Bahagian A

Section A
Jawab semua soalan
Answer all questions
1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur satu sel tumbuhan.
Diagram 1 shows the structure of a plant cell.

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
(a) Pada rajah 1, labelkan struktur X, Y and Z.
On diagram 1, label the structure X, Y and Z.

[3 markah]

(b) Nyatakan dua fungsi jasad golgi.

State two functions of the Golgi apparatus.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
[2 markah]
(c) Terangkan peranan Y dalam mengekalkan kesegahan sel.
Explain the role of Y to maintain cell turgidity.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
[2 markah]
(d) Setiap sel soma berpotensi untuk membentuk organisma baru yang serba lengkap.
Every somatic cell has a potential to form a complete new organism.
(i)

Namakan teknik yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan pokok-pokok baru dengan

banyak.
Name the technique used to produce new plants in large quantities.
_______________________________________________________________________

[1 markah]
(ii)

Dengan menggunakan satu bahagian tumbuhan yang sesuai, huraikan teknik di 1(d)
(i).
By using one suitable part of the plant, explain the technique in 1(d)(i).

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

[4 markah]
2. Nama bagi kebanyakan enzim diambil daripada nama substrat yang dimangkinkan.
The names of most enzymes are derived from the names of the substrates they catalyses.
(a) Padankan substrat di dalam Jadual 1 dengan enzim yang terlibat di dalam sistem
pencernaan manusia.
In Table 1, match the following substrates with the specific enzymes that involved in the
digestive system of humans .
Substrat / Substrate

Enzim / Enzyme

Laktosa / Lactose
Sukrosa / Sucrose
Kanji / Starch
Protein / Protein
Jadual 1 / Table1

[3 markah]

(b) Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan hipotesis kunci dan mangga dalam tindakan enzim.
Diagram 2.1 shows the lock and key hypothesis in enzyme action.

Diagram 2.1/ Rajah 2.1

Lukis rajah dalam petak IV dan V yang disediakan dalam rajah 2 untuk melengkapkan
mekanisme tindakan enzim.
Draw the diagram in the spaces IV and V provided in diagram 2 to complete the
mechanism of the enzyme reaction.
[2 markah]
(c) Berdasarkan rajah 1.1 , huraikan
Based on diagram 1.1, describe
(i) ciri enzim yang diterangkan oleh hipotesis ini.
which characteristic of the enzyme is explained by this hypothesis.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[2 markah]
(ii) tindakan enzim berdasarkan hipotesis ini.
the enzymes action based on this hypothesis.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[2 markah]
(d)Kesan kepekatan substrat yang berbeza ke atas tindakan katalisis enzim dapat dilihat
pada graf dalam rajah 2.2.
The effect of different substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed
reaction can be seen on the graph in diagram 2.2.

Rajah 2.2 / Diagram 2.2

Berdasarkan pada graf dalam rajah 2.2, terangkan tindakan enzim pada Q.
Based on the graph in diagram 2.2, explain the enzymes action at Q.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
[3 markah]
3. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan perubahan semasa mekanisma pernafasan yang berlaku pada
individu sihat.
Diagram 3.1 shows the changes during breathing mechanism that occurs in healthy person.

Process X/Proses X

Process Y/Proses Y

Rajah

3.1 /
Diagram
3.1

(a) Berikan tiga perbezaan di antara proses X dan proses Y.

Give three differences between process X and process Y.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
[3 markah]
(b) Rajah 3.2(a) mewakili model peparu manusia dalam mekanisme respirasi. Tali pada
model peparu itu ditarik.
Diagram 3.2(a) represents a model of the human lungs in the respiratory mechanism The
string in the model of the lungs is pulled down.
(i) Lukiskan keadaan pada kepingan getah nipis dan belon pada rajah 3.2(b) di bawah.
Draw the changes to the thin rubber sheet and the balloons in diagram 3.2(b)
below.

Rajah 3.2 (a)

(ii)

Rajah 3.2(b)

[2 markah]

Perhatikan lukisan anda di (b)(i).Terangkan perkaitan antara perubahan pada model

peparu yang anda lukis dengan sistem respirasi manusia sebenar.

