Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A New Compensation Algorithm For Balanced and Unbalanced Distribution Systems Using Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
A New Compensation Algorithm For Balanced and Unbalanced Distribution Systems Using Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr
Abstract
This paper discusses various compensation strategies for shunt active power filters using a generalized theory of instantaneous
reactive power. A general instantaneous vector expression for filter current in terms of active and reactive powers has been
derived. The general time domain algorithm for filter reference currents in terms of source powers has been given. It is shown that
the algorithm works under balanced and unbalanced source voltages while producing a set of balanced three-phase source currents
at a desired power factor. Detailed simulation results using MATLAB have been presented to validate the proposed theory for
balanced as well as unbalanced supply voltages. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Keywords: Shunt active power filter; Compensation algorithms; Unbalanced systems; Generalized instantaneous reactive power theory
1. Introduction
The use of power electronics has grown considerably
over the last couple of decades. This has increased the
reactive power demand and the harmonic pollution in
power industry. To eliminate these harmonics and to
improve the power quality, it is necessary to have the
proper measures and corrections for them. From this
point of view, many definitions and formulations of
reactive power have been proposed in literature [18].
Akagi et al. [1,2] provided elegant definitions of powers
for compensation, but did not consider zero sequence
components. In [5,8] zero sequence power was considered, but the formulations make the use of the h i0
transformation. As a consequence of this, the algorithm
is computation intensive. In [4], the decomposition of
currents into the orthogonal components rather than
power has been proposed.
In [7], the general definitions of reactive and active
powers have been presented. In this formulation, the
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 91-512-597179; fax: + 91-512590063.
E-mail address: aghosh@iitk.ac.in (A. Ghosh).
30
(4a)
iaq
q 7
iq = ibq =
77
icq
(4b)
2. Basic definitions
(5)
i= ip + iq
The basic definitions of various terms have been
clearly defined in [7]. However, for the sake of completeness, these definitions are reviewed below.
Consider a three-phase, four-wire system with instantaneous voltages and currents as shown in Fig. 1. In the
following, subscripts a, b and c denote the respective phases and vector quantities are shown boldfaced.
The instantaneous vectors, 7 and i are defined as follows.
6a
7 = 6b
6c
and
ia
i= ib
ic
(1)
(6)
where
7
=
6 + 6 + 6 and
i
=
i + i +i are
the norms of the instantaneous voltage and current
vectors, respectively. The instantaneous power factor u
can be defined as ratio of active and apparent power i.e.
2
a
u=
2
b
2
c
2
a
2
b
2
c
p
s
(7)
(2)
6b 6c
ib ic
qa
6c 6a
q = 7 i= qb =
ic ia
q
c
6a 6b
i
i
a b
Using theory of instantaneous symmetrical components [9], we can express source voltages and currents in
terms of sequence components. These components are
complex numbers. We have,
(3)
6sa
1 1
1
6sb =
1 a 2
3
6sc
1 a
1 6a0
a 6a1
a 2 6a2
(8)
1 ia0
a ia1
a 2 ia2
(9)
31
Using Eqs. (2), (3), (8) and (9), we can compute the
active and reactive powers in terms of instantaneous
symmetrical components. On simplification, we get,
ps = 6a0ia0 + 2Re(6a1i*a1 )
(10a)
qsa
6a1i*a1
2
Im 6a1i*a1
qs = qsb =
3 6 i*
qsc
a1 a1
ia1
j 2y/3
6a0Im ia1e
+ j 2y/3
3
i
e
a1
2
6a1
2
j 2y/3
+
ia0Im 6a1e
3
+ j 2y/3
6a1e
(10b)
= 2Im(6a1i*a1 )
(10c)
(11a)
q= q +q
(11b)
(13)
Further, qL is the average value of qL sum, the instantaneous scalar reactive load power i.e.
qL = qL sum =
(14)
pf7s
q 7s
+ f
7 s 7 s 7s 7 s
(15)
is = isp + isq =
4. General expressions for filter and source currents
(12)
(16)
i*=
il is
f
1
%
(18)
(19)
6 2sj
j = a,b,c
i*fb = ilb
1
%
j = a,b,c
2
sj
32
i*fc = ilc
(20)
2
sin 100yt
3
6sb = 440
2y
2
sin 100yt
3
3
6sc = 440
2
2y
sin 100yt +
3
3
6 2sj
j = a,b,c
'
'
'
6sa = 440
5.1.1. Case 1
The source supplies the average load power (p L) and
the total or a part of the average reactive power of the
Table 1
Various compensation schemes under balanced voltages
Cases
Powers
Active and reactive powers drawn from source
1
2
3
ps
qsa
qsb
qsc
pf
qf
p L
p L
p L
iq L/3
q La
qLa
iq L/3
q Lb
qLb
iq L/3
q Lc
qLc
p L
p L
p L
qLqs
qL
0
33
Fig. 3. (a) Three-phase load currents. (b) Load active power. (c) Load reactive power.
