database!
!
bb/L!=!3.25*(1+ke_bb*e*db/D)*(1CP/Ag*f c)*(1+L/10*D)!
!
where:!
"ke_bb"=!40!for!rectangular,!150!for!circular!and!0!if!s/db!>!6!
"e!=!s*fys/f c""!
"db"=!diameter!of!longitudinal!column!bars"
"L!=!distance!between!plas8c!hinge!and!contraexure!point!
!D!=!column!diameter!or!depth!in!direc8on!of!loading!
156!
NCSU!research!approach!
!
157!
NCSU!recommenda8ons!
!
"
#
$(3a)
%
0.0205
%
15 $ c
$
%
s
1 %%
$$(3b) 3
dbl
'
(
t =
2
"(3c)
#
dbl
1%
$
d
' h
(
s
t 0.09 , if
<3
d bl
s
t 0.06 , if
>4
dbl
s
s
t 0.09 0.03( 3) , if 3 <
<4
dbl
dbl
0.10
Tensile''Strain
0.08
(0,+0.07)
(0.01,+0.07)
0.06
0.04
t 1.7
(0.0133,+0.0276)
0.02
0.00
0.005
s
dbl
dh
s
c + 0.045
dbl
dbl
(0.0196,+0)
0.01
0.015
Compressive'Strain
0.02
0.025
158!
NCSU!recommenda8ons!
Tensile''Strain
0.08
0.10
(0,+0.07)
(0.01,+0.07)
0.08
Tensile''Strain
0.10
0.06
0.04
(0.0133,+0.0276)
0.02
0.00
0.005
(0.0196,+0)
0.01
0.015
Compressive'Strain
0.02
0.025
0.06
0.04
(0.012,+0.04)
0.02
0.00
0.005
0.01
0.015
Compressive'Strain
0.02
0.025
159!
Analysis!Methods!
If"-me"permits,"discussion"other"analysis"op-ons"
160!
Analysis!Methods!
Equivalent!elas8c!/!single!mode!
Response!spectral!analysis!
Non#linear"-me"history"
Subs-tute"structure"method"
Direct"displacement"based"design"
161!
NonCLinear!Time!History!
Use!momentCcurvature!elements!to!model!
members!with!an8cipated!plas8c!hinging!
!
May!use!momentCcurvature!for!other!capacity!
protected!elements!(e.g.,!caps!and!drilled!
shags)!but!may!be!numerically!expensive!
May!need!to!model!the!cyclic!hysteric!sogening!
to!properly!capture!deec8ons!and!PC!eects!
but!this!can!be!rather!dicult!to!do!accurately!
162!
Subs8tute!Structure!Method!
Consider!the!method!
by!which!abutment!
soil!resistance!is!ogen!
addressed!
!
An!eec8ve!s8ness!is!
used!to!provide!the!
passive!soil!resistance!
in!the!seismic!model!
SGS 2011
Figure!5.2.3.2C1!
Figure!5.2.3.3C1!
163!
Why!not!do!the!same!thing!for!the!en8re!bridge?!
F
Ke&
Figure!4.11.2C1a!and!b!
SGS 2011
Figure!C3.3C1!
164!
Advantages!
!C!!insensi8ve!to!ini8al!s8ness!
!C!!rela8vely!easy!to!use!
!C!!dierent!methodology!for!QC/QA!
!
Disadvantages!
!C!!equivalent"viscous"damping"adjustment!
!C!!complex!geometry!limita8ons!
!C!!limited!u8liza8on!to!date!
165!
Given:!
!
!Simple!SDOF!bridge!
!Fp!=!Vp!=!1200!KIPS!
!yi!=!2!IN!
! LC!=!10!IN!
!Wseismic!=!2500!KIPS!
!For!displacement!
!spectra!shown!
!
Find:!!
!
!LD!=!?!
!
!
SGS 2011
Displacement'Spectra,'Sd'
Subs8tute!Structure!C!Example!
10 '
5%!
From!CDROM!
166!
!
1200K'
'''''''''''''''''''Ke&
2 '
Solu8on:!
!
try !!LD!=!8 !
and!!!Ke!=!1200K/8 =!150K/IN!
so !!Te!=!!!2 !Wseismic!!!=!1.31!s!
!
!!!!!!!!g*Ke!!!
and !!D!=!8 /2 !=!4!!
so !!eq!=!0.05!+!4(DC1)!!=!0.16!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!9(D)!
!
and !!RD!=!(0.05/0.16)0.4!=!0.63!
!
then!LD!=!10*1.31*0.63!=!8.3 !!
10 '
6.3 '
8 '
'
5%!
16%!
From!CDROM!and!Eq.!4.3.2C1!
167!
1200K'
'''''''''''''''''''Ke&
2 '
Second!itera8on:!
!
try !!LD!=!8.3 !
and!!!Ke!=!145K/IN!
so !!Te!=!!!2 !Wseismic!!!=!1.33!s!
!
!!!!!!!!g*Ke!!!
and !!D!=!8.3 /2 !=!4.15!!
so !!eq!=!0.05!+!4(DC1)!=!0.16!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!9(D)!
!
and !!RD!=!(0.05/0.16)0.4!=!0.63!
then!LD!=!10*1.33*0.63!=!8.4 !
!elas8c!:!!LD!=!8.7 !!good!
check!
10 '
6.3 '
8.3 !
'
5%!
16%!
From!CDROM!and!Eq.!4.3.2C1!
168!
Subs8tute!Structure!C!Resources!
Alternately,"change"Fp"by"adding"or"subtrac-ng"
steel"un-l"desired"displacement"demand"is"
achieved!
!
M.!J.!N.!Priestley,!G.!M.!Calvi,!and!M.!J.!Kowalsky,!
Displacement#Based"Seismic"Design"of"Structures,!
IUSS!Press,!Pavia,!Italy,!2007!
J.!Ger,!F.!Cheng,!Seismic"Design"Aids"for"Nonlinear"
Pushover"Analysis"of"Reinforced"Concrete"and"
Steel"Bridges,!CRC!Press,!2012!
169!
Thank!you!C!Ques8ons!
170!

Seismic Pushover Analysis

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Seismic Pushover Analysis

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TRB!AFF!50!!Seismic!Design!

Elastic perfectlyplastic used in SGS

Ece = 1900 f ce'

Mander, Priestley, Park 1988

Mander, Priestley, Park 1988

Mander, Priestley, Park 1988

Mander, Priestley, Park 1988

ASTM A615 Grade

Specified minimum yield stress (ksi)

Expected yield stress (ksi)

Expected tensile strength (ksi)

Expected yield strain

Onset of strain hardening

Reduced ultimate tensile strain

Park and Paulay 1975

Priestley, Calvi, Kowalsky 2007

Rigid cap and

" 0.25 f c' Ae

Rigid cap and

Kowalsky et al. 2010

Kowalsky et al. 2010

Kowalsky et al. 2010

Kowalsky et al. 2010

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