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It encourages savings habit amongst people and thereby makes funds available for productive use.
It acts as an intermediary between people having surplus money and those requiring money for various
business activities.
It facilitates business transactions through receipts and payments by cheques instead of currency.
It provides loans and advances to businessmen for short term and long-term purposes.
It also facilitates import export transactions.
It helps in national development by providing credit to farmers, small-scale industries and selfemployed people as well as to large business houses which lead to balanced economic development in
the country.
It helps in raising the standard of living of people in general by providing loans for purchase of
consumer durable goods, houses, automobiles, etc.
Types of Banks
There are various types of banks which operate in our country to meet the financial requirements of
different categories of people engaged in agriculture, business, profession, etc. On the basis of functions,
the banking institutions in India may be divided into the following types:
1.
2.
Commercial Banks
Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks
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3.
4.
Co-operative Banks
Central Bank
A bank which is entrusted with the functions of guiding and regulating the banking system of a country is
known as its Central bank. Such a bank does not deal with the general public.
It acts essentially as Governments banker, maintain deposit accounts of all other banks and advances
money to other banks, when needed.
The Central Bank provides guidance to other banks whenever they face any problem.
It is therefore known as the bankers bank. The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of our country.
The Central Bank maintains record of Government revenue and expenditure under various heads.
It also advises the Government on monetary and credit policies and decides on the interest rates for
bank deposits and bank loans.
In addition, foreign exchange rates are also determined by the central bank. Another important function of
the Central Bank is the issuance of currency notes, regulating their circulation in the country by different
methods.
No other bank than the Central Bank can issue currency.
Commercial Banks
Commercial Banks are banking institutions that accept deposits and grant short-term loans, and advances to
their customers. In addition to giving short-term loans, commercial banks also give medium-term and longterm loan to business enterprises. Now-a-days some of the commercial banks are also providing housing
loan on a long-term basis to individuals. There are also many other functions of commercial banks, which are
discussed later in this lesson.
Types of Commercial banks:
Commercial banks are of three types i.e., Public sector banks, Private sector banks and Foreign banks.
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Central Co-operative Banks:
These banks operate at the district level having some of the primary credit societies belonging to the same
district as their members. These banks provide loans to their members (i.e., primary credit societies) and
function as a link between the primary credit societies and state co-operative banks.
Primary Credit Societies:
These are formed at the village or town level with borrower and non-borrower members residing in one
locality. The operations of each society are restricted to a small area so that the members know each other
and are able to watch over the activities of all members to prevent frauds.
Specialised Banks
There are some banks, which cater to the requirements and provide overall support for setting up business
in specific areas of activity. EXIM Bank, SIDBI and NABARD are examples of such banks. They engage
themselves in some specific area or activity and thus, are called specialised banks. Let us know about
them.
Export Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank):
EXIM Bank was established in year 1982. If you want to set up a business for exporting products abroad or
importing products from foreign countries for sale in our country, EXIM bank can provide you the required
support and assistance. The bank grants loans to exporters and importers and also provides information
about the international market. It gives guidance about the opportunities for export or import, the risks
involved in it and the competition to be faced, etc.
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI):
SIDBI was established in the year 2 April, 1990. If you want to establish a small-scale business unit or
industry, loan on easy terms can be available through SIDBI. It also finances modernisation of small-scale
industrial units, use of new technology and market activities. The aim and focus of SIDBI is to promote,
finance and develop small-scale industries.
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD):
NABARD was established in the year 12 July, 1982. It is a central or apex institution for financing
agricultural and rural sectors. If a person is engaged in agriculture or other activities like handloom weaving,
fishing, etc. NABARD can provide credit, both short-term and long-term, through regional rural banks. It
provides financial assistance, especially, to co-operative credit, in the field of agriculture, small-scale
industries, cottage and village industries handicrafts and allied economic activities in rural areas.