5.1.2. Case 2
The compensator compensates only for average reactive load power q L and zero mean oscillating active
power p L, while the source supplies the remaining part
i.e. q L and p L. The results are shown in Fig. 5, where
the fundamentals of source currents are seen to be in
phase with voltages. The source currents are unbalanced and non-sinusoidal due to supply of q L from the
source.
5.1.3. Case 3
The compensator supplies only the zero mean oscillating active power (p L) of the load and the rest of the
powers of load are supplied by the source. This case
arises if we want to suppress the mechanical vibrations
in the prime movers arising due to supply of p L [5]. The
source currents, shown in Fig. 6, are unbalanced and
non-sinusoidal. The fundamental components of currents also show a phase shift with respect to the source
voltages.
Thus, we can make the compensator take action on
any of the power terms q L, q L and p L, or their various
combinations. However, the average load power p L and
the losses in a real compensator always come from the
source. We can consider the cases in which the source
supplies the total load active power pL instead of p L but
this is not preferred as it results in additional distortion
in source currents.
It is observed from simulation results that in cases 2
and 3 that the source currents are unbalanced and have
'
6sa = 440
2
sin 100yt
3
34
'
'
2y
2
sin 100yt + 30
3
3
2
2y
sin 100yt + 10
3
3
2y
+qb
3
(22b)
2y
+qc
3
(22c)
(22a)
In above, the magnitudes Vsma, Vsmb, Vsmc are unequal. The phase angles qb and qc contribute to the
phase unbalance. The algorithm given in Eqs. (18)(20)
is modified by using a fictitious set of voltages 6 %sa, 6 %sb,
6 %sc in place of the real voltages 6sa, 6sb, 6sc given by Eqs.
(22a), (22b) and (22c). The fictitious set of voltages are
balanced and are given by,
6 %sa = V %sm sin t
(23a)
35
2y
3
(23b)
2y
3
(23c)
The use of balanced voltages in the algorithm produces balanced compensated source currents as shown
in the example of Case 1 in Section 5, (Fig. 4). For
balanced compensated source currents, both sets of
voltages given by Eqs. (22a), (22b), (22c), (23a), (23b)
and (23c) above, should yield equal average real power,
p s. From this requirement, we obtain the magnitude
V %sm as,
1
3
IsmV %sm cos = (VsmaIsm cos +VsmbIsm cos( + qb)
2
2
+VsmcIsm cos( + qc))
The above equation leads to
1
V %sm = (Vsma +Vsmbhb +Vsmchc)
3
(24)
cos( + qb)
cos
and
hc =
cos( + qc)
cos
(25)
i*fa = ila
(26a)
(26b)
(26c)
6%
2
sj
j = a,b,c
i*fb = ilb
6%s2j
j = a,b,c
i*fc = ilc
1
%
j = a,b,c
6%
2
sj
Fig. 11. Instantaneous active and reactive powers for Equal Current
Strategy.
36
(27)
6 2sj
j = a,b,c
(28)
Req
Using ps from Eq. (28) and qsa =qsb =qsc =0, we get
from Eqs. (18)(20):
i*fa = ila
6sa
Req
(29a)
i*fb = ilb
6sb
Req
(29b)
6sc
Req
(29c)
i*fc = ilc
%
%
6 2sj=
V 2smj
j = a,b,c
j = a,b,c
(31)
V 2smj
j = a,b,c
2p L
(32)
j = a,b,c
Req
6 2sj
= p L
(30)
Fig. 13. Source and load powers for Equal Resistance Strategy.
condition Eq. (27), we get improvement over the distorted source currents of Fig. 8 by redistribution of the
zero mean oscillating active power between the source
and the compensator.
37
7. Conclusions
References
In this paper, shunt compensation algorithms based
on generalized instantaneous reactive power theory
have been proposed. The general filter current expressions (Eqs. (18)(20)) have been derived in terms of
desired source powers. Different choices of these powers in terms of the load power give rise to different
compensation schemes (Table 1). These filter current
expressions are very general and give correct compensation for balanced voltages, with or without zero sequence components. The proposed theory has been
extended for unbalanced source voltage operation by
introducing a fictitious set of system voltages, which
gives the same average load power. The modified filter
current algorithm gives correct compensation to obtain
any desired source power factor for unbalance in source
voltage magnitudes and/or phase angles. This can be
called Equal Current Strategy, as the compensated
three-phase source currents are balanced sinusoids. For
the special case of unity power factor operation, an
alternative Equal Resistance Algorithm has also been
obtained.
All these algorithms have been verified by simulation
using MATLAB. The detailed simulation results have
been given for each case. Note that algorithm can not
be directly be used when the source voltages are distorted. In this situation, fundamental extraction of distorted source voltages must be used. In the proposed
work, an ideal compensator is considered. However, a
practical compensator is usually supplied by a dc storage capacitor. The capacitor voltage is pre-charged to a
voltage that is higher than the peak of system voltage.