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Drain Design (Proag) PDF
Drain Design (Proag) PDF
Drain Design (Proag) PDF
Abstract
1.
Introduction
Once the desired safety from floods has been accepted preferably through legislation it would
be easy to
(1) design for the adequate drain capacity
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2.
3.
If there were no floods during some 50 years in living memory (or sometimes even during the last 40
years average service time of a building permit
officer), it is reasonably felt that there is no danger
of any big flood occurring in the area. Very often,
there are historical records which can confirm that
the given area had been flooded so many years ago
sometimes, 300 years or 500 years. Unfortunately,
it is not always easy to go through these records or
to check them.
4.
Site visits undertaken on the existing or nearby regions will enable meeting people, sometimes old,
who recollect what they (or their grandparents) saw
during flood conditions - the flood levels observed.
A backflow analysis may help in crosschecking the
present flood estimates.
5.
Data Collection
5.1
General Approach
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needed for the calculation of floods. In a first stage, the catchment area, slope (= elevation difference/stream
length) are required to find the time of concentration.
The peak flood flow is given by the relation Qp = CiA, adjusted (for the units given) to
Qp = 0.278 C i A
Where
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity
(mm/hr)
A = drainage catchment area (km2)
(m3/s)
Qp = Design Discharge
The runoff coefficient is a function of the vegetation, urbanisation and other factors of the catchment. The
rainfall intensity to be used depends on the time it takes the whole catchment to contribute to the flow in the
drainage channel.
These parameters are discussed below.
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So, this diagram illustrates how rain from the valley will run to a low point. Therefore, unless a drain
has been specifically designed to take this rainwater, it will run into the drain besides the road, even if
the engineer wrongly believed that only water from his road would run into the road drained he designed
to take water, just from the road. And, if there are no road drains, the road itself will act as a welldesigned drain. The recent heavy rainfalls in Port Louis and in other places bear good testimony to this
phenomenon.
Figure 3: The estuary is the lowest and final exit drainage point
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Qp
5.2
= frequency factor
Fy
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Seychelles
Mauritius
30 mins
150
120
60
120
100
30
140
110
60
105
90
T = 100 years
Duration (mins)
T = 50 years
5.4
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Table 2: Risk R, that a flood of a given return period will be equalled or exceeded during
periods of various lengths.
Return
Risk R for various spans of N years
Period
Tr (years)
1
10
30
50
75
100
200
500
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.67
0.89
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10
0.41
0.65
0.96
0.995
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
50
0.10
0.18
0.45
0.64
0.78
0.87
0.98
1.0
100
0.05
0.10
0.26
0.40
0.53
0.63
0.87
0.99
500
0.01
0.020
0.058
0.095
0.14
0.18
0.33
0.63
1,000
0.005
0.010
0.03
0.049
0.072
0.095
0.18
0.39
5,000
0.001
0.002
0.006
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.039
0.095
10,000
0.0005
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.0075
0.0099
0.020
0.049
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8.
7.
Estimation of the Peak Design
Discharge
At this stage, the peak design discharge may be
calculated and hence used to design the drain or
bridge culvert as the case may be.
where
COUT = flow in channel (m3/s)
A = wetted area (m2)
R = hydraulic radius (m) = wetted area/wetted
perimeter (m)
S = channel slope
n = Mannings roughness coefficient
= 0.010 smooth, cement lining
= 0.013 good brickwork
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Photo 2 : The Caudan Esplanade (right) is at a higher level than Place dArmes
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9.
Conclusion
COUT
Qp
It has been argued that a 50 year return period is probably too low and higher return periods should be taken, given the relatively high probability of occurrence
during a mans lifetime.
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References
A discussion of the flooding occurrences in Port Louis, before and after the construction of the motorway
in the 1970s, tends to highlight a possible inadequacy
of the existing drainage exits into the sea.
Engineering Hydrology.
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