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cSad dk vFkZ
cSad ,d oS/k laxBu gS tks tek Lohdkj djrk vkSj mls ekax ij okil dj ldrk gSA
;g O;fDr;ksa vkSj O;kikfjd /kkjdksa dks iSlk m/kkj Hkh nsrk gSA
cSafdax dh Hkwfedk
cSad O;fDr;ksa dh O;fDxr t:jrksa ds fy, /ku iznku djrs gSaA ;s ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA pfy,
ge cSad dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa irk djrs gSa
;g yksxksa ds chp cpr dks izkRs lkfgr djrk gS vkSj bl rjg mRiknd mi;ksx ds fy, /ku miyC/k djkrk gSA
,sls yksx ftuds ikl vf/k'ks"k gksrk gS rFkk ,sls yksx ftUgsa fofHkUu O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, /ku dh vko';drk
gksrh gS muds chp e/;LFk ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
;g eqnzk ds ctk; psd ds }kjk izkfIr vkSj Hkqxrku ds ek/;e ls O;kikj ysunsu dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
;g vYidkfyd vkSj fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, O;olkf;dksa dks _.k vkSj vfxze iznku djrk gSA
;g vk;kr fu;kZr ysunsu dh lqfo/kk Hkh iznku djrk Gsa
cSadksa ds izdkj
d`f"k] O;kikj] O;olk; esa yxs fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds yksxksa dh fokh; t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, gekjs ns'k esa fofHkUu izdkj ds cSad
dk;Z djrs gSaA
dk;ks ds vk/kkj ij] Hkkjr esa cSafdax laLFkkvksa dks fuEu izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- dsUnzh; cSad Hkkjr esa] vkjchvkbZ
2- okf.kfT;d cSad
(i) lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSad
(ii) futh {ks= ds cSad
(iii) fons'kh cSad
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3- fodkl cSad vkbZ,QlhvkbZ] ,l,Qlh
4- lgdkjh cSad
(i) izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr
(ii) dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSad
(iii) jkT; lgdkjh cSad
5- fo'ks"khd`r ,fDte cSad] flMch] ukckMZ
dsUnzh; cSad
,slk cSad ftls cSafdax iz.kkyh ds ekxZn'kZd vkSj fofu;eu ds dk;ks dks lkSaik x;k gks dsUnzh; cSad dgk tkrk gS ,sls cSad vke turk
ds lkFk dk;Z ugha djrs gS ;g vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj ds cSadj ds :i esa] t:jr iM+us ij vU; cSadksa ds vfxzeksa o tek [kkrksa dks
cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z djrk gSA cSad tc Hkh fdlh leL;k dk lkeuk djrs gSa rks dsUnzh; cSad vU; lHkh cSadksa dks ekxZn'kZu iznku
djrk gSA blfy, bls cSadj ds cSad ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad gekjs ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSad gSA dsUnzh; cSad
fofHkUu enksa ds rgr ljdkjh jktLo vkSj O;; dk fjdkWMZ j[krk gS ;g ekSfnzd vkSj _.k uhfr;ksa ij ljdkj dks lykg Hkh nsrk gS
vkSj cSad _.k o cSad tek ds fy, C;kt njksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr dsUnzh; cSad }kjk fons'kh fofue; njksa dks Hkh
r; fd;k tkrk gSA dsUnzh; cSad ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z] uksV tkjh djuk] fofHkUu enksa }kjk ns'kksa esa muds lapkyu dks fofu;fer
djuk gSA dsUnzh; cSad ds vykok vU; dksbZ Hkh cSad eqnzk tkjh ugha dj ldrkA
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Hkkjrh; fu;kZr &vk;kr cSad dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA bldh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ vkbZ-Mh- ch-vkbZ- dk vUrjkZ"Vh;
foRr foHkkx] fu;kZr rFkk vk;kr dh foRrh; vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk Fkk vc ,fDte cSd dk mn~ns'; fu;kZrdksa ,oa vk;krdksa
dks foRrh; lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA blds vfrfjDr bls mu lHkh foRrh; laLFkkvksa ds dke dk leUo; djus dk dk;Z Hkh lkSik
