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L 4
L 4
0.10
2.11
0.77
0.008 at RT
Source: Wikipedia
-ferrite (BCC)
1538
Temperature
1394
RT solubility of C is 0.008 wt %
-austenite (FCC)
Max solubility of C is 2.14 wt %
912
768
-ferrite (BCC)
Stable only at high T
Max solubility of C is 0.10 wt %
Intermetallic
Brittle
Transformation Temperatures
8
during heating
A2 = Temperature at which iron becomes nonmagnetic
A3 = Temperature at which transformation of iron
to austenite is completed during heating
A4 = Temperature at which austenite transforms to
delta ferrite
Am = Temperature at which solutionizing of
cementite in austenite is complete
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Peritectic Reaction:
L+
L + Fe3C
+ Fe3C
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Definition of Microstructure
10
Steels
11
(b) low alloy steels (c) stainless steels and (d) tool
steels
Hypoeutectoid steels (C between 0.022 to 0.77) and
Hypereutectoid steels ( C > 0.77)
Several solid state transformations take place in steel
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formed because of
redistribution of C atoms
between ferrite (0.022 wt %)
and cementite (6.7 wt %) by
diffusion
Mechanical properties of
pearlite are in between that
of ferrite (soft) and
cementite (brittle)
What is the fraction of ferrite
for this eutectoid alloy?
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16
T5
0.022 wt % so transformation
begins at temperature on
intersection of NM (T3)
Transformation gets completed
by T4, much earlier than for
hypoeutectoid
No change until T5
Below T5, excess carbon gets
rejected in the form of Fe3C
In most practical cases, since
cooling is not slow enough,
microstructure remains 100%
ferrite
Cast Iron
18
Cast Iron
19
graphite
Cast Iron
20
cementite
On solidification,
0.10
2.11
0.77
0.008 at RT
ledeburite is formed
On further cooling,
excess carbon comes
out as cementite from
eutectic austenite
At 727 C, eutectic
austenite would
contain 0.77 % C and
would decompose
into pearlite
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In this case, at
0.10
2.11
0.77
0.008 at RT
In this case, at
0.10
2.11
0.77
0.008 at RT
temperature just
below 1147 C, consists
of proeutectic
cementite and
ledeburite
On further cooling,
excess carbon comes
out as proeutectoid
cementite from
eutectic austenite
At 727 C, eutectic
austenite would
decompose into
pearlite
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24
Microstructure
of annealed mild
steel (0.1% C)
Stainless Steel
33
34
Phase transformations
36
37
What is Martensite?
38
What is Bainite?
39
needles of ferrites
separated by long
cementite particles
It occurs in T~200-300C
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Bainite
40
Time-temperature
path to obtain
combination of
microstructures
42