1.

1 ABSTRACT / SUMMARY
This experiment determines the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass
of acetic acid in vinegar by the method of titration with a standardized sodium
hydroxide solution. Besides, preparing a stock solution of standardized solution of
sodium hydroxide. The NaOH solution is standardized by titrating potassium
hydrogen phthalate, KHP solution with NaOH solution. The KHP stock solution is
prepared by dissolving KHP in distilled water.
Acetic acid, CH 3COOH is an organic compound that is in form of colourless
solution and classified as a weak acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar
apart from water. In this experiment, the molarity of a solution and the percent by
mass of acetic acid in vinegar is determined by using titration with a standardized
sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution. The experiment is divided into two parts which are
standardizing the NaOH solution is the first part and the second part is proceeded
with the determining the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid
in vinegar. In standardizing the NaOH solution, 250 mL of distilled water is used to
dilute approximately 6 g of NaOH solid in order to prepare 0.6 M NaOH solution. This
NaOH solution is then titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC 8H4Oor KHP
solution which has been prepared by diluting 1.5 g of KHP granules in 30mL of
distilled water. The experiment is then preceded to the second part of the experiment
which standardized NaOH solution is titrated the with 10 mL vinegar that has been
diluted with 100 mL of distilled water. Both titration for part 1 and 2 are repeated
thrice to get more accurate results.
Based on results, it can be conclude that the greater the mass of solute in the
acid solution, the more concentrated the solution becomes thus, the higher the
molarity and more volume of NaOH needed to neutralize the acid. The experiment is
completed and successfully conducted.

1.2 INTRODUCTION
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A
concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of
solvent. Dilute solution contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter solution.
molarity ( M )=

moles of solute
liter of solution

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution
percent solute=

grams of solute
x 100
grams of solution

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acitic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is
CHCOOH. Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution
can be determine by using titration method. Titration method is a process in which
small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume
of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is
attained. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the
reaction. The equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is
the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant.

1.3 AIMS

To determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid

in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution by using KHP acid.

1.4 THEORY
Burette is used in titration process to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of
solution of known concentration. Burette usually has the smallest calibration unit of
0.1 ml and should be estimated to the nearest 0.01 ml of volume dispense.
When the moles of acid in the solution equals to the moles of base added in the
titration,the equivalence point occurred. For example, as stoichiometry amount of one
mole of strong base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), can neutralize one mole of weak
acid,acetic acid (CHCOH).

NaOH(aq) + CHCOH (aq) NaCHCO (aq) + HO (l)

As it reached the equivalence point, the Ph of solutions shows a sudden change. pH
in aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ions. Thus, pH is defined as negative
logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = - log [HO]
pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution.solution with
pH lower than 7 are acidic. The solution with pH equals to 7 are neutral and the
solution with pH more than 7 are basic. Thus, pH electrode is initiated in titration
process by inserting it into a beaker containing the acid solution. In the experiment,
NaOH is incrementally added to the acid solution until the pH increase due to
neutralization of hydrogen ions. If the addition of NaOH is completely neutralize the
acid solution,one next drop of NaOH will caused sudden sharp increase in pH. The
volume of based required to completely neutralize acidic solution is determined at
equivalence point of titration.

In this experiment, titration of vinegar with standardized sodium hydroxide solution

will be done. Primary standard acid solution is prepared to standardized the sodium
hydroxide solution. Titration of the solution with a primary standard should be done to

standardized the base. In this experiment, NaOH solution will be titrated with
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP).
KHCHO (aq) + NaOH (aq) KNaCHO (aq) + HO (l)
Standardized sodium hydroxide solution will be used to titrate 10.00mL aliquots of
vinegar.
CHCOOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCHCOO (aq) + HO (l)
Then, the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar can be
calculated after standardized the sodium hydroxide solution and titration of acetic
acid in vinegar.

