Professional Documents
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Land Titles and Deeds Notes
Land Titles and Deeds Notes
Land Titles
evidence of the right of the owner or the extent of his interest, and by w/c
means he can maintain control, and as a rule, assert right to exclusive
possession and enjoyment of the property
Possession
Legal Title/Ownership
can exercise full powers of disposition over his land with complete
freedom from control by 3rd persons and subject only to legislative and
constitutional powers of the State
Deeds
upheld
Deed defective in form = equitable right BUT insufficient to pass legal title
GR: Deeds executed outside the state shall be valid if they comply with
the forms prescribed by law of the place of execution
Types of estate:
a. Fee simple
restrictive estates; designated to pass title from the grantee to his heirs,
the intent of the grantor being to keep the property in the grantee's line
c. Life estate
held for the direction of the life of the grantee (HOWEVER, may terminate
earlier as by forfeiture)
Example: estate may be given to a widow for life provided she shall
remain a widow
2. Less-than-freehold estate - signifies some sort of a right short of title from the
grantee to his heirs, the intent of the grantor being to keep the property in the
grantee's line of issue (nature of a lease)
agreed upon but the grantor retains the legal title to the prop.
Term: up to 99 years (max allowable by the Civil Code) EXCEPT: where
written consent of the parties, no right for extension can arise w/o such
written consent
c. Tenancy at will
form of lease agreement where a person is permitted to occupy the land
of another w/o any stipulation as to period, but either party reserves the
right to terminate the occupation at will or at any time
3 stages of development:
1.
Delivery of Deed
2.
With recording
3.
With registration
Registration
parties
unrecorded message
Recording
2.
Torrens system
rights acquired by the registrant are guaranteed by the gov't for w/c
purpose there is provided an assurance fund w/c is made avail to pay for
damages that may be suffered by the registrant as a consequence of the
operation of the
Torrens title - conclusive against the whole world, including the gov't and
to a holder thereof in GF it is guaranteed to be indefeasible, unassailable and
imprescriptible
Original Reg.
owner is req. to apply w/ the proper court
finds that the applicant has title proper for the registration a
decree of confirmation and reg. is entered to bind the land and quiet title
Land Registration Authority (LRA) as an officer of the
Subsequent Reg.
becomes the subject of sale, mortgage, lease or other registerable
transaction filed directly w/ RD of the province or city where the land lies for
reg.
Whether:
State as sovereign over the land situated w/in it, may provide for the
adjudication of title in a proceeding in rem, w/c shall be binding upon all
persons known or unknown
Proof of acquisition from the State - one claiming private rights must
prove
descriptive of its legal nature or statues, and does NOT have to be descriptive
of what the land looks like (Dela Cruz v. CA)
It is an iron doctrine that prescription can never lie against the gov't
2. Title by prescription
a possessor of land who may NOT be the owner, after the lapse of a
certain period prescribed in the law, may assert ownership as against anyone
EXCEPT the true owner or one w/ a better title based on an earlier possession
which he had not abandoned
does NOT run against private lands brought under the operation of the
Torrens System, nor against public land EXCEPT where the law expressly so
provides
Laches v. Prescription
Prescription
matter of time
statutory
applies inequity
fixed time
Laches
NOT statutory
applies at law
a. Acquisitive Prescription
b. Extraordinary Prescription
Co-ownership
Art. 1623 Civil Code: The right of legal pre-emption or redemption shall
NOT be exercised EXCEPT w/in 30 days from the notice in writing by the
prospective vendor, or by the vendor, as the case may be. The Deed of Sale
shall NOT be recorded in the Registry of Property UNLESS accompanied by an
affidavit of the vendor that he has given written notice thereof to all possible
redemptioners
Co-owners w/ actual notice of the sale are NOT entitled to written notice
merely a trustee
Art. 493Civil Code: Each co-owner shall have the full ownership of his part
and of the fruits and benefits pertaining thereto, and he may thereto, and he
may therefore alienate, assign or mortgage it, and even substitute another
person in its enjoyment, EXCEPT when personal rights are involved. BUT the
effect of the alienation or the mortgage, w/ respect to the co-ownership shall
be limited to the portion w/c may be allowed to him in the division
upon termination of the co-ownership
no co-ownership when the diff. portions owned by diff. people are already
concretely determined and separately identifiable EVEN IF: NOT yet
technically described (Dela Cruz v. Cruz)
(Kilario v. CA (2000)
Since registration serve as constructive notice to other and
for convenience only and does NOT affect the validity or enforceability of the
acts of the parties among themselves.
Confirmation or ratification of title or right of property that an heir
transactions
affect only his share (NOT co-owners who did NOT consent)
Action to demand for partition - imprescriptibe or CANNOT be barred by laches
Redemption from the government: the co-owner who exercises the right
of redemption claimed exclusive ownership and hold it in trust for others
prescribes in 10 years from the time of its creation or upon the fraudulent
reg. of the property. (NOT applicable for trust)
only applies when the person enforcing the trust is NOT in
BUT when the right of the true and real owner is recognized,
used to protect a usurper from the true owner or be used as a shield for the
commission of fraud (Esquivas v. CA)
evidence of indefeasible and incontrovertible title in favor of the
person named
Upon the lapse of 1 year from the issuance of the orig. cert. of title,
1.
relationship
of fiduciary in char.
1.
essential reqs:
actual payment of money, property or services, or an
a resulting trust
EX to implied trust:
3. Title by accretion
Art. 457. To the owners of lands adjoining the banks of rivers belong the
accretion which they gradually receive from the effects of the current of the
waters.
elements:
accumulated of soil or sediment must be gradual and
imperceptible
When soil and earth, weeds and other deposits are washed away from
other places and gradually settle down and attach themselves to one's land
that used to border on a stream or local body of water, the owner of this land
becomes the owner of the additional area
NOT applicable if
caused by action of the sea being a mere indention of the
same (part of public domain)
man-made accretion
Alluvium - deposit itself; soild deposited on the estate fronting the river
bank
Accession - right of the owner of the principal thing to all that it may
produce or that may be united to it, whether naturally or artificially, under
the theory that the accessory follows the principal
4. Title by reclamation
legal title to the land does NOT pass until the conveyance shall have been
duly registered or made of public record.
escheat
forfeiture
confiscated
seized
attached
Heir v. Devise
Heir - certain degree or relationship with the decent (may be extra
judicial)
1.
2.
Oldest title w/ GF