Observe your drawing in (b)(i). Explain the relationship between the changes in the
model of the lungs you have drawn and the real human respiratory system.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[3 markah]
(c) Kepingan getah nipis mewakili diafragma dalam sistem respirasi manusia. Apakah fungsi
kepingan getah nipis dalam model peparu itu ?
The thin rubber sheet represents the diaphragm in the human respiratory system. What is
the function of the thin rubber sheet in the model of the lungs ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]
(d) Peratus gas oksigen dan gas karbon dioksida dalam udara sedutan dan udara
hembusan
ditentukan dengan menggunakan tiub-J
The percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in inspired and expired air is
determined by using the J-tube.
(i) Mengapakah hujung tiub-J dicelupkan ke dalam larutan kalium hidroksida dan diikuti
dengan larutan pirogalat ?
Why is the end of the J-tube dipped in potassium hydroxide solution and then
followed by potassium pyrogallol solution?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]

(ii) Jadual 2.1 menunjukkan keputusan kajian tentang kandungan udara sedutan dan udara
hembusan
Table 2.1 shows the result of a study on the content of inspired and expired air.
Jenis gas
Type of gas

Udara sedutan
Inspired air (%)

Udara hembusan
Expired air ( %)

Oksigen
Oxygen

21.0

16.0

Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide

0.04

4.0

Gas nitrogen
Nitrogen gas

78.0

78.0

Wap air
Water vapour

Vary

Saturated

Jadual 2.1 / Table 2.1

Terangkan mengapa terdapat peningkatan peratus karbon dioksida dalam udara
hembusan.
Explain why there is an increase in percentage of carbon dioxide in the expired air.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[3 markah]

4. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan pengangkutan nutrien X, Y dan Z ke hati dan sel badan.
Diagram 4.1 shows the transport of nutrients X, Y and Z to the liver and the body cells.

Diagram 4.1/Rajah 4.1

(a) Labelkan nutrient dalam rajah 4.1
Label the nutrients in diagram 4.1.
X:
Y:
Z: .
[3 markah]
(b) (i) Usus kecil pada rajah 4.1 terdiri daripada banyak unjuran. Lukis dan labelkan
keratan menegak satu unjuran itu di ruang kosong di bawah
The small intestine in diagram 4.1 has numerous projections. Draw and label a
longitudinal section of one of these projections in the space below.

[3 markah]
(ii) Nyatakan proses yang berlaku pada unjuran yang dilukis di (b).
State the process that occurs in the projection drawn in (b).

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]
(c) Nyatakan satu ciri pada unjuran yang dilukiskan di (b)(i) yang membolehkan proses
di (b)(ii) berlaku dengan cekap.
State one characteristic of the projections drawn in (b)(i) that will help the process
in (b)(ii) to function efficiently.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]
(d) Nutrien Y berlebihan tidak dapat disimpan dihati dan akan diuraikan melalui satu proses.
Namakan proses tersebut.
Excess nutrient Y cannot be stored in the body and are broken down in the liver by one
process. Name a process.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]
(e) Nutrien Z diangkut oleh sistem peredaran yang berbeza jika dibandingkan dengan nutrien
X dan nutrien Y
Nutrient Z is absorbed through a different circulatory system compared to nutrient X and
nutrient Y.
(i)

Namakan sistem peredaran yang mengangkut nutrien X dan nutrien Y.

Name the circulatory system involved in transporting nutrient X and nutrient Y.
_________________________________________________________________
[1 markah]

(ii)

Huraikan bagaimanakah nutrien Z akan kembali ke sistem peredaran yang

dinamakan di(e)(i).
Describe how nutrient Z is drained back into the circulatory system which is
named in (e)(i).
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[2 markah]

5. Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu kitar sel.

Diagram 5 shows a cell cycle.

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

Bahagian B
Section B
(40 markah)
Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini
Answer any two questions from this section.
6. (a) Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan bagaimana gas respirasi diangkut dalam badan
manusia.

Diagram 6.1 shows how the respiratory gases are transported in the human
body.

16

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Diagram 6.1
(i)

Berdasarkan Rajah 6.1, terangkan bagaimanakah pengangkutan oksigen

dan karbon dioksida berlaku di dalam sel-sel badan.
Based on Diagram 6.1, explain how the transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place in the body cells.
[6 markah]

(ii)

Terangkan penyesuaian pada alveolus yang membolehkannya utuk

melakukan proses pertukaran gas.
Describe the adaptations of the alveolus for gaseous exchange.
[4 markah]

(b) Huraikan apa yang akan berlaku terhadap sel berikut apabila direndam di dalam air
suling:
Describe what will happens if these cells are placed in distilled water:
i
ii
iii

sel epidermis bawang

onion epidermal cells
sel darah merah
red blood cells
Paramesium sp.
Paramecium sp.
[10 markah]

7.

(a)

(b)

Apakah persamaan dan perbezaan antara mitosis dan meiosis.