1.5 APPARATUS

experiment 1

experiment 2

1.6 PROCEDURE
1.6.1 Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1.250 mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution was prepared from NaOH
solid. The solution was prepared in the beaker , the calculation was checked with
laboratory instructor to prepare the solution. The calculation was recorded.
2. 250 mL beaker was weighed and the mass was recorded to the nearest 0.001g.
1.5 grams of KHP was added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and KHP was
recorded to the nearest 0.001g. the mass of KHP were calculated by difference and
recorded. 30 mL of distilled water was added to the beaker. The solution was stirred
until KHP has dissolved completely.
3. The solution was titrated with NaOH and the pH was recorded with 1mL additions
of NaOH solution.
4. Step 1 to 3 was repeated to perform a second and third trial to standardize the
NaOH solution.
5. A graph of pH against NaOH was plotted. The volume of NaOH required to
neutralize the KHP solution in each titration was determined from the plots.
6. The molarity of sodium hydroxide was calculated for titration 1 and 2.
7.

The average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 was

calculated. The result for NaOH solution had been used for part B of the experiment.

1.6.2 Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. 10.00mL of vinegar was transferred to a clean, dry 250 mL beaker using a 10mL
volumetric pipette. 75 to 100 mL of water was added sufficiently to cover the pH
electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1 mL of NaOH was added to the vinegar solution and the pH was recorded.
3. The above steps were repeated twice more.
4. A graph of pH against volume NaOH added was plotted. The volume of NaOH
required to neutralized vinegar in each titration was determined from the plots. The
data was recorded.
5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar were calculated for titration 1 and 2.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid was calculated for each titration.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 were calculated.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.

1.7 RESULTS
Experiment 1 :
Titration 1
Volume NaOH added (mL)

pH

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

4.08
4.37
4.53
4.65
4.76
4.90
5.01
5.27
5.43
5.59
5.91
6.80
12.01
12.25
12.43
12.53
12.61

Titration 2
Volume NaOH
added (mL)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

pH
3.92
3.93
4.13
4.31
4.40
4.60
4.73
4.84
5.01
5.29
5.48
5.79
6.58
11.76
12.17
12.35
12.46

pH against volume of NaOH

14
12
10
pH

Titration 1 pH

Titration 2 pH

4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718
volume of NaOH added (mL)

Experiment 2 :
Volume of NaOH (mL)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

pH, titration 1
2.41
3.38
3.55
3.74
3.85
3.95
4.03
4.04
4.22
4.26
4.31
4.37
4.43
4.47
4.53
4.58
4.64
4.69
4.74
4.79
4.84
4.89
4.95
5.02
5.08
5.14
5.22
5.30
5.39
5.51
5.64
5.82
6.12
6.94
11.36
11.80
11.98
12.11
12.20
12.26
12.32
12.37

pH, titration 2
3.24
3.50
3.66
3.78
3.89
3.98
4.05
4.12
4.19
4.26
4.31
4.37
4.41
4.46
4.52
4.57
4.62
4.67
4.72
4.77
4.82
4.88
4.93
4.99
5.05
5.11
5.20
5.27
5.36
5.48
5.58
5.74
6.00
6.45
10.7
11.58
11.77
12.04
12.21
12.28
12.34
12.38

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

12.41
12.45
12.49
12.51
12.54
12.56
12.59
12.61

12.40
12.42
12.45
12.48
12.50
12.53
12.55
12.56

pH against Volume of NaOH added

14
12
10

pH

pH, titration 1

pH, titration 2

4
2
0
0

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Volume of NaOH added(mL)

1.8

Calculations

1.8.1 Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

Calculations for preparing 250 mL of approximately 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution
Molarity(M) = Moles of solute/Litres of solution
Moles of NaOH = Molarity Litres of solution
=0.6 M0.25 L
=0.15 mol
Mass of NaOH = Moles of NaOH Molar mass of NaOH
=0.15 mol 40 g/mol
=6 g

1.8.2 Calculations of molarity of sodium hydroxide for Titration 1 and Titration 2

Titration 1
Mass of beaker (g)
Mass of beaker + KHP (g)
Mass of KHP (g)
Volume of NaOH to neutralize

98.907
100.4130
1.5060
12.5

Titration 2
96.6207
98.1268
1.5061
13.5

the KHP solution (ml)

Moles of KHP:
1.506 g KHC8H4O4 (1 mol KHC8H4O4 / 204.2 g KHC8H4O4 ) = 0.00738 mol NaOH

Titration 1:
Molarity of NaOH solution,
12.5 mL NaOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.0125 L of NaOH
Molarity of NaOH solution = Moles of NaOH / Litres of solution
= 0.00738 mol of NaOH / 0.0125 L
= 0.590 M

