A Project Report On

LASER SECURITY SYSTEMS

Submitted To-

Contents
1. Introduction- Laser security system
2. Components

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THIS PROJECT CONSUMED HUGE AMOUNT OF WORK, RESEARCH AND
DEDICATION. STILL, IMPLEMENTATION WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
POSSIBLE IF WE DID NOT HAVE A SUPPORT OF MANY INDIVIDUALS
AND ORGANIZATIONS. THEREFORE WE WOULD LIKE TO EXTEND OUR
SINCERE GRATITUDE TO ALL OF THEM.
FIRST OF ALL WE ARE THANKFUL TO MADHAV INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR THEIR FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL
SUPPORT AND FOR PROVIDING NECESSARY GUIDANCE CONCERNING
PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION.
WE ARE ALSO GRATEFUL TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT, MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
FOR PROVISION OF EXPERTISE, AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION. WITHOUT THEIR SUPERIOR KNOWLEDGE AND
EXPERIENCE, THE PROJECT WOULD LIKE IN QUALITY OF OUTCOMES,
AND THUS THEIR SUPPORT HAS BEEN ESSENTIAL.
NEVERTHELESS, WE EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE TOWARD OUR
FAMILIES AND COLLEAGUES FOR THEIR KIND CO-OPERATION AND
ENCOURAGEMENT WHICH HELP US IN COMPLETION OF THIS
PROJECT.

Laser Security System

Wireless security systems can be easily controllable through
a wireless remote or a touch tone phone from any place. Here
main components of the laser security system are infrared motion
sensors and a basic alarm unit. It works based on heat detection
from a persons body in case of any security fault. Based on this
alarm unit is triggered. The system alerts the security monitoring
person and the local law enforcement body if required. At the
same time a high pitched sound also sirens. There are two types
of laser beams are available, green and infrared modules. System
via an infrared module will be not visible. Another beam like green
would be visible to the naked eye and serve as a deterrent
purpose.
Laser Security System Locks Working Along With Circuit Diagram
Laser door alarm is based on the interruption of Laser beam. The
laser pointer is used as the source of light beam. If somebody
tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will be generated in a
few seconds. Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two
sections. First one, laser transmitter is a laser pointer readily
available. This is powered with 3 volt DC supply and fixed on one
side of the door frame. The receiver will have a Photo transistor at
the front end. We use L14F1 NPN Darlington photo transistor as a
laser sensor. Here IC1 is used as a voltage comparator with its
inverting input tied to a potential divider R2-R3. We use the
inverting input to keep at half supply voltage.

Basics of a Laser Security System

1.

These are wireless security systems that can easily be

controlled through a wireless remote or a touch tone phone
from any location.

2.

The vital components of the laser system are infrared

motion sensors and a basic alarm unit.

3.

The infrared motion sensor works based on heat

detection from a persons body in case of any security breach.

4.
5.

Subsequently, the alarm unit is triggered off.

It alerts the security monitoring company and the local
law enforcement body.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Simultaneously a high pitched sound also sirens off.

Two types of laser beams are available green and infrared
modules.
The security system via an infrared module will be unseen.
The green laser beams would be visible to naked eye and
serve as a deterrent to a potential intruder.

IC 555

IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles

but what is not known to most of the people is the internal
circuitry of the IC and the function of various pins present there in
the IC. Let me tell you a fact about why 555 timer is called
so, the timer got its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistor in
series employed in the internal circuit of the IC.
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and
is used in various electronic circuits for its robust and stable
properties. It works as square-wave form generator with duty
cycle varying from 50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide
time delay in circuits. The 555 timer got its name from the three
5k ohm resistor connected in a voltage-divider pattern which is
shown in the figure below. A simplified diagram of the internal
circuit is given below for better understanding as the full internal
circuit consists of over more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2
diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit components.

Basics Concepts:

Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic

component which compares the two input voltages i.e. between
the inverting (-) and the non-inverting (+) input and if the noninverting input is more than the inverting input then the output of
the comparator is high. Also the input resistance of an ideal
comparator is infinite.

Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the

comparators is infinite hence the input voltage is divided equally
between the three resistors. The value being V in/3 across each
resistor.

Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digitalelectronics. The output (Q) of the flip/flop is high if the input at
S terminal is high and R is at Low and the output (Q) is low
when the input at S is low and at R is high.
Function of different Pins:1.
Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the
Integrated circuit to divide the supply potential between the three
resistors shown in the diagram.
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2.
Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting
end of the comparator is Vin/3, so if the trigger input is used to set
the output of the F/F to high state by applying a voltage equal to
or less than Vin/3 or any negative pulse, as the voltage at the noninverting end of the comparator is Vin/3.
3.
Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q
(Q-bar) of the F/F with an inverter in between as show in the
figure.
4.
Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F
regardless of the initial condition of the F/F and also it is an active
low Pin so it connected to high state to avoid any noise
interference, unless a reset operation is required. So most of the
time it is connected to the Supply voltage as shown in the figure.
5.
Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected
to the inverting input having a voltage level of (2/3) V in. It is used
to override the inverting voltage to change the width of the
output signal irrespective of the RC timing network.
6.
Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of
the first comparator. The output of the comparator will be high
when the threshold voltage will be more than (2/3) V in thus
resetting the output (Q) of the F/F from high to low.
7.
Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing
capacitors (capacitors involved in the external circuit to make the
IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground when the
output of Pin 3 is switched to low.
8.
Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply
voltage for the functioning and carrying of the different operations
to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.
Uses:The IC 55 timer is used in many circuits, for example One-shot
pulse generator in Monostable mode as an Oscillator in Astable
Mode or in Bistable mode to produce a flip/flop type action. It is
also used in many types of other circuit for achievement of
various purposes for instance Pulse Amplitude Modulatin (PAM),
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) etc.
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10

BC548 NPN TRANSISTOR

BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for
amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and
800. The maximum DC current gain is 800.
Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors
however have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B
and 548C which vary in range of current gain and other characteristics.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region
of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification
applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions.
The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in
common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly
used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it
remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets
completely off.

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Pin Diagram:

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COLOR CODE RESISTORS

To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C, G and

D bands.

band A is the first significant figure of component value (left

side)

band B is the second significant figure (some precision

resistors have a third significant figure, and thus five bands).

band C is the decimal multiplier

band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no
band means 20%)

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and

gold has first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7
(violet), and followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies
that the tolerance is 5%, so the real resistance could lie
anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth
band which indicates component failure rate (reliability); refer
to MIL-HDBK-199 for further details.
Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant
figures rather than two, or an additional band
indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.
All coded components have at least two value bands and a
multiplier; other bands are optional.
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The standard color code per EN 60062:2005 is as follows:

Color

Signific
Multipli
ant
er
figures

Toleran
ce

Black

100

Brown

101

1%

Red

102

2%

Orange

103

Yellow

104

(5%
)

Green

105

0.5
%

Blue

106

Violet

107

Temp.
Coeffici
ent
(ppm/K)
250

100

50

15

25

20

0.25
C
%

10

0.1
%

Gray

108

0.05
%
A
(10
%)

White

109

Gold

101

5%

Silver

None

102

10% K

20% M

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1. Any temperature coefficient not assigned its

own letter shall be marked "Z", and the
coefficient found in other documentation.
2. Yellow and Gray are used in high-voltage
resistors to avoid metal particles in the
lacquer.

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CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store electrical energy
temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors
vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that
can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be
thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive
electrolyte, etc. The no conducting dielectric acts to increase the
capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as
dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic
film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g.,
when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field
develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to
collect on one plate and negative charge Q to collect on the
other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a
sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the
capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the
leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
its capacitance. Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric
charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between
them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to
one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range
from about 1 pF (1012 F) to about 1 mF (103 F).
The larger the surface area of the "plates" (conductors) and the
narrower the gap between them, the greater the capacitance is.
In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength
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limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors

and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog
filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies.
In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies.
In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and
power flow.

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PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate. Components capacitors, resistors or active
devices are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may
contain components embedded in the substrate.
PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper
layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different
layers are connected with vias. Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher
component density.
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called
a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term
printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic
components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board
assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA).
Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photo mask on a
clear Mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from
the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the Mylar
and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of
common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with
self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted
in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photo
lithographically reproduced onto a photo resist coating on the blank copperclad boards.
Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the
following steps:[3]
1. Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA)
tool.
2. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required
circuitry and case of the PCB.
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3. The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.

4. Layer stack of the PCB is decided, with one to tens of layers
depending on complexity. Ground and power planes are decided. A
power plane is the counterpart to a ground plane and behaves as
an AC signal ground while providing DC power to the circuits
mounted on the PCB. Signal interconnections are traced on signal
planes. Signal planes can be on the outer as well as inner layers. For
optimal EMI performance high frequency signals are routed in
internal layers between power or ground planes.
5. Line impedance is determined using dielectric layer thickness, routing
copper thickness and trace-width. Trace separation is also taken into
account in case of differential signals. Microstrip, stripline or dual
stripline can be used to route signals.
6. Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are
taken into account. Vias and lands are marked.
7. Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually
create clearances and connections in power and ground planes
automatically.
8. Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.

9v Battery
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most common form was
introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape
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with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is
commonly used in walkie talkies, clocks and smoke detectors. They are
also used as backup power to keep the time in certain electronic clocks.
This format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in
nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide
batteries in this form have not been manufactured in many years due to
their mercury content. This type is designated NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22
(zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (alkaline). The size, regardless of
technology, is commonly designated PP3 (originally a Zn-C type)
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5V LR61
cells enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than
LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices,
even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with six
flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent
drying.
In 2007, 9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales
in the US. In Switzerland in 2008, 9-volt batteries totalled 2% of primary
battery sales and 2% of secondary battery sales.
Other nine-volt batteries of different sizes exist, such as the British "Ever
Ready" PP series and certain lantern batteries.

The battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one end. The
smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or
octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact. The connectors on the
battery are the same as on the connector itself; the smaller one connects to
the larger one and vice versa. The same snap-style connector is used on
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other battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Battery polarization is
normally obvious since mechanical connection is usually only possible in
one configuration. A problem with this style of connector is that it is very
easy to connect two batteries together in a short circuit, which quickly
discharges batteries, generating heat and possibly a fire. Because of this
hazard, 9-volt batteries should be kept in the original packaging until they
are going to be used. An advantage is that several nine-volt batteries can
be connected to each other in series to provide higher voltages.

Mini Push Button

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LDR( Light Dependent Resistor)

An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers
resistance in response to the ambient light. The resistance
decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice
versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the
order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the
presence of light. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage
drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying light. It is
made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).
An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral
device, i.e., conducts in both directions in same fashion.

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VARIABLE RESISTOR
A variable resistor is a device that is used to change the
resistance according to our needs in an electronic circuit. It can be
used as a three terminal as well as a two terminal device. Mostly
they are used as a three terminal device. Variable resistors are
mostly used for device calibration.
As shown in the diagram below, a variable resistor consists of a
track which provides the resistance path. Two terminals of the
device are connected to both the ends of the track. The third
terminal is connected to a wiper that decides the motion of the
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track. The motion of the wiper through the track helps in

increasing and decreasing the resistance.

The track is usually made of a mixture of ceramic and metal or

can be made of carbon as well. As a resistive material is needed,
carbon film type variable resistors are mostly used. They find
applications in radio receiver circuits, audio amplifier circuits and
TV receivers. For applications of small resistances, the resistance
track may just be a coil of wire. The track can be in both the
rotary as well as straight versions. In a rotary track some of them
may include a switch. The switch will have an operating shaft
which can be easily moved in the axial direction with one of its
ends moving from the body of variable resistor switch.

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Working Of Laser Security System Along With Circuit Diagram

Non inverting input receives a variable voltage based on the
conduction of T1. At the opposite door frame receiver should be
fixed and should be properly aligned to the laser beam. The laser
beam illuminates the face of photo transistor and starts
conducting the voltage. So, this keeps the voltage at pin 3 lower
than pin 2 of the IC.

Laser Security System Circuit Diagram

By this output of comparator remains low. Both LED and Buzzer
remain off in this state. While a person crossing the door laser
beam breaks and T1 cease to conduct. The voltage at collector T1
raises, the voltage at pin 3 of comparator increases and its output
rises. Then LED is activated and also buzzer. The base of T2 is
kept high by the capacitor C1 for a few seconds after the output
of IC1 becomes low. The C2 gives current to the buzzer for a few
seconds after T2 turns off.

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Laser Security System

LASER System

The word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation. These are available in different types like
semiconductor, infrared, GaAs laser diode. This has an energy
wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a beam
divergence of 3 million radians i.e. equal to a beam width small
beam width.
Laser technology products will calculate distance by measuring
the time of flight of very short pulses of infrared light. It is
different from the traditional surveying instrument method of
measuring phase shifts by comparing the incoming wavelength
with the phase of the outgoing light pulse.

26

Laser Security System For Home

Solid objects will reflect back a certain percentage of the emitted
light energy. It only needs to be a small percentage for our
sensitive detector to pick it. We can measure the time it takes for
a laser pulse to travel to the target and back with a reflection. By
knowing the constant speed of light we can calculate the distance
traveled.

27

Laser based security system

To get increased accuracy our laser process as many as sixty
pulses in a single measurement period. Target acquisition times
range will be half second. Sophisticated accuracy validation
algorithms are in place to ensure a reliable reading.
LTI lasers are completely eye safe and meets FDA Class 1. The
radiated light power of our lasers is on the order of 50 micro
watts. i.e. approximately one twentieth the light power of a
typical TV remote control.
The Laser security systems are high tech innovations that have
gained popularity in home and office security systems. These are
used to be expensive solutions for security needs. Depending on
cost and fast technological advancements laser security systems
becoming more adoptable. The features and specifications of the
laser security system can be had in detail from the security

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system dealers who provide high end solutions based on

requirement.

Advantages of a Laser Security System

Easy to install and work; both within as well as outside homes.

Very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties
like parks, pools, garages or even driveways.
Indoor systems utilize the normal power outlets and jacks
making them inconspicuous.
Outdoors, they can easily be hidden behind the bushes or
plants without causing any harm.
Consume less power, though the laser system on the whole
is expensive.

References

www.wikipedia.com
www.engineersgarage.com
www.circuitstoday.com
www.allaboutcircuits.com
www.edgefx.com
www.acknowledgementsample.com
www.modulight.com
www.teachengineering.org
www.instructables.com

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