x;k] tks oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr ds fy, foRr tqVkrs gSa] ;g cSad u dsoy Hkkjr vfirq r`rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa ds
fy, Hkh oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr ds fy, foRr dk izcU/k djrk gS] fnlEcj 1998 esa cSad dh vf/kd`r iwath 500
djksM+ :i, ls c<+kdj 1000 djksM+ :i, dj nh xbZ rFkk pqdrk iwath o"kZ 2001 esa 550 djksM+ :i, FkhA ,fDte cSad dk iz/kku
dk;kZy; eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSA
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad flMch
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk vizSy 1990 esa dh xbZ Fkh] ;g cSad Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad IDBI ds iw.kZ
LokfeRo esa ,d lgk;d cSad ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ;g cSad flMch NksVs iSekus ds m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] foRr iks"k.k]
fodkl rFkk ,sls dk;ksZ esa layXu vU; laLFkkvksa ds dk;ksZ esa leUo; djus okyh izeq[k foRrh; laLFkk gSA 2 vizSy 1990 ls blus
dk;Z izkjEHk dj fn;k gS] bldk eq[;ky; y[ku esa gS] blds vfrfjDr blds 5 {ks=h; dk;kZy; o 21 'kk[kk dk;kZy; ns'k ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA bl cSad dh LFkkiuk gks tkus ij y?kq {ks= ds m|ksxksa ds fy, tks dk;Z vkbZ-Mh-ch-vkbZ- djrk
Fkk] og lHkh dk;Z bl cSad flMch dks gLrkUrfjr dj fn, x, gSaA cSad y?kq m|ksxksa dks] O;kikfjd cSadksa] lgdkjh rFkk {ks=h;
xzkeh.k cSadksa rFkk jkT; vkSZ|ksfxd foRr fuxeksa ds ek/;e ls lgk;rk iznku djrk gSaA va'k iwath ds vfrfjDr] cSad vius lalk/ku
Hkkjr ljdkj rFkk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls _.k ysdj Hkh c<+k ldrk gS] blds lkFk & lkFk ;g Hkkjrh; iawth&cktkj esa rFkk fons'kh
laLFkkvksa ls fons'kh eqnzk esa _.k Hkh ys ldrk gSA flMch }kjk viuh ,dy f[kM+dh lsok (Single Windows Service) ds rgr
Hkkjrh; eqnzk ds lkFk&lkFk fons'kh eqnzk _.k Hkh y?kq m|ksxksa dks miyC/k djk, tk,axsA
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ifjp; % ukckMZ dks d`f"k] y?kq m|ksx] dqVhj ,oa xzkeks|ksx] gLr f'kYi vkSj vU; xzkeh.k f'kYi dyk ds laoZ/ku vkSj fodkl ds fy,
_.k izokg dh lqfo/kk iznku djus okys ,d 'kh"kZLFk fodkl cSad ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA bls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vU; lHkh
lac) vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk leFkZu] lefUor o lrr xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lqjf{kr le`f) dks c<+kok nsus dk
vf/kdkj izkIr gSA xzkeh.k le`f) ds fy, e/;LFk :i esa viuh Hkwfedk ds fuoZgu esa ukckMZ dk nkf;Ro] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa _.k
laLFkkvksa dks iqufoZRr iznku djuk gSA bls fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk ds vykok xzkgd cSadksa ds fujh{k.k] fuxjkuh o ewY;kadu vkSj xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa ds ckjs esa laLFkkxr fodkl dks c<+kok nsus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gSA
ukckMZ %
xzkeh.k _.k laLFkkvksa ds lapkyu esa ,d leUo;d ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ljdkj] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vkSj vU; laxBuksa dks
xzkeh.k fodkl ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks= esa dke dj jgs cSadksa] lgdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj
laxBuksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
d`f"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl esa ik= laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx iznku djus ds vius y{; rd igqpus esa jkT; ljdkjksa dks lgk;rk iznku
djrk gSA
lgdkjh cSadksa vkSj vkjvkjch ds fy, fu;ked ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
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