Titration 2:
Molarity of NaOH solution,
13.5 mL NaOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.0135 L of NaOH
Molarity of NaOH solution = Moles of NaOH / Litres of solution
= 0.00738 mol of NaOH / 0.0135 L
= 0.547 M

1.8.3 Calculations of average molarity of sodium hydroxide for Titration 1 and

Titration 2
Average molarity of NaOH = (Molarity 1 + Molarity 2) / 2
= (0.590 M + 0.547 M) /2
= 0.5685 M of NaOH

1.8.4 Calculations of molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for Titration 1 and Titration 2

Volume of NaOH required

Titration 1

Titration 2

34.00

35.00

to neutralize vinegar (mL)

For titration 1:
Reacted moles of NaOH,
34 mL NaOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.034 L of NaOH
0.034 L of NaOH (0.5685 mol of NaOH / 1 L of NaOH) = 0.01933 mol of NaOH

Number of moles of acetic acid that neutralized by the number of moles of NaOH :
0.01933 mol of NaOH (1 mol CH3COOH / 1 mol NaOH) = 0.01933 mol of
CH3COOH

Molarity of the acetic acid,

10 mL of CH3COOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.01 L of CH3COOH
Molarity = Moles of CH3COOH / Litre of CH3COOH
= 0.01933 mol of CH3COOH / 0.01 L of CH3COOH
= 1.933 M of CH3COOH

For titration 2:

Reacted moles of NaOH,

35 mL NaOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.035 L of NaOH
0.035 L of NaOH (0.5685 mol of NaOH / 1 L of NaOH) = 0.0199 mol of NaOH

Number of moles of acetic acid that neutralized by the number of moles of NaOH :
0.0199 mol of NaOH (1 mol CH3COOH / 1 mol NaOH) = 0.0199 mol of CH3COOH

Molarity of the acetic acid,

10 mL of CH3COOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.01 L of CH3COOH
Molarity = Moles of CH3COOH / Litre of CH3COOH
= 0.0199 mol of CH3COOH / 0.01 L of CH3COOH
= 1.99 M of CH3COOH

1.8.5 Calculations of average molarity of acetic acid for Titration 1 and Titration 2

Average molarity of acetic acid = (Molarity 1 + Molarity 2) / 2

= (1.933 M of CH 3COOH + 1.99 M of CH3COOH) /2
= 1.9615 M of CH 3COOH

1.8.6 Calculations of percentage by mass of acetic acid in Titration 1 and Titration 2

Titration 1:
Mass of acetic acid solution :
10 mL of CH3COOH (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.01 L of CH3COOH
0.01 L of CH3COOH (1.9615 mol of CH3COOH / L of solution) (60.06 g of
CH3COOH / 1 mol of CH3COOH)
= 1.178 g of CH3COOH

Mass of acetic acid solution,

10 mL of CH3COOH (1 g of CH3COOH / 1 mL of CH3COOH) = 10 g of CH3COOH

Percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar,

% by mass of CH3COOH = (Mass of CH3COOH in vinegar / Mass of CH3COOH)
100%
= (1.178 g of CH3COOH / 10 g of CH3COOH) 100%
= 11.78 % of CH3COOH

1.8.7 Calculations of the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

Average % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar
= (Titration 1 + Titration 2) / 2
= (11.78% of CH3COOH +11.78% of CH3COOH) / 2
= 11.78% of CH3COOH
1.8.8 Calculation for equivalence point from the graph

Experiment 1:
pH = ( 9.405 + 9.17 ) /2
= 9.2875

Experiment 2:
pH = (6.94 + 6.45) /2
= 6.695

1.9 DISCUSSION
In experiment 1, the standardization of sodium hydroxide was done by titration
process. A primary standard acid, KHP was prepared initially before the sodium
hydroxide was standardised. The KHP then had been titrated by the sodium
hydroxide. Thus, the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise the KHP was
determined. The volume of sodium hydroxide to neutralised KHP is 17 mL. To make
sure there was no any error during the process, the titration process was repeated.
This will assure that the titration process will had less error. So the average volume of
the sodium hydroxide needed to neutralised the KHP is 17 mL. The calculated
molarity of sodium hydroxide for the first and second titration in the first experiment
are 0.59 M and 0.59 M respectively. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide is
0.59 M. Thus, the average pH at equivalent point from the graph in experiment 1 is
9.29.
Based on the graph in experiment 1, the titration curve of titration 1 is steeper
than titration curve for titration 2. This is due to the error that occur during the process
had been done. The error was parallax error when reading the volume of sodium
hydroxide needed to neutralised the KHP. Thus, second titration must be done to
make sure the reading of the volume of sodium hydroxide more accurately.
However, in both titration curve the sudden increase of pH can be seen after
17 mL of sodium hydroxide was added to KHP. So, the molarity of sodium hydroxide
can be calculated as the equivalent point was found. Thus, the average pH at
equivalent point from graph in experiment 1 is 9.29. The molarity of sodium hydroxide
is 0.59M. Then, the sodium hydroxide is standardized and can be used in experiment
2.