What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Dolly si biri-biri merupakan haiwan vertebrata pertama yang
diklon
[4 markah]
daripada sel haiwan dewasa pada tahun 1997. Ia merupakan satu penemuan
saintifik yang amat bermakna dan telah menimbulkan minat dan perhatian
daripada pelbagai pihak di seluruh dunia terhadap pengklonan dan
bagaimana ia memberi kesan ke atas manusia.
Dolly the sheep was the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult
animal in 1997. That was a remarkable scientific breakthrough and it gained
interest and concern from around the world on the of cloning and how it would
affect humans.

Nyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan teknik tersebut.

State the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.
[6 markah]

(c)

Pembahagian sel menyebabkan pertumbuhan pada organisma. Akan tetapi,

sekiranya pembahagian sel itu berlaku secara tidak terkawal, ia akan
menyebabkan kesan yang buruk.
Cell division results in the growth of an organism. However, if the cell division occurs
in an uncontrolled manner, then it can cause bad effects.

Jika pembahagian sel ini berlaku secara tidak terkawal, terangkan kesannya terhadap sel.
If the cell divides out of control, explain the effects on the cell.
[4 markah]

ii

Nyatakan bahan yang menyebabkan pembahagian sel secara tidak terkawal dan bagaimana
keadaan ini dapat dielakkan .
State the substance which can cause uncontrolled cell division and how this can
be avoided.
[6 markah]

8. Jadual menunjukkan kandungan nutrisi dalam makanan.

Table 8 shows the nutrients content of food.
Jadual 8 : Kandungan nutrien per 100g bahagian yang dimakan
Table 8: Nutrients content in 100g parts of the eaten food
Food
Makana
n

Protein
Protein
(g)

Lipid
Lipid
(g)

Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat
(g)

Minerals
Mineral
Calsium
Kalsium

Ferum
Ferum

Vitamins
Vitamin
A
(g)

D
(g)

B1
(mg)

B2
(mg)

B3
(mg)

C
(mg)

Rice

1.0

86.8

0.4

0.08

0.03

1.5

8.0

1.7

54.3

100

1.7

0.18

0.03

2.6

1.4

19.7

0.5

0.08

0.03

1.2

12

18.1

17.1

1.9

0.06

0.19

8.1

12.3

10.9

4.2

100

0.1

155

0.1

0.09

0.47

3.7

3.3

3.8

4.8

120

0.1

44

0.05

0.04

0.15

0.9

0.7

5.4

48

0.6

2000

0.06

0.05

0.7

White
bread
Roti
putih
Potato
Kentang
Daging
Egg
Telur

(mg)

6.2

Nasi

Meat

(mg)

Milk
Susu
Carrot
Lobak

(a) Berdasarkan Jadual 8 di atas, cadangkan menu yang sesuai bagi

Based on Table 8 above, suggest the suitable menu for;
(i)
(ii)

Ibu mengandung / Pregnant mother

Remaja / Teenager

Berikan justifikasi untuk menu yang dipilih.

Give the justification for the menu that you choose
[10 markah]

Pengawetan makanan melibatkan kaedah peyediaan untuk

memanjangkan tempoh hayat dan mengelakkan pembaziran
makanan.
Food preservation involves methods of preparing food to extend
the life span and to avoid wastage of food.
(b) Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan keperluan pemprosesan makanan.

Based on the above statement, explain the necessity for food processing.
[10 markah]

9. (a)

Kesan rumah hijau adalah isu alam sekitar yang sering dibincangkan. Terangkan
bagaimana kesan rumah hijau berlaku.
Huraikan kesan rumah hijau ke atas alam sekitar dan organisma yang hidup di atas bumi.
The green house effect is an environmental issue that is always being discussed. Explain
how the green house effect occurs.
Describe the green house effect on the environment and living organisms on the earth.
[10markah]

(b)

Pembangunan yang tidak terancang dan terurus dengan teliti boleh membawa
kesan negatif kepada ekosistem seperti hakisan tanah, banjir kilat, tanah runtuh,
pamanasan global, penipisan lapisan ozon, perubahan iklim dan kepupusan spesis
tertentu.
Berdasarkan kenyataan di atas, terangkan kesan pembangunan yang tidak
terancang dan terurus dengan teliti kepada ekosisitem.
Development that is not planned and managed properly has brought negative
effects to the ecosystem such as land erosion, flash flood, landslides, global
warming, thinning of the ozone layer, climate change and the extinction of
certain species
Based on the above statement, describe the effects of unplanned development
and improper management of the ecosystem.
[10 markah]
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