In experiment 2, the titration process had been done to find the molarity and
percent by mass off acetic acid in vinegar. Acetic acid is one of the dilute weak acid.
Thus, the sodium hydroxide from experiment 1 will be used to neutralize the acetic
acid in vinegar. However, the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize the
acetic acid in vinegar was higher than in the first experiment. The volume is
35mL.The calculated molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for the first and second
titration are 2.065 M and 2.065 M respectively. The average molarity of acetic acid is
2.065 M. The average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar that we got through
this experiment is 12.4%. To make sure there was no error occur during the titration,
process was repeated.
By taking 35 mL as the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise the
acetic acid, the equivalent point was determined. Thus, the average pH at the
equivalent point is 8.87. Based on the titration curve in the graph, the titration curve 2
was more steeper than titration graph 1. The difference in titration curve was due to
some errors.
After 35 mL of sodium hydroxide was added into vinegar, the pH will increase
suddenly due to the acid that react completely with the base. As the experiment did
not done with phenolphthalein, so the equivalent point should be the sudden change
in pH during the titration process.
Last but not least, due to the error during in the experiment the initial reading
of pH before any sodium hydroxide added to neutralize the acid, it cost both graph in
experiment 1 and 2 are hanging and not attached to the zero value of y-axis.

1.10 CONCLUSION
The titration process is used in experiment 1 and experiment 2 which are
standardization of sodium hydroxide and determination of the concentration of acetic
acid in vinegar. Titration is a technique to determine the concentration of a solution
and the volume needed for a base to neutralize acid by slow addition. This titration
process need to be done repeatedly, so that, the result will have minimum error in
order to determine the volume needed by the base to neutralize the acid.
Through the experiment, the equivalence point for the experiment 1 at volume
of sodium hydroxide neutralized KHP is at 17 mL and the pH at equivalence point is
9.29, while in experiment 2 is at 35 mL and the pH is 8.87. The molarity of sodium
hydroxide is 0.59 M while the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar is 2.065 M. Then, for
the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar is 12.4%.

1.11

RECOMMENDATION

To get the accurate value of result in the experiment, there are a few
recommendations and precaution that need to be considered through the
experiments.
First, look at the lower meniscus in the light coloured solution and upper
meniscus in the dark coloured solution because of visibility. Besides, look at the
meniscus of solution at eye level to avoid parallax error. Then, do not forget to add
distilled water to the vinegar.
Usually an air bubble is present in the nozzle of the burette, it must be
removed before taking the initial reading. When chemicals are spilled on skin, wash
for at least 15 minutes with running water.
Next, in order to get an accurate value, the experiment must be repeat at least two
times to get the average reading. The eye of the observer must be perpendicular to
the scale while taking the reading to avoid parallax error. The value with no parallax
error is accurate value.
Lastly, all the solution used in this experiment should be thrown into the waste
disposal bin.

REFERENCES / APPENDIX
1. http://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/chm151L/vinegar.html
2. Albert R. Leeds, 1895, Acetic Acid in Vinegar, page 741.
3. http://spot.pcc.edu/~gbackes/CH222/Labs222.W05/Exp.14.Standardization.Na
OH.htm

UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMARA
FAKULTIKEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRYLABORATORY (CHE485)
NAME
STUDENT NO.
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMITTO
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference/ Appendix

TOTALMARKS
Remarks:
Checked
by:
----------------------Date :

: NIK MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN NIK ABDULLAH

: 2014605282
: EH2201A
: DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF
ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR
: 29 SEPTEMBER 2014

:1
: EH220 / CHE485
: DR. SAFARI BIN ZAINAL
Allocated Marks(%)
5
10
5
10
5
10
10
10
20
5
5
5
